maize), members of the grass family. In the Sclenttfic Suits Exercise, you will work with data to sce how different concen: trations of CO, affect growth in plants that use the C, pathway versus those that use the C, pathway. CAM Plants A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions has evolved in pineapples, many cacti and other succulent (water- storing) plants, such as aloe and jade plants (Figure 8.188). “These plants open their stomata during the night and close ther during the day, the reverse of how other plants behave. Closing stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve water, but it also prevents CO; from entering the leaves. metabolism (CAM) after the plant family Crassulaceae, the process was first discovered. The me the organic acids they maki succulents in which sophyll cells of CAM plants sto: during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the sto rata close, During the day, when the light reactions can suppl ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, CO; i released from the organic acids mace the night before to become incorpo rated into sugar in the chloroplasts. Notice in Figure 8.18 that the CAM pathway i similar to the C, pathway in that carbon dioxide i first incorporated into organic intermediates before it enters the Calvin cycle. The dif ferenceis that in C, plants, the initial steps of carbon fixation an separated structurally from the Calvin cycle, whereas in CAM plants, the two steps occur at separate times but within the sar Making Scatter Plots with Regression Lines Does atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Affect the Productivity of Agricultural Crops? Atmosaherie concentra: tion of carbon dioxide (CO,) has been rising global and scientists ‘wondered whether this would affect C, and C, plants cfferently n this exercise, you will make a scatter pot to examine the relationship ‘between CO, concentration and growth of corm (maize), a Ca crop plant, and velvtiaf, 2 C, weed found in cornfields, How the Experiment Was Done Rescarchers grew corn and velvetleaf plants under controlled conditions for 45 days, where all plans received the sarne amount of water and light. The plants were divided into three groups, each exposed toa alferent Concen- tation of CO; in the air: 350, 600, or 1,000 ppm (parts per milion. Data from the Experiment Tho table shows the dry mass (n ‘grams) of corn and velvtiea plants grown atthe thee concentra tions of CO, The dry mas values are averages ofthe leaves, stems, and roots of eight plants, 350ppm GoOpem 71000 CO ACO pprnicO, Average dry mazsofone 91 ar) compat) Average dey ass fone 35 as ” velvetiat plant Interpret the Data 1. To explore the relationship between the two variables itis useful ‘0 oraph the data ina scatter plot, and then draw a regression line. (2) First, lace labels forthe dependent and independent variables ‘onthe appropriate aes, Explain your choices (8) Now plot the data pon for com and veWetleaf using diferent symbols for each set Of data, and add key forthe two syrboks For action informa tion about araps, see the Scientific Skls Review in Append Fan inthe Study Area in MasteringBolooy) 2, Draw a “best-fit” line for each set of points. A best ine does ‘not necessarily passthrough all ar even most points. stead, it isa straight line that passes as close es possible to all data points from that set. Use your eye to draw ine foreach set of data. Because this is a matter judgment, two individuals may raw two slighty different lines fora given set of points. The line that actualy fits best, 2 rearession line, can be identified by 2dding up the clstances ofall points to any candidate line, then selecting the ine that minimizes the summed distances. (See the ‘raph in the Scientific Skills Exercise in Chapter 2 for an example of alinear regression ine) Excel or other software programs, indluding those on a araphing calculator, can plot a regression line once data points are entered, Using either Excel or a graph ing calculator, enter the data points for each data set and have the program draw the two regression lines. Compare them to the lines you drew by eye 3, Describe the tends shown by the regression lines in your scatter plot. (a) Compare the relationship between incteasing concen ‘tation of CO, and the dry mass of corn to that of velteat. (b) Considering that veluetiea is a weed invasive to corti, predict how increased CO; concentration may atfect interactions between the two species, 4, Based on the data inthe scatter plot, estimate the percentage change in dry mass of corn nd velvetleaf plants if stmospheric CO; concentration increases fram 390 ppm (current levels) to 800 ppm. a) Fst draw vertical ines on your graph at 390 ppmn ‘and 800 ppm. Next, where each vertical line intersects a regres sion ine, draw a horizontal ine tothe y-anis. What i the est ‘mated diy mass of com and velvetleat plants at 390 ppm? 800 ppm? (b) To calculate the percentage change in mass for each plant, subtract the mass at 390 ppm from the mass st 800 Pom, civide by the mass at 390 pom, and multiply by 100. What 's the estimated percentage change in dry mass for corn? For velvetleaf? (c) Do these results support the concusion from other periments that C plants grow better than C, plants under in- ‘ceased CO; concentration? Why or why not? from 7 Fatesan and. Fn, Portlets of lobal atmospheric 0, erehant onthe growth and competitiveness of and eed and (GA version of this Scientific Skils Exercise can be assigned in MasteringBiclogy