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ShD = 2 + 0.552Re0.53Sc1/3
(Ref: Transport Processes and Separation Process by C.J. Geankoplis, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003)
Solution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let A denote naphthalene and B denote air. Since the mole fraction of naphthalene is very
small, the physical properties of air at 45oC and 1 atm will be used for the gas mixture.
µ 1.93 × 10−5
Sc = = = 2.506
ρ DAB (1.113)(6.92 × 10−6 )
ρVD (1.113)(0.0254)(0.305)
Re = = = 446.8
µ 1.93 × 10 −5
kc D
ShD = 2 + 0.552Re0.53Sc1/3 = 21 =
DAB
(21)(6.92 × 10 −6 )
kc = = 5.72×10-3 m/s
0.0254
kc kc
NA = (cAi − cA) = (pAi − pA)
(1 − y A )lm (1 − y A )lm RT
(1 − y A ) − (1 − y Ai )
(1 − yA)lm = ≈1
1 − yA
ln
1 − y Ai
V V
Making a material balance of benzoic acid over the control volume πD2∆x/4 we have
D2 D2
CVπ – CVπ + kc(C* – C)πD∆x = 0 (E-1)
4 x
4 x +∆x
In this expression, C is the bulk concentration of benzoic acid in water within the tube and
C* is the saturated benzoic acid concentration in water at the solid and liquid interface. kc is
the mass transfer coefficient for the dissolution of benzoic acid in water. Dividing equation
(E-1) by πD2∆x/4 gives
C | − C |x 4
– V x +∆x + kc(C* – C) =0 (E-2)
∆x D
dC 4
–V + kc(C* – C) =0
dx D
CL dC 4k c L
∫0 C*− C
=
DV ∫ 0
dx
C * − CL 4k c L 4kc
– ln = => CL = C* 1 − exp − DV L
C* DV
D2 D2
W = Vπ ( CL – 0) = Vπ CL
4 4
3-6
The mass change of the tube during the time t is given by
D2 4k
∆m = Wt = Vπ tC* 1 − exp − c L
4 DV
D2 4k L
∆m = Vπ tC* c = πDL tC*kc
4 DV
∆m 0.62
kc = = = 4.57×10-5 cm/s
π DLtC * π (1)(20)(3 × 3600)(0.02)
4kc L
Now we need to check the condition that x = << 1
DV
Making a steady state material balance for dissolved oxygen in water we have
In this expression, C is the bulk concentration of oxygen in water, C* is the saturated oxygen
concentration, A is the cross sectional area of the bubble column, V is the superficial liquid
velocity, NA is the molar flux of oxygen in the x direction, and kc is the mass transfer
coefficient. Dividing this equation by A∆x and taking the limit as ∆x → 0 we obtain
dN A dC
– (1 – ε) –V + kc(C* – C)a = 0 (E-1)
dx dx
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dC
Substituting NA = – DAB into equation (E-1) we have
dx
d 2C dC
(1 – ε)DAB 2
–V + kc(C* – C)a = 0 (E-2)
dx dx
d 2C
The mass transfer contribution by axial diffusion, DAB , is usually much smaller than the
dx 2
other terms. If we neglect the axial diffusion, equation (E-2) becomes
dC
–V + kc(C* – C)a = 0
dx
CL dC ak L
∫C0 C*− C
= c
V ∫0
dx
C * − CL ak c L ak
– ln = => CL = C* – (C*– C0) exp − c L
C * − C0 V V
3-8
3.2 Packed Column
Packed towers can be used for continuous countercurrent contacting of gas and liquid in
absorption and for vapor-liquid contacting in distillation. In a packed column used for gas-
liquid contact, the liquid flows downward over the surface of the packing and the gas flows
upward in the void space of the packing material. A low pressure drop and, hence, low
energy consumption is very important in the performance of packed towers. The packing
material provides a very large surface area for mass transfer, but it also results in a pressure
drop because of friction. The performance of packed towers depends upon the hydraulic
operating characteristics of wet and dry packing. In dry packing, there is only the flow of a
single fluid phase through a column of stationary solid particles. Such flow occurs in fixed-
bed catalytic reactor and sorption operations (including adsorption, ion exchange, ion
exclusion, etc.) In wet packing, two-phase flow is encountered. The phases will be a gas and
a liquid in distillation, absorption, or stripping. When the liquid flows over the packing it
occupies some of the void volume in the packing normally filled by the gas, therefore the
performance of wet packing is different from that of dry packing.
For dry packing, the pressure drop may be correlated by Ergun equation
∆P Dp gc ε 3 1−ε
= 150 + 1.75 (3.2-1)
h ρ f v s 1 − ε N Re
where
∆P = pressure drop through the packed bed
h = bed height
Dp = particle diameter
ρf = fluid density
vs = superficial velocity at a density averaged between inlet and outlet conditions
ε = bed porosity
D vρ
NRe = average Reynolds number based upon superficial velocity p s f When the
µ
packing has a shape different from spherical, an effective particle diameter is defined
6V p 6(1 − ε )
Dp = = (3.2-2)
Ap As
where
As = interfacial area of packing per unit of packing volume, ft2/ft3 or m2/m3
The effective particle diameter Dp in Eq. (3.2-1) can be replaced by φsDp where Dp now
represents the particle size of a sphere having the same volume as the particle and φs the
shape factor. The bed porosity, ε, which is the fraction of total volume that is void is defined
as
volume voids
ε ≡
volume of entire bed
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volume of entire bed − volume of particles
ε ≡
volume of entire bed
where R = inside radius of column, As and ε are characteristics of the packing. Experimental
values of ε can easily be determined from Eq. (3.2-3) but As for non-spherical particles is
usually more difficult to obtain. Values of As and ε can be found in various references6,7 for
the common commercial packing. As for spheres can be computed from the volume and
surface area of a sphere.
∆P
( ) Gρ
2
βL / ρ
= α 10 L v
(3.2-4)
h v
where ∆P is the pressure drop (psf), h is the packing height (ft), L is the liquid mass flow rate
per unit area (lb/hr-ft2), Gv is the gas mass flow rate per unit area (lb/hr-ft2), ρL is the liquid
density (lb/ft3), ρV is the gas density (lb/ft3), and α and β are packing parameters9.
The initial procedure for designing a packed column is similar to that for a plate column.
However we will need to follow different procedure in the calculation of the column
diameter and height.
xi yi
xi
y
x
Mass transfer from the liquid Mass transfer from the gas
to the gas phase to the liquid phase
6
Mc Cabe W. L. et al , Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1993, pg. 689
7
Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1984, pg. 18-23
8
Leva M., Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser. 50(10): 51 (1954)
9
Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations, Elsevier, 1988, pg.420
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