. LT 35-2201 5 10100001 Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Simple (I have been doing and I have done) A. Study these, example situations: LLing’s clothes are covered with paint. ‘She has been painting the caling. Has been painting is the present pertect continuous. We are interested in the activity it does not matter whether something has been finished or not. in this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished. ‘Compare these examples: ‘© My hands are very dirty, I've been fixing the car. ri * She's been eating too much recently, She should eat less. * It’sinice to'see you again. What have ‘you been doing since the last time we + Where have you been? Have you been: playing tenris? 8. Usa the continuous tos say how long (for an Activity that is stil happening); ‘= How long have you been reading that book? * Usa is stil wetting letters. She's been writing letters all day, ‘© They've been playing temis since 2:00. The calling was white. Now itis blue, ‘She has painted the celiing. Has painted 's the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing Is t hat something has been finished. Has painted isa ‘completed action. We are Interested the: result of the activity (the painted celing), notin the activity. teal * The car is OK again now. I've fixed it, * Somebody has eaten all my candy! The box is empty. ‘* Where's the book | gave you? What have you done with it? ‘+ Have you ever played tennis? Use the simple to say how much, how many, ‘or how many times (for completed actions): * How many pages of that book have you read? «Lisa has written ten letters today * They've palyed tennis three times this week. G. Some verbs (for example, knowilike/beleve) ere not normaly used in the continuous: = I've known, about it for along time. (not I've been knowing) For alist of these verbs, 990 Unit 4. 20 | ee!as). 1g sh ra as Exercises ae Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in parentheses. . Luis started) reading a book two hours ago. He is stil reading it, and now he is on page 63 (read / for two hours) He has_been for two hours. {read / 53 pages so far) 2, Rachel is from Aust ralla, She s traveling around South America at the moment. ‘She began her trip three months ago, (travel / for three months) Sho (sit / six countries 80 far) 8. Jimmy isa tennis piayer. He bagen playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again- for the fourth time. (wn / the national champlonship four times) (play / tennis since he was ten) 4, When they graduated from colaga, Lisa and Amy started making movies together. They. ‘stil make movies. (make / ten movies since they graduated from college) They: (make / movies since they left college) 10) Fos eect Stiation, aka asset using ins words pereriheses. ‘You have a friend who Is studying Arabic, You ask: (how tong / study / Arabic?) zh. 2, You have Just arved. 1o meet a friend. She Is waltng for you. You ask: (how tong / wait?) 3, You 890 somebody fishing by the river: You ok: (how many fh / catch?) 4, Some friends of yours are having a party naxt week. You ask: (how many people / invite?) 5. Ailend of yours is a teacher: You ask: (how long / teach?) 6. You meet somebody who is a writer, You ask: (how many books / wrte?) (how long / write / books’ 7. _Afrlend of yours is saving money to take a trip. You ask: (how long / save?) (how much money / save?) 10.3 Put the verb into the more appropriate form, present perfect simple or continuous. ‘Where have you been? Have_you.been playing __________________(you / play) tennis 7 1 2. Look! Somebody pak) that: window. 8. Youlook tired, you wore) hard? 4 you / ever / work) In a factory? * ‘No, never” 5. Mybrother isan acto. He________________ appa) ina several moves. 6. “Sony I'mlate." "That's al right.| gt / watt ori” 7, “sit stl raining? * *No, It (stop).” & |_____ (ase) my adress ‘book. (you / see) it anywhere? g@ | react) the book you lent me, but 1 {hot /finish) yet, fo, }______ he book you lent ms, 80 you ean have it back now, eat (i)Eauy Wiring - Book & Workbook |! How long have you (been)...? Bod and Alice ere mariac. Thay got marie exact 20 years ‘290, 80 today is thelr 20th wecking anniversane ‘They have been manied for 20 yearm. We say, “They are mamec.” (rasan but How Jong have they osen mame? (greens periect) (not How long are hey martes?) They have been marec for 20 years. (not They ace mamac tor 20 years) We use the present perfect (especially with how long, for, and since) to tak shout someming tat Gece fe the past ‘and still continuas now, Gompare the present and the present perfect: = We know each other very well. . but We've known each other since we were In high school. (not We know) ‘= Do you have a pain in your stomach? but How long hava you had the pain? (not How long do you have) * I'mleering English, but I've been earning. Engish for six months. (not | am Jearning) * Hels walting for somebod y. but He's been walting all morning, 5. Ihave known/had/lived, etc,,is the present perfect simple. Ihave been learning / been walting / been doing, stc., is the presant cates! comsracee In most situations with how long, since, and for, the continucs is mors asa * I've been studying English for si months. (more ust then Fe stain * Its been raining since lunchtime, © Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years. * "How long have you been driving?" "Sinca I was 17." But some verbs (for example, know/Iike/believe) are not rormesy ec hes Sore * How long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowns: For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A, ‘You can use elther the present perfect continuous Or rece Certs! Sine a Ser arc ieee ‘+ John has been living / has lived in Denver for ¢ iene tne ‘* How long have you been working /have you worked mes 9 But we use the simple (I've done / I've lived, tc.) with Sway * John has always Iived in Denver. (not has always Ses Rinse ©. We use the present perfect simple in negative sentences Se eam + [haven't seen Tom since Monday. («Monday Sas i Sate ae Ses * Jane hasn’t called me for two Weeks. (=the leat Sime ate Cale Stes Seam (2) ee! — yoSy. 1g Sh a Exercises 11.4. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong. 1, Bob is a friend of mine, [know him very well. Bob is a friend of mine. LIgnow hin for a tong time, ‘Sue and Scott_are married since July, ‘The weather 's awfu. It3 raining again, The weather is aifu,. It's raining all day. | lke your house, How long are you living there? Mike Is working In Las Vegas for the last fow months. "Do you stil work?" "No, I'm retired. I don't_worts for years.” . That's a very old watsh, How long do you have it? 2 Read the situations and write questions from the words in parentheses. John tells you that Hs mother is in the hospital. You aok him: (how long / be /in the hospital?) 2 Youmest a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (how long / teach / English?) You know thet Jane is @ good friend of Carol's, You ask Jane: (how ong | know | Carol?) Your friends brother went to Australia a while ago, and he's stil there. You ask your frlend: (how long / be / in Australia ? ). Chris aways wears the sare jacket, It's a very old jacket, You ask him: {how long /heve that jacket?) You are talking to a tiend about Scott. Scott now works at the airport. You a sk your friend: (how long / work / at the alrport? ’Afriend of yours Is taking guiter lessons. You ask him: (how long / teke / guitar lessons? ). ‘You meet somebody on a plane. She tells you that she lives in San Francisco. You ask her: ( aways / live / in San Francisco 7[ar ee TT Esny Willig Book & Workbook I For and since, When ... ?, and How long... ? ‘A. We use for and since to say how long something has been happening ‘We use for + @ period of time (two hours, ‘We use since + the start of a period (8:00, ‘Sik weeks, etc); 1986, etc,): * I've been walting for two hours, ra a waok Sn rod * Kelly has been working hare for six ° ee oe months. (not since sk months) (tom. * | haven't. seen Tom for three days. A} {raver an eh aber. Its possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): ‘+ They've been married ((or) ton years. (with or without for) ‘* Theyhaver't hada vacation for ten years. (vou rust use for) ‘We do not use for with all (all day / all my Iife, etc.): * I've lved here all my life, (rot for all my tie) 5. Compere When ... 2 (+ sinple past) and How long ... ?( + present perfect): A: When did it start raining? B: it started raining an hour age / at one o'clock. ‘A: How long has it been raining? B: I's bean raining for an hour/ sinoe one o'clock. ‘A: When did Jos and Garo| meet each other? B: They first met along time ago / when they were in high school, ‘A: How long have Joo and Carol known each other? ‘B: They've known each other for a long time / since they were in hhigh schoo}, ©. Wesay “Its (elt has) been a tong tims / two years (ete,) since something happened” * It been two years since I ast sew Jos. (=I haven't seen Joe for two years.) + Is boon ages since we went to the movies, (=We haven't gone to the movies for ages,) ‘The quostion is How long has it boon since ... 7: * How long has tt been since you last saw Joa? (=When did you last see Joo?) '* How long has It been since Mrs. Hill died? («When did Mrs. Hil die?) (24) ee!2. Joe has lived in Dallas 20 years, 3. Saran has lived in Chicago. 1986 4. I'mtired of waiting. I've been sitting here. an hour. 5. I haven't boen to a party. along tine. & Christine Is away. She's beon away Friday. 7. Kevin has been looking forajob______________ he finished school, 8. I wonder how Carol is, |haven't seen her ages, 12.2 Write questions with how long and when. 1. Itsraining. (how long?) blow Jong hos. ftteeen mining? (when?) When oft stat raining 2. Karen is studying Japenese. long?) (its raining now. I's been raining. since lunchtime) tt started ralniag.at kunci (Ann and Sue are friends. They mat each other years ago.) They've (Mark is sick. He became sick or'Sunday) He has (Mark is sick, He became sick a few days ago.) He hes (Gerah is mamied, She's been married. for two years.) She got (You have a camera . You bought It ten years ago) I've. (‘Megen has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went (You're working in a hotel. You started in June) I've 12.4 Write B's sentences using the words in parentheses. 1, A: Doyou take vacations often? B: (no/ five years) No. 2. A: Do you eat in restaurants often? B: (navages)No,| 9, A: Doyou see Laura often? B: (no / about a month) No, 4. A: Doyyou go to the movies often? B: (no / along time) Now write B's answers again. This time use It's been... since ... 5. No. it's been five years since | took a vacation 6 No, its 7 No 6. PNOORE wo= 5 10. 20005 worn en 0 Present Perfect and Past (I have done and | did) ‘A> tls often possible to use the present perfect (| have done) or the simple past (did) . For example, you can say: * _|'Velost my key. Have you seen it? or | lost my key. Did you see it? Host my key yesterday. (not I've lost) It wae very hot last summer, (not has been) ‘They arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arived) “Did you see the news on TV last night?" "No, | went to bed early.” Use the simple past to ask When ..., ?or What time ... 2: ‘What time / When did you finish work yesterday’? (not have you fished) 8. Do not use the present perfect if thers is no connection with the present (forexample, things that happened a long time ago}: * The Chinese Invented printing, (not have invented) * Beethoven was a great composer. (not has been) Compare: * Shakospeare wrote meny plays. * Mybrother sa writer, He has written many books, (4e stil writes books.) ©. Compare present perfect and: simple past: Present perfect (have done) ‘Simple past (did) + ve done a lot of work today. * [did a bt of works yesterday, We uss the present perfect for @ period of time that We use the simple past for a finished time in the past. ‘continues from the past until now. For example: yesterday / last week / from 1965 to For example: today / this week / since 1985. 1901, untried | finished past now past now * Ithasn’t rained this week. + Kedidn't rain jast week. * Mave you seen Lisa this morning? * Did you see Anna this morning? (itis stil morning.) {ttis now attemoon or evening.) + Have you seen Lisa recently? ‘+ Didyou see Anna on Sunday? ‘+ Wo've been walting for an hour. * Wo walted (or were waiting) foran (Weare stl waiting now) hour. (We are no longer waiting) * John lives in Los Angeles. He has lived ‘+ John ved in New York for ten years. there for seven years, Now he lves in Los Angeles, . Jha never pire! gt (ir We) * didn't play golf last summer. ‘The present perfect always has a connection with now. | The simple past tels us only about the past. See Units: ‘See Units 7-12 56. (28) ee!casy.crigtis he Exercises 13.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. |'ve lost my key. | can't find lt anywhere, 2 Have'yousean the news on televsion - lastnight? §—_Didyouse@ Did you hear about Sue 7 She's qult her Job, ‘Where have you been last night? Maria has graduated from high school in 1998. I'm looking for Mike. Have you sean him? ''m very hungry, Lhaven't eaten enything today. ‘Aristotle has bean a Greek philosopher. Erica hasn't been at work yesterday, (0. When has this book been published? 13.2 Make sentences from the words in parentheses, Use the present perfect or simple past. SPrnogsons (it not / alin / this week) (the weather /'be / cold / recently) The weather. }. (it / cold /last week) It (1/not/ read/ a newspaper yesterday) | (V/not /read / @ newspaper today) (Kate / earn / alot of money /this year) 00 (she / not / eam / as much /lest year. . (You / take / a vacation recently?) 13.3 Putthe verb into the correct form, present perfect or simple past. 1. What time did you finish (you/ finish) work yesterday? 2. When | __________(get) home last night, | (be) very ted, eof _____________(go) straight to bed Robert (not /be) very busy last weok. Mle work) in a bank for 15 years, Then he qu. Kely lvesin Toronto, Shah) there all hori, “___ (yeu/go) to the movies last night?” “Yes, but it (be) a mistake, The mowe be) vl” exes eeNs 7. Mygrendiather________ (dle) 30 years ago, | (never / mast ) him. 8, Idon't know Karen's husband! ______ (never / mest ) him. 9. A: Where do you line? B: In Ro de Janeiro, A: How long (you / live) there? B;_Five years. A: Where (you /Iive) before thet? —_B; In Buenos Ales. A: Andhowlong ______________ (you /Iive) In Buenos Aires? B: Two years, 13.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in parentheses. 4. (eomething you haven't done today) /haven ‘teaton today 2. (something you haven't done today) 3, (something you didn't do yesterday) 4, (gomething you dit lastnight) '. (something you haven't done recertiy) 8, (something you've done a lot recertly )Eusy Wing - Book & Workbook th eanZ) Past Perfect (i had done) ‘SARAH When Sarah got to the party, Eric wasn't there. ‘The past perfect simple is had+ past participle (gone/eeen/finished, etc.) before this time, we use the past perfect (had gone): Karen didn't: want to go to the mavies with us because she had already seen the fm. A. Study this exampie situation: Sarch went to a party last week. Et went to the “~ pe At 11:00 a party, too, but they didn't see each other. Ec let He had gone home, Hed gone e ho past perec ono: Sometimes we tak about somathing that happened inthe past: * Sarah = When Sarch got to the party, Eric had already gone home. Hore are some more axa . At frst | thought fd done the right thing, but | so0n realized that I'd made a mistake, ‘Themen siting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. the party at 10:30, and Sarah got there at 11:00, So: gotto the party, This is the starting point of the story Then, if we want to talk about things that happened ‘© Whan we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken Into our apartment. OF «. He had never flown before. 5. Compare have done (orasent perfect) and had done (past perfect) Present perfect S| past ‘now '* Who Is that woman? I've never seen her before, * Wearen't hungry. We've just had junch. * The house is dirty, They haven't cleaned It for weeks, Past perfect xp | past = now '* I didn't know who she was. I'd: never ‘seen her before. (=before that time) * We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. * The house was dirty. They hadn't Cleaned It for weeks, ‘©. Compare the past perfect (| had done) and simole past (I die): * ‘Was Ben at the party when you got thera?” “No, he had already gone hone.” but “Was Ben at the party when you got there?” “Yes, but he went home soon afterward.” * Amy had Just gotten home whon | phoned. She had been at hor mother's, but Amy wasn't at home when | phoned. She was at her mother's (22) eecasy. 111i sh! Se as Pan) Exercises 14.1 Read the situations and write sentences using the words in parentheses. 1. (she / go/ out) She had gone aut. = 2. You went back to yourhometown after many years. It wasn't the same as before. (it/ change / a lot 3. I Invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn't come. (she /meke / plans to do something else). 4. It was nice to see Daniel again after such a long time. ((/n0t / 800 / him for five 5. You went to the movies last rlight. You got there late. (the movie / already / begin) 8. Sam played tennis yesterday. It was his first game, and he wasn't very good at it. (he / not / play / before) 7. | offered Sue something toe at, but she wasn't hungry. (che /Just / have / breekfast) 8. Last year we went to Mexico. It was our first time there. (wa/'never be? there! before) fee enters eel Sel eT ay | met a EE 14.2 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened - so (a) happened before (6),(b) before (c), etc. But your paragraph should begin with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you will need the past perfect. 1. @) Somebody broke into the ofice We anived at work In the moming and during the night, found that b) We arrived at work in the morning. into the office during the night. So we ¢) We called the police, -_ 2. a) Ann went out. | tried to phone Ann this morning, but b) _Lirled to phone her this morning, ——_—— No enswer. ©) There was no answer. es ot 3, @) Jimcame back from Vacation a few | mat Jim a few days ago. He days ago. Just 'b) Lmethim the same day, He c) He looked relaxed, 4, a) Kevin wrote to Saly many times. Yesterday Kevin b) She never answered his lators. He —__ very surprise ©) Yesterday he got a phone call from her. He. many times, d) He wes very surprised. but she |4.3. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or simple past (I did). “Was Ben at the party when you got there?" *No,he fadgone _________(go) home," Lett very tired when! gothome, soj_____________ po) straight to bed. ‘The house was very quiet when I got home, Everybody to bed 4, “Sorry I'mlate. Thecar _______ (break) down on my way here.” 6. We were driving on the highway when we 680) ar that —____preak) down, sowe top to 800 ee! (29) —— SESS ifwe could help,Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing) ‘A. Study this example situation: Yesterday morning | got up and looked out the window. ‘The sun was shining, but the groud was very wet. It had been raining, tt was no raining When | looked cut the window: the sun ‘Was shining, But it nad been raling before, Had been —ing Is the past perfect contiuous: Nesterday moming eras) been] w: te Here are some more exarny ‘When the boys came into the house, ther clothes were diy, thelr halr was messy, and ‘one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting. * | was very tired when | got home. I'd been working hard ali day, B. You can say that something had been happening for a period of te belore something else Weld been playing ternis for about hal an hour when It started to rain heavily. ‘= Jin quit crinking coffee two years ago. He'd been drinking coffees for 20 years, . Compare have been -ing and had been -ing: Present perfect continuous Past perfect conthuous past now past now * hope the bus comes soon. I've been * Atlast the bus came. I'd been waiting walting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came) '* He's out of breath, He has been ‘+ He was out of breath, He had been running. running. ©. Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous) * itwasn’t raining. when we went out, Teaheeonenn But it had been raining, so. the ground was wet, . Beovaioiwsn singh a amctetretro, She was tired because she'd been working. very . Some verbs (for example, Know and want} are not normally used in the continuous: ‘+ We were good friends. We had known each other for years, (not had been knowing) Fora list of these verbs, see Unit 44. (29) ee!CASY. 1g is LE Exercises 15.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in parentheses. 1. was very tired when | got home. (V/ work / hard all day) hac! been working hard all day. i 2. The two boys came into the house. They had a soocer ball, and they were both very tired. (they / play / soocer 8. There was nobody in the room, but there was a smell of cigarette smoke, (eomebody / smoke / in the room). 4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. Sho was tightened and didn't know where she was, (she / dream), 5. When got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. Hehad just turned it off. (he / watch / TV) 15.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences. as a cua tore tort ue, eto Wee gerne It started to rain. We had been playing for hatian hour when sstarted 10 2, had arranged to meet Robert in a resteurent. | arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes | suddenly realized that | was In the wrong restaurant. L —________________ for 20 minutes when | 8. Serah got a pb in @ factory. Five years later the factory eae ‘At the time the factory —__________ there for five years. 4. I went toa concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a ‘man in the audience suddenly began shouting. ‘The orchestra when 15.3 Put the verb into the most appropriate form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect i had done), or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). twas very noisy next door, Our neighbors warahaving have) pay, o ‘We were good friends. We had known. (know) each other for @ long time. 8. John and | went fora walk. | had trouble keeping up with him because he: Se (pial 4. Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She (run). 5, When! arrived, everybody was sitting around the table with their mouths full. They —__________ (ea. 6. When| arrived, everybody was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths ‘were empty , but their stomachs were full. They, at, 7. Brian was on his hands and knees on the floor. He for his contact lens. - 8. When arived, Kate HH ait) for me, She wes upset with me. because | was lateandshe (att) fora very long time, 9. | was sad whan | soid my car | (have) It for a very long time. 10. We were extremely tired at the end of our trip. We: (travel) ee! (31) Wook) for more than 24 hours,nay Witig * Book & Worktiook I Auxiliary Verbs (have/do/can, etc.) i think so / I hope so, etc. ‘A. There are two verbs in each of these sentences: fee Pie Ronnies In these examples have/can't/was/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs. ‘You can use an auxiliary verb when you don't want to repeat something: © *Haye you locked the door?" "Vos, thave." (=! have locked the deor) © Matt wasn't working, but Jenny was. (=Jenny was working) © She could lend me the money, but she won't. (=she won't lend me the money) * "Are youangry with me?" “Of course I'm not.” (=I'm not angry) Use do/does/did for the simple present and past: * *Do you like onions?” *Yes, | do.” (=I_like onions) * "Does Mark play soccer?” “He did, but he doesn't anymore.” We use You have? / She isn’t? / They do? etc., to show pollte interest in whal somebody has said: “I've Just seen Devid," “You have? How |s he?" “Uz isn't feeling very well today.’ “She isn't? What's wrong with her?” ‘it rained every day during our vacation.” “tt did? What a shame” ‘Sometimes. we use Inverted word order (Have you? / Isn't she?) to show surprise: * “Toshi and Kalko are getting mamied.” “Are they? That's great!” C. We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither: ‘© ‘Vm tired." *So am I." (=I'm tired, too) + "Inever read newspepers.” “Neither do 1." (=| never read newspapers either) + Sue doesn’t have a car, and neither does Mark. Note the word order after so and nelther (verb before subject); [passed the exam, and ee did Tom. (not 90 Tom did) You can use not elther instead of neither: * ‘Idon't have any money.” ‘Neither do |." or “I don't elther.” ©. Ithink 80/1 guess so, otc. ‘After some verbs you can use 80 when you don't want to repeat something: *Are those people Australian?” “Ithink so."(=| think they are Austratan) + -Wil'you be home tomorrow moming?” “I guess so.” (=| guess 'lbe home) ‘+ ‘Do You think Kate has been Invited to the party?" “I suppose so. ‘You can also say hope 80, | expect so, endI'm afraid 90. The usual negative forms are: think 80 /Iexpect so — I don't think so / 1 don't expect so Ihope so /I'm afraid so/| guess so/ —> I hope not /I'm afraid not /1 guess not / I sipoose so I suppose not * "Is that woman Amrican?” “I think so. / | don't thnk so.” © *Do you think it's going to rain?” “1 hope so. / | hope not.” not | don't Hope so) (2) ee!ASYe GTS HL a Exercises 16.1Complete the sentences with an auniliary verb (do/was/could/should, etc.). Sometimes the verb must be negative (don’t/wasn't, etc.) | wasn't tired, but my friends were. —— | ike hot weather, but Ann "Is Eric here?” "He five minutes ago, but | think he's gone home." ‘She might call later on tonight, but I don't. think she “Are you and Chris coming to the party? *! {don't know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think | "Please don't tel anybody what |said." "Don't wory. | G “You never listen tome." “Yes, |__r “Can you play @ musical instrument?” "No, Bali is 410, *Peasa helpma ‘im sony |——_— fit) 16.2 Younever agree with Alex. Answer inthe way shown. ‘= 16.3 You are talking to Lisa. Write true sentences about yourself. Reply with So ... or Neither... If appropriate. Study the two examples carefully, ybuthig 2 PPNOTSON= You are? I'm not You aren't? (an eusers LISA, NOgeons YOU 16.4 In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in perentheses and then answer whit / think so, |hope not, etc. 1. (Youden't like rain.) A: Is it going torain? B: (hope) hope not 2, (Sarah has applied for a job, You want her to got it) ‘A: | wonder f Sarah will get the joo. B: (hope) 8. (You're not sure whether Amy is married probably not.) A: ls Amy mamied? 8: (think) 4, (Youare the desk clerk at a hotel. The hotel is full) ‘A: Do you have @ room fortoright? Bi: jatrald) 6. (You're at @ party. You have to leave erty.) ‘A: Do youhave to leave already? B: 8, (Ann usually works every dey, Monday to Friday. Tomorow is Wednesdey,) ‘Asis Ann working tomorrow? B: (quess) 7. (You are gohg to @ party. You can't stand John.) ‘A; Do you think john will be at the party? B: (hope) 8, (Youlte not sure what time the concert is- probably 7/80.) A: Is the concert at 7:30? B: (think)I 5 1%) 2005.5 wor20000 Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop cloing, etc.) Look at these examples: enjoy dancing, (not | enjoy to dance) ‘Would you mind elosing the door? (not mind to close) Sam suggested going to the movies. (not suggested to go) After enjoy, mind, and suagest, we use -ing (not to... .). Here are some more verbs thet are followed by -ing: weep Pry mn erste sia ‘Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence. "i do the shopping when I've finished cleaning the apartment, He tried to avold answering my question, Have you ever considered going to live in another country? Note the negative form not -ing: ‘= When I'm on vacation, | enjoy not having to get up early, ©, Wealso use -Ing after: Pity cy Per RE ‘Paula has glven up trying to lose weight. We have to do something. We can't go on living like this! Don't. keep interrupting me while |'m talking. (or Don't keep on Interrupting ...) .. With some vers you can use the structure verb + somebody + -ing: Vean't Imagine George riding a motorbke. *Sory to keep you waiting so long.” “That's allright.” Note the passlve form (being done/seen/kept, etc) © Idon't mind being kept wating. (=| don’t mind people keeping me walting) 1. When you are talking about finished ections, you oan say having done/stolen/sald, ote.: ‘+ She admitted having stolen the money. Butte notrmcesny to vee having dene, You can alo uso te see ng form for free stone: Sho admitted stealing the money. + [now regret saying (or having sald). ©. After some of the verbs on this page (especialy admit/deny/suggest), you can use that: '* She denied that she had stolen the money, (or She denied stealing ...) * — Sam suggested that we go to the movies. (or Sam suggested going ... (=) ee orncasy. nglish) eS ee a, ee TE Exercises 17.1 Complete each sentence with one of these verbs: answer apply be get listen make splash ty use wash work» write 1, He tried to avold answering ____my question, 2. Could you please stop $0 much noise? 3, lenjoy. tomusic, 4, loonsidered forthe job, but in the end | decided aganst it 5, Have you finished our hair yo’? 8. Ht you walk out into the street without looking, you risk tun vr, 7. Jimls 65, but he isn’t going to retire yet. He wants togoon 8. Idon't mind you. ‘the phone as long @s you pay for all your calls. 9. Ifyou use the shower, try and evoid ator on the floor, 10. I've put of ______________m______ the letter several times. | really have to do it today. 11. What @ mean thing to do! Gan you magine anybody —___________ so mean? 12, Seah gave up__________________to find @ job in this country end decided to go abroad. 17.2 Complete the sentences for each situation using -ing. 1 ‘She suggested going to tha __ movies e ‘Sho admitted 3. Sho suggested 4. He denied. 5, rrr : : ee Atew minutes? ge They didn’t mind ____ 17.3 Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use -ing. 1, We can't live like this anymore. We can't go on this. 2. It's nota good idea to travel during rush hour. It's best to avoid 8. Should we leave tomorrow instaad of today? Should we postpone unt 2 4, The driver of the car said it was true that he didn't have a license, ‘The driver of tne car admitted 5. Could youtum the radio down, please? Would you mind 2 6, Please don't interrupt me al the tine, Would you mind 17.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use -ing. 1. She's a very interesting person. | aways enjoy 2. I'm efraid there aren't any chairs. | hope you don't mind &. Itwes a beautiful day, so | suggested 4, It was very funny. | couldn't stop ‘5. My car sn't very reliable, It keepsVerb: to... (decide to do/ forget to do, etc.) A. Col mR a) De ec i a La Cyr ana} ST MIME Coe MC ToC A LC Ce CU sm OL co el Ifthese verbs are followed by another verb, the structure Ie usually verb + to ... (infinitive): © Ihwas late, so we decided to take a taxi home ‘+ David was in a dificult situation, so | agreed to fend him some money. ‘* How old were you when you learned to drive? (or learned how to drive) ‘* Karen falled to make a good impression at the Job interview. Note these examples with the negative not to: + We decided not to go out because of the weather, * | promised not to be late. With many verbs you cannot normally use to - for example, enjoyAhink/suggest: + | enjoy dancing. (not onjoy to dance) - ‘* Sam suggested going to the movies. (not suggested to 90) * Are youthinking of buying acar? (not thinking to buy) 5B. Wealso use to... after: seam appear tend — pretend claim, For exampl: © like Dan, but he tends to talk too much, ‘Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me on the street. There is.also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect innitive (te have done): + I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (=! pretended that | was reading) + You seem to have lost weight. (it seams that you have lost weight) (©. We say decide to do (something), promise to do (something), etc. In the same way, we say & decision to do (something), a promise to do (something), etc. (nouns to}: '* [think his decision to quit his job was foolish, * John hasa tendency to talk too much, ©. After dare you can use the vert with or without to: ‘* | wouldn't dare to tell him. or | wouldn't dare tell him. ©. After the following verbs you can use a question word (Wwhat/whether/how, etc.) to ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand = wonder Recut) ‘Also ; show/tell/ask/advise/teach somebody what/how/where to do something: '* Can somebody show me how to change the fim in this camera? '* AskJeff. He'll tell you what to do. (38) ee!easy.english! Exercises 18.1 Complete the sentence for each situation. 1 They decided to get nee — Fee ‘She agreed He offered 5. She refused, She promised 18.2 Put the verb into the correct form, to ... or -ing. eae me ee (watch) af 2. Ihwas anice day, so we dectied ______for a walk. (go) 3, There was alle of trafic, Di fe gS prt oe, 4, Im notin hurry. don't mind —__. (wait) 5, They don’t have much money, They can’t afford _________out very often. (go) 6. We've got a new computer in our office. Ihaven't leaned how __________ityet. (use) 7. Iwieh that dog would stop ________. Its driving me crazy. (bark) 8. Ourneightor threatened the police if we didn't stop the noise, (cal 9. We were hunary, so | suggested dinner early. (have) 10. We ware al arald. to speak. Nobody dered anything. (sey) 11. Huy upll don't want torisk _________________the train. (miss) 12. 'mstil looking for a job, but Ihope ____________something soon._ (nd) 18.3 Make a new sentence using the verb in parentheses. 1. He has lost weight, (seem) He seems to have lost weight 2, Tom's worried about something. (appear) Tomappears 3, You know a lot of people. (seem) You 4. My English s getting better, {e00r7) 6, That oar has broken down. (appear) 6. Dav forgets things. (tend) 7. They have solved the problem. lg 18.4 Complete each sentence using what/how/whether+ one of these verbs: do get go ride say use 1, Doyou know _howtoget_____________‘to John's house? 2, Can you showme this washing machine? 8, Would you know there was a froin the building? 4, You'll never forget a biyeclo once you have learned. 5. was realy astonished, | lcn't know 6, I've bean invited to the party, but l don,t know: ornot.Verb + ( Object) + To... (Il want To:do / I want you to do, etc.) aE ee en ie ‘These verbs are followed by to ... (infinitive). The structure can be: verb+to... oF ‘verb + object + to... © We expected to be late. * We expected Tom to be late. * Would you like to go now? * Would you like me to go now? * He doesn't want to know. + He doesn't want anybody to know. Be careful with want. Do not say “want thet": ‘+ Doyou want mo to come with you? (not Do you want that | come) Aftor help you can use the verb with or without te. So you ean say * Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help ma move this table? . Core persuade — got(= persuade, arrange for) These verbs have the structure verb + object to... = ‘© Can youremind: me to call Ann tomorow? ‘+ Who taught you to drive? ‘+ | didn't move the piano by myselt. ! got somebody to help me. ‘Jim sald the electrical outlet was dangerous and warned me not to touch It, Inthe next example, the verb is passive (was warned) + |was warned notto touch the electrical outlet. Note that you cannot use suggest with the structure verb + object + to .. + ‘* Jane suggested that! buy a car. (not Jane suggested me to buy) [eM Advise encourage allow permit forbid ‘There are two possible structures after these verbs, Compara: ‘Verto + -Ing (without an object) verbs + object + to... '* | woukin't advise staying in that hotel. ‘+ | wouldn't advies anybody to stay in that hotel. ‘© She doesn't allow smoking in the house.» She doesn't allow anyone to smoke in the house. Compare these examples with (be) allowed (passive): * Smoking Isn't allowed in the house, '* We aren't allowed to smoke in the house. ©. Make and let ‘These verbs have the structure verb + object + base form (do/epen/ feel, Etc.): The customs officer made Sally open hor case, (not to open) ‘= Hot weather makes me feel tired. (= causes me to foal tired) '* Her parents wouldn't let her go out alone. (= wouldn't allow her to go out) '* Let me carry yuor bag for you. We say make somebody do... (not to do), but the pasive s (be) made to do... (with to): * |only did It because | was made to do It. (a) eesy. ish = SSS ee Exercises 49.1 Complete the questions. Use do you want me to ...? Or would you like me to ..? With one of these verbs (and any other necesary words): -come- lend repeat show shut 41, Do you want to go alone, or 2. Do you have enough money, or do you 8, Should | leave the window ope, or would you. 4, Do you know how to use the machine, or would 5, Did you hear what I'said, or do 149.2 Complete the sentence for each situation. = liq cam -- et 6 oe a _ mm 64a... a os a / Gm S8&eo 19.3 Complete these sentences so that the meaning 1, My father sald | could use his oar, My father allowed_ma to use his.car 2, | was surprised that it rained, | didn’t expect 8, Don't stop him from doing what he wants, Let 4. He looks older when he wears glasses. Giassos make 5. | think you should know the truth. | want you 8. Don't let me forget to call my sister. Ramind 7. At first | didn't want to apply fot the Job. But Sareh persuaded me, Sarah persuaded 8, My lawyer said | shouldn't say anything to the pélice. My lawyer advised 9, | was told that | shouldn't belleve everything he says, Iwas warned. 10. | fyou have a car, you are able to go placea more easily. Having a car anables. 19.4 Put the verb in the right form: ing, infinite (to do / to read, etc.), or base form (do/read,ete.). 1. She dosen't alow smoking ___________inthe house. (smoke) 2. l'veneverbeen to Hong Kong, but I'dlike _________there .(co) 3. I'mma dificutt posttion. What do you advise mea———________? (qo) 4. She sald the letter was personal and wouldn't letme it, (reac) 5, Wewere kept at the pélce station foranhour, andthen we were allowed —________ (go) 6. |woulcn'tadvige_______________in that restaurant, The fool is awl (eat)