READING 5- REFERENCE ITEMS

1. X rays allow art historians to examine paintings internally without damaging them.
2. The poisonous, plantlike anemone(this creature) lives in a coral reef. When a small fish
ventures near this creature, it is stung and eaten. For some reason, the anemone makes an
exception of the clown fish. When the clown fish(it) is endangered by another fish, it dashes
among the anemone’s tentacles. It even builds its nest where the anemone can protect it.
3. Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
(A) Florists’
(B) Flowers’
4. Unlike a box kite, a flat kite needs a tail to supply drag and to keep it pointed toward the sky.
A simple one consists of cloth strips tied end to end.
5. Water is an exception to many of nature’s rules because of its unusual properties.
6. Ropes are cords at least .15 inches in diameter and are made of three or more strands which
are themselves formed of twisted yarns.
(A) Yarns
(B) Ropes
(C) Strands
(D) Cords
7. Grocers slice sides, quarters, and what are called primal cuts of beef into smaller pieces.
These pieces are then packaged and sold.
8. Leaves are found on all deciduous trees, but they differ greatly in size and shape.
9. Yasuo Kuniyashi was born in Japan in 1883 and studied art at the Los Angeles School of Art
and Design. He also studied art in New York City, where he gave his first one-man show. In
1925 he moved from there to Paris where he was influenced by the works of Chagall and
other artists.
(A) Japan
(B) Paris
(C) Los Angeles
(D) New York City
10. In the past, biologists considered mush- rooms and other fungi a type of nongreen plant.
Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
11. William Dean Howells, a contemporary and friend of Mark Twain, wrote a number of books
that realistically portrayed life on farms in Midwestern America. One of his followers, Hamlin
Garland, was even more bitter in his criticism of rural America than his mentor.
12. The Wisconsin Dells is a region where the Wisconsin River cuts through soft sand- stone.
The strange formations that have been carved out of the rocks there are a delight to tourists.
They have names such as Devil’s Elbow, Grand Piano, and Fat Man’s Misery.
Passage 1
In addition to these various types of deep mining, several types of surface mining may be used
when minerals lie relatively close to the surface of the earth. One type is open-pit mining. The
first step is to remove the overburden, the layers of rock and earth lying above the ore, with
giant scrapers. The ore is broken up in a series
of blasting operations. Power shovels pick up the pieces and load them into trucks or, in some
cases, ore trains. These carry it up ramps to ground level. Soft ores are removed by drilling
screws, called augers.
Another type is called “placer” mining.
Sometimes heavy metals, such as gold, are found in soil deposited by streams and rivers. The
soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long trough. Water is run through the
soil in the trough. This carries soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than
the soil and sink to the bottom where they can be recovered.
The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral concentration. In this process, the desired
substances are removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to bubble air through
a liquid in which ore particles are suspended. Chemicals are added that make the minerals cling
to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise to the surface with the mineral particles attached, and they
can be skimmed off and saved.

1.Look at the word them in the bold text below:

The ore is broken up in a series of blasting operations. Power shovels pick up the pieces
and load them into trucks.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
text that refers to them.
2.Look at the word These in the bold text below:
Power shovels pick up the pieces and load them into trucks. These carry it up ramps to
ground level. Soft ores are removed by drilling screws, called augers.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
text that refers to These.
3.The phrase Another type in paragraph 2 is a reference to another type of
(A) deep mining.
(B) ore.
(C) metal.
(D) surface mining.
4.Look at the word it in the bold text below:
The soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long trough. Water is run
through the soil in the trough.
This carries soil particles away with it.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
text that refers to it.
5.Look at the word they in the bold text below:
This carries soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than the soil and
sink to the bottom where they can be recovered.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
text that refers to they.
6.In paragraph 3, the phrase this process refers to
(A) surface mining.
(B) the depositing of soil.
(C) mineral concentration.
(D) placer mining.
7.Look at the word they in the bold text below:
Chemicals are added that make them cling to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise to the
surface with the ore par- ticles attached, and they can be skimmed off and saved.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to they.
Passage 2
Mount Rainier, the heart of Mt. Rainier National Park, is the highest mountain in the state of
Washington and in the Cascade Range. The mountain’s summit is broad and rounded. It is
14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile. Numerous steam and gas
jets occur around the crater, but the volcano has been sleeping for many centuries.
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields, which give rise to more than
forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial
valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the
forests, which contain beautiful wild flowers.
The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors.
Paradise Valley, where hotel accommodations are avail- able, perches on the mountain’s slope
at 5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the moun- tain. Its 90-mile length can be covered
in about a week’s time.
8.Look at the word It in the bold text below:
Mount Rainier, the heart of Mt. Rainier National Park, is the highest mountain in the
state of Washington and in the Cascade Range. The mountain’s summit is broad and
rounded. It is 14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to It.
9.Look at the word These in the bold text below:
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snowfields, which give rise to over
forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the
glacial valleys.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to These.
10.The word which in paragraph 2 refers to
(A) forests.
(B) wild flowers.
(C) alpine meadows.
(D) glacial valleys.
11.Look at the word Its in the bold text below:
Paradise Valley, where hotel accommo- dations are available, perches on the mountain’s
slope at 2,700 feet. The Won- derland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90-mile length can
be covered in about a week’s time.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to Its.
Passage 3
Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do travel vast distances, but mam-
mals also migrate. Caribou graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather
turns cold, these animals travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are
clearly visible from the air. Another example is the Alaskan fur seal. These seals breed only in
the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong
enough to go with their mothers on a journey of more than 3,000 miles. Together they swim
down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern
California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska. In the
spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are
among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate thousands of
miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and
animals.
These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to
breed and give birth to their young.
12.Look at the word they in the bold text below:
Caribou graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold,
these animals travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well worn that they are clearly
visible from the air.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to they.
13.The phrase Another example in the passage refers to an example of a
(A) migratory mammal.
(B) place where animals migrate.
(C) bird.
(D) person who associates migration with birds.
14.Look at the word They in the bold text below:
The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so
far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return to
the islands, and there the cycle begins again.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to They.
15.In the passage, the word there refers to
(A) the Gulf of Alaska.
(B) the Pribilof Islands.
(C) southern California.
(D) the Pacific Coast of North America.
16.Look at the word These in the bold text below:
Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals. These are most abundant in cold
polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their
young.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to These.
Passage 4
Design is the arrangement of materials to produce certain effects. Design plays a role in visual
arts and in the creation of commercial products. Designers are concerned with the direction of
lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are
satisfying to viewers. There are various elements involved in creating a pleasing design.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in several ways. It may be either symmetrical (in
balance) or asymmetrical (out of balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area may
balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because of color or treatment) equaling
that of the larger area.
Contrast is the opposite of harmony. The colors red and orange harmonize, because orange
contains red. A circle and an oval harmonize, because they are both made up of curved lines.
But a triangle does not harmonize with a circle. Because of its straight lines and angles, it is in
contrast.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a de- sign combine to form a consistent whole. Unity
resembles balance. A design has balance if its masses are balanced or if its tones and colors har-
monize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that balanced elements work together
to form harmony in the design as a whole.
17.Look at the word They in the bold text below:
Designers are concerned with the direction of lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of
colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying to viewers.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to They.
18.Look at the word that in the bold text below:
Or a small area may balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because of
color or treatment) equal- ing that of the larger area.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to that.
19.Look at the word they in the bold text below:
The colors red and orange harmonize, because orange contains red. A circle and an oval
harmonize, because they are both made up of curved lines.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to they.
20.Look at the word it in the bold text below:
A circle and an oval harmonize, because they are both made up of curved lines. But a
triangle does not harmonize with a circle. Because of its straight lines and angles, it is in
contrast.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold text that refers to it.
21.In the last sentence, the word it refers to
(A) unity.
(B) balance.
(C) a design.
(D) a consistent whole.