Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Printing in Garment Industry
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Methods of Printing
There are major three methods presently used to impress coloured patterns on fabric:
• Block printing –
‐ Hand Block printing
‐ Perrotine printing
• Screen printing –
‐ Flat-bed Screen / Chest printing
‐ Rotary Screen printing
• Digital printing –
‐ Sublimation / Heat transfer printing
‐ DTG – Direct to garment printing
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Types of Screen Printing
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Types of Digital Garment Printing
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Digital Garment Printing
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Digital Garment Printing
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Digital Garment Printing - Process
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Detail Analysis of Digital Printing
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Keys to DTG
Many small screen-printing shops will sacrifice margins for small-run jobs to accommodate the demand of the custom-shirt-buying
public. Consistent large-volume jobs are hard to acquire and maintain due to the competition among screen printers. A small shop
may need a 12-piece job just to stay busy. This is where DTG printing stands out.
Ideal for low-volume jobs because setup and breakdown is negligible compared to screen printing, DTG printing is slower but
preparation is faster. A conservative estimate for screen printing 12 shirts — a five-color job, from setup to breakdown — is four-plus
hours. With DTG, 12 shirts can be prepped, printed and cured in about 30 minutes.
Think about your customers’ requests. What is the average size of the print jobs you receive? Do they want 144-plus shirts, or do they
want a dozen shirts for a party or team? With DTG, you can confidently advertise low-minimum, custom, full-color prints on light and
dark garments. Better yet, you can advertise no minimums.
The industry is trending toward low-volume customization because the market is demanding it. DTG printing gives you a distinct
advantage in fulfilling this need. It also can be a standalone business in which you print low-volume jobs in-house and contract out
larger runs to screen printers. The DTG process also can be added to an existing print shop, as even larger shops are seeing the need
for quick-turn, low-volume orders. It’s common for shops to have multiple DTG units, with each machine printing 100 different
custom orders per day.
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DTG vs. Screen Printing
Which embellishment process makes the most sense for your business?
If you’ve been shopping for screen-printing equipment, you may have noticed most major resellers and manufacturers now also offer
direct-to-garment (DTG) printers. That’s because DTG is becoming increasingly popular and viable as technology evolves.
Deciding whether to invest in screen printing or DTG printing requires examining the differences between both applications, which
have distinct sets of pros and cons. Understanding the production details of each and determining how these applications will benefit
your business is important.
Screen printing has dominated the garment-decoration industry for more than 100 years. With advancements in ink, photo-sensitive
emulsion and equipment, the process is reliable and repeatable, and can be done by small or large shops.
Historically, most printed apparel likely was screen printed, and most shops that considered expanding production volume looked to
that technology to help them grow. This model is changing as digital-application technologies and the market evolve.
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Benefits of Screen Printing
The screen-printing process has several benefits, but what separates it from DTG is speed and volume. With an automatic screen-
printing press, for example, a shirt can be printed and put on a dryer belt every three to five seconds if prepress requirements have
been met. That is the major distinction between screen printing and DTG — speed and volume vs. setup and breakdown.
It’s important to consider what you intend to accomplish and what you are willing to invest financially. To print three to five shirts per
second, you must make a serious investment in equipment, training and space. This requires automatic presses, large conveyor
dryers, an ink-mixing station and a large screen-processing and cleaning area. A full-scale automatic shop easily can cost $500,000 or
more in equipment and supplies. Typically, existing shops grow into this type of setup and gear up as production demands increase.
Most startup or small print shops begin with a bare-bones screen-printing configuration and can be productive with much less of an
investment. A new manual press, flash unit, small conveyor dryer and a small screen-prep area can be effective. A reasonable
expectation for a new small-shop, manual-screen-print setup is $15,000-$20,000.
Regardless of whether it’s a small or large shop, prepress, setup, breakdown and the learning curve make screen printing a difficult
application to adopt. Here is a simple list of steps involved in the traditional screen-printing process: Prepare and separate art, create
film positives, clean and dry screens, coat screens with emulsion and dry, expose screens, wash, dry, block out, dry, tape off, set
screens on press, mix ink, register, test print, print, remove screens, remove ink, and wash and reclaim screens.
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Benefits of Screen Printing
The entire process can take hours and is sensitive to errors. If exposure time isn’t correct, a screen may not wash out. If the platen
gets too hot, the ink can stick to the bottom of the screens and cause ghosting. If you use the wrong ink or emulsion, or a screen
breaks, you must reshoot and re-register new screens. One skewed element can jeopardize an entire job.
Though the screen-printing preparation process takes time — the more colors in the design, the longer it takes — you can start
cranking out shirts as soon as setup is done. That’s why screen printing is conducive to large-volume runs.
Such jobs enable screen printers to make money. Prepress, setup and breakdown processes require time and resources, and these
costs must be amortized into the volume of shirts produced to sustain a reasonable margin. Large volumes fuel screen-printing shops
and can be lucrative.
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Screen-Printing Truth Serum
Screen printing has a few distinct elements you should consider before investing in the process. It’s important to be realistic with your
expectations.
High-quality screen printing is a complex art form, and takes a tremendous amount of money and time to master. Simple applications
are relatively easy to accomplish, but high-end, high-volume jobs can be difficult for a novice. Screen printing also requires a steady
stream of supplies to keep up with materials usage; you may invest hundreds or thousands of dollars a month to keep your shop
supplied.
Often overlooked is the fact that screen printing is messy. Ink gets everywhere and requires constant cleaning. The screen-cleaning
and reclaiming process is a monstrous challenge. Have you ever seen the television show “Dirty Jobs” with Mike Roe? He has filmed
an episode on reclaiming screens. Trust me — it’s dirty.
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DTG vs. Dye Sublimation
Both methods use inkjet print heads to produce a printed image or graphic. In the case of DTG, the printer is either built from the
ground up for the specific purpose of surface printing, or is created by modifying an existing printer system.
With sublimation, off-the-shelf, office-style printers are used for desktop printing (up to about 13″ x 19″ fields) and professional
printers are used for larger formats. It should be noted that no modifications are made to printers used for sublimation, and they are
used right out of the box.
Inkjet print systems create image color by mixing base colors that are formulated incorporating recipes created by the graphics
software. Unlike screen printing and embroidery, which use pre-colored decoration materials (ink and thread), digital printing allows
you to create thousands of custom color combinations without being limited by print stations or needles.
Sublimation printers come in four-, six- and eight-color models, which refers to the number of base colors available for mixing, not
the number of colors that can be output. More base colors enable the creation of more precise color detail, such as realistic facial
skin tones when dealing with photographs.
DTG printers are four-color units, and those capabilities are fine for most graphical applications — especially apparel.
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DTG vs. Dye Sublimation
Another key point with digital printing is that the inks and dyes will only bond with the surfaces for which they were created. DTG is
primarily a cotton application, while sublimation is limited to polyester.
Both will work on blended fabrics, but the colors may appear faded, muted or washed out. With all digital printing, there is a
challenge to deliver consistent color results on the final product. Both DTG and sublimation processes rely on digital artwork created
with standard software programs such as CorelDRAW, or Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator.
But it takes a further level of enhancement to properly deliver accurate color output at the print head. DTG relies on raster image
processor (RIP) programs that may not be included in the initial equipment purchase. Sublimation systems rely on custom printer
drivers, color palettes and profiles that usually are provided by the manufacturer.
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Role of Inks in Digital Garment Printing
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Use of White Ink
There are challenges to printing on colored garments, especially dark ones. In DTG printing, one solution is to use a chemically
engineered ink called, quite simply, “white ink.”
White ink has two purposes in garment printing. It can be used as a base coat for images on colored garments and it can be used in
the re-creation of the color white on colored garments.
Digital colors are created by combining different percentages of base colors (mixing). Unfortunately, the color white cannot be
produced through any combination of colors; thus, white ink has to be engineered as a separate, stand-alone ink.
Because there is not a recipe for the color white, graphics programs typically leave any white areas in a design “open” under the
assumption that they will be applied to a white surface. In that situation, the background color fills in the open area and creates the
needed white. But if the same image was applied to a blue shirt, the supposed white areas would now be blue, which may not be
ideal. With a white ink system, a command is sent to the printer telling it to apply the white ink (from an independent cartridge)
when required, thus making it possible to print the color white.
The second aspect of white ink is the creation of base coats. With digital printing, you are applying a thin coating of ink or dye —
meaning the colors of the ink will be intertwined with the colors of the fibers, which may affect the image color. To counter this
effect, you can apply a base layer of white ink, which blocks out the background color, such that the image is actually being applied to
a white background instead of directly against the color of the garment. The process sounds easy enough, but there is a lot more to
this.
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Use of White Ink
White ink has to be thick enough to create a decent base, yet thin enough to get through the inkjet nozzle. In addition, it has to cure
quickly so that other inks can be applied on top of it without any quality issues. Chemically, it must start “drying” as soon it hits the
surface of the garment.
This is accomplished by a two-pronged approach. The first is that the white ink itself must be engineered to cure quickly. The second
is that a secondary chemical called a pre-treatment typically is added to the surface of the shirt before printing. When the white ink
contacts the pre-treatment, the curing time is accelerated such that the production proceeds uninterrupted. This means there’s no
need to stop and wait for drying to occur.
Early white ink systems developed a reputation for clogging and drying out in the print heads, which led to expensive repairs. New
advances in technology have greatly improved the process and — for the most part — if you fully understand how your system works
and follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer, you shouldn’t experience significant problems.
In reality, white ink is not needed on every job; thus, not all DTG printers offer it. But before you insist on having white ink
capabilities, make sure you balance your desire against your need. White ink does present challenges, one of which is the artwork
that has to be prepared differently to accommodate white ink. So know what you are getting into, especially since it typically raises
the price tag in addition to the level of production complexity.
What about white ink for sublimation? It’s not available. There are some alternative methods, such as allover sublimation where you
apply an image that completely covers the surface of a shirt. You start with a white shirt and then recolor it while adding graphics all
in one step (per side). It requires a wide-format printer and heat press, but is gaining in popularity for creating retail-inspired looks for
a multitude of market niches.
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Range and Cost
Whereas DTG has the advantage over sublimation in terms of printing on colored surfaces, sublimation takes the cake when it comes
to the range of products that can be decorated. Sublimation-ready merchandise includes plaques, awards, promotional products,
photo panels, memorial products, signage, mugs, flip-flops, koozies, flags, tiles, iPhone covers, laptop sleeves, stadium seats, acrylics,
pet products, etc. One machine can decorate hundreds of products!
Moving on to costs, both systems are close in terms of production numbers with a large, full-color image averaging about $1 in media
costs. But in terms of startup costs, there are significant differences between the two. DTG printer costs start at about $16,000 and
increase from there. In contrast, an entry-level desktop sublimation system starts at about $575 (without a heat press) and tops out
around $2,500.
Is one system better than the other? It really comes down to your needs. Take the time to calculate the ROI for each — which goes
well beyond equipment costs — as you also want to take versatility into consideration. Which process will give you the widest range
of decoration services and product options based on the needs of your business? The answer to that question will generate the most
business in the long run. Be diverse, creative and — most importantly — profitable!
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Buying a Garment Printer that prints white ink, Pros and Cons
When you are considering whether your garment printer should have the ability to print on dark garments you should know and
weigh the pros and cons. Why is this so important?
Some printers, like the Brother GT 541 Digital Garment Printer, the Mimaki garment printer and the Sawgrass Direct Advantage
printer do not offer a white ink solution at this time. Other printers, like the DTG line of t-shirt printing machines, the Fast T-Jet
machines by US Screen Printing and the Flexi-Jet garment ink jet printer offer white ink either as standard or an option.
By determining whether white ink is necessary for your business up front, you can quickly narrow your choices and save time
researching printers that do not fit your needs. Surveys of t-shirt blank distributors confirm that a full 70% of the t-shirts they sell for
decoration are NOT white.
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Buying a Garment Printer that prints white ink, Pros and Cons
What exactly are the pros and cons of using digital t-shirt printers with white ink? Let’s look at the cons first:
Printing with white ink costs more
• True – you will generally spend as little as 20-25 cents to print a white shirt and $2 or more to print the same image on a dark
shirt
• just as in any other type t-shirt printing or decoration – the more it costs to produce, the more you need to charge
• False – for short run jobs, the added ink costs far outweigh the costs of separations, films, screens, and setup associated with
traditional screen printing
Printing with white ink is not as fast as printing a light shirt
• True – when compared to printing the same image on a light colored garment with no white ink, when you have to print 2 layers
as opposed to one it stands to reason that it will take longer
• False – when compared with the time associated with traditional screen printing setup – short run orders done with a digital t-
shirt printer can seem amazingly fast
Printing with white ink is more difficult than printing white shirts
• True – as above, when compared to printing on light garments without white ink, dark garments are more difficult, that being
said, the perception of difficulty is more based on the ease of not using white in than on the difficulty of using white ink
• False – as in all methods of garment decoration, once you have learned how to properly do something, it becomes a matter of
consistent repetition
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Buying a Garment Printer that prints white ink, Pros and Cons
Now, let’s look at the pro’s of printing with white ink with your digital textile press
By offering white ink printing on your dtg printer – you are equipped to handle all colors of garments your customer will request
• True - literally 70% of the imprinted t-shirts sold every year are not white and may require at least some white ink
• You can always try to “sell” your customer on using a lighter color garment that does not require white ink – the problem with
this is that you risk upsetting your client
• This is really THE reason for buying a machine with white ink – if you are not willing to give up potentially 70% of the business
that is out there and don’t want to send your customers “somewhere else” to get their dark garments printed, you need white
ink.
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Buying a Garment Printer that prints white ink, Pros and Cons
When it comes down to it, if you feel that you can keep your digital garment printer busy full time just printing light colored garments
– then the decision should be easy.
If, on the other hand, you are like the majority of direct to garment printer owners, you will find that there are times when the light
shirt business is not booming – then printing with white ink can be a saving grace.
Even if you do not want to print with white ink immediately, it is a good idea to buy a direct to garment printer that will allow you to
print with white when you are ready.
The DTG line of digital t-shirt printers can be configured to print with or without white ink and changed at any point to fit your needs.
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Benefits of Digital Garment Printing
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Four Major Business Benefits of DTG Printing
On-Demand Capabilities
Screen printing is less than ideal for quick, short-run orders or items that will require a lot of color variety. This is because the process
involves a good amount of upfront labor and skill to set up, execute and finish. On a one-at-a-time basis with a manual press,
someone is needed to push the ink onto the garment through a mesh screen with a squeegee or blade, and only one color can be
done at a time. Creating one or two T-shirts on short notice with screen printing is more of a pain than a profit.
As a digital process, DTG printing requires little to no setup. This makes printing short runs quickly and on demand much easier
because there’s a lot less time-consuming manual labor involved. All you need is a digital file from the customer and you’ll be able to
print small batches of fully customized, colorful garments. This on-demand capability also enables you to charge rush fees or
additional fees for smaller orders.
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Four Major Business Benefits of DTG Printing
As a general rule of thumb, if you’re printing any more than 25 one-color items, 50 two color items and so one, it may be more
efficient to use a screen printing process. This is because screen-printing expenses are based largely on the setup process, meaning
longer print runs will reduce the cost per piece.
While DTG printing isn’t at the level where it can replace screen printing yet, it can still complement existing businesses. Let your
screen printer handle your long runs while a DTG printer takes care of short, on-demand jobs. Together, they can help you build and
sustain a profitable garment printing business.
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A DTG Q&A
1. “I’m looking to produce photo-quality prints? How easily can that be done with DTG?”
• This is a popular question. Your customers probably are seeing more apparel with incredible detail and photorealistic images.
Though this is possible with screen printing, the learning curve and required resources can demand a tremendous amount of
time, money and talent. Because of their high-resolution output, DTG printers can yield the results of a normal printer. The cost
and learning curve needed to print a photo are the same as that required to print solid text.
• DTG printers operate based on the same concept as CMYK printers, so you can print any picture you see on a computer screen.
High-resolution, large-format machines can print at least 1,440 x 720 dpi. This means that if you get a photo with relatively
decent resolution — 150 dpi or greater — you can deliver an incredibly detailed result.
• Pull photos directly from a phone, computer, scanner, the internet — anywhere. It’s easy to modify, add flair and print a
professional, photorealistic image.
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A DTG Q&A
2. “When does it make sense to screen print a job as opposed to using DTG printing, and vice versa?”
• This question highlights the importance of diversifying your production offerings. Say a customer wants 25 shirts for little
Johnny’s birthday party. The design features a five-color baseball team logo and custom text. To screen print a five-color job for
25 shirts requires art separation, five films and burned screens, washout, drying, block out, more drying, screen alignment, test
printing, printing, cleanup, breakdown and reclaiming. In short, that’s a lot of work and time for 25 shirts.
• Let’s consider the DTG process. Simply create the art on your computer, save it as a transparent-background PNG file and upload
it into the RIP software. Printing, which should be done after machine maintenance has been performed, simply requires
pretreatment, drying, printing and drying again. With the best DTG printers on the market, maintenance is easy, as are
pretreating and drying shirts. Thus, a five-color job can be printed in one to two hours. The time and cost are minimal, and the
returns are high.
• On this type of job, DTG printing makes the most sense. But let’s examine a one-color job (white ink) to be printed on 25 black
shirts. For screen printing, it’s easy to burn one screen, then print, flash, print and dry the design. Setup and breakdown times
are minimal, and white ink is inexpensive and looks good.
• On the digital side, achieving a bright white print on a black shirt requires a lot of ink, possibly making it more costly than screen
printing. Time also is a factor; you may be able to set up and screen print this job faster than having to pretreat and print using
the DTG method.
• At this point, analyze costs for both printing methods. Time and resources also should be considered when evaluating such a job.
Which method will be most profitable and least time consuming? One-color jobs are fast and easy when screen printing. For jobs
requiring two or more colors, DTG may be a more logical approach, especially when it comes to maximizing profits. After all,
you’re in business to make money. Use the process that will be easiest and generate the most profit.
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A DTG Q&A
3. “My customers are concerned about washability. Doesn’t DTG wash out, while screen printing is more permanent?”
• The answer to this question has two parts, but is simple. First, just because a shirt is dry doesn’t mean it’s cured. Most
applications require a certain temperature and time to “set” the print. If these requirements aren’t met, it may wash out. This
can happen in screen printing and DTG. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines, perform wash tests and set a policy that ensures
prints will be properly cured.
• Second, plastisol, water-based and discharge screen-printing inks are durable. Plastisol can crack and peel after numerous
washes, which most customers don’t like, but the problem usually is poor application. Screen-printed ink washability has set the
standard.
• DTG ink, on the other hand, has a reputation of washing out after a few launderings. However, some manufacturers guarantee
five-star washability from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC). This means a properly cured DTG
print can be as good as — if not better than — a properly cured screen-printed design.
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A DTG Q&A
4. “Doesn’t DTG require a lot of maintenance? I don’t want to constantly be working on equipment.”
• Maintenance is a necessary element for most DTG printers because the process involves lots of sticky, water-based ink being
used and flushed. The best printers on the market feature built-in maintenance, but ink still needs to be managed. This
specifically applies to white ink; CMYK inks don’t typically cause problems.
• The issue with white ink is titanium dioxide, which is the main white pigment in nearly everything you use that is white
(toothpaste, paint, white correction fluid, etc.) Not all white DTG ink is the same. Most systems require regular white-ink flushes
to mitigate buildup and clogging. Every system requires some sort of manual cleaning of components that come into contact with
this ink.
• However, a few DTG printers require little maintenance because cleaning is automated. They can be turned off for seven or more
days at a time without fear of white ink drying and clogging the system.
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A DTG Q&A
5. “DTG never will be able to keep up with screen printing on large orders.”
• Such a statement was true five years ago, but not today. Many shops are moving to an all-digital format by forming “banks” of
printers. This involves setting up three to five DTG printers around a forced-air conveyor dryer. A quality, fast dryer dramatically
increases production efficiency, meaning pretreated shirts can be dried and printed shirts can be cured at the same speed
without a heat press.
• The price of productivity also should be considered. For example, a 10-color, 12-station automatic screen-printing press could
cost more than $150,000. Additional equipment includes a dryer, washout booth, dark room, inks, screens, film printer or direct-
to-screen (DTS) system. Those expenses can add up quickly.
• DTG production costs are much simpler to calculate. The industry’s best printer is affordable, at $13,000-$18,000. A pretreatment
machine costs $4,000-$6,000 and a conveyor dryer costs about $15,000. In fact, you could buy two sets of five DTG printers and
one dryer for the same cost as one automatic press.
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Tips for DTG
The ‘M’ Word - Maintenance is a major factor in DTG productivity. If you’re constantly working on your machine, you’re not printing
and making money. Do your research and invest in a printer that requires the least amount of maintenance so that you can avoid
prolonged downtime.
DTG ink has a reputation of washing out after a few washes, but some manufacturers guarantee washability that is on par with, or
even better than, that of screen-printing ink.
Always analyze time and costs required for screen printing a job vs. production via DTG printing. This includes time spent imaging
screens.
To enable speedy production, many decorators set up multiple DTG printers around a conveyor dryer.
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The DTG Revolution
To understand the impact of DTG, first you need to appreciate the importance of inkjet printing. Inkjet technology, around the turn of
the new millennium, was revolutionizing the way all kinds of products were being decorated. With quality prints, more customization
options and lower costs per print combined with a significantly more accessible equipment price point, the garment market wanted
in.
Many of the first DTG machines were remanufactured from existing inkjet printers in order to print on T-shirts like the T-jet that was
introduced at the 2004 SGIA in Minneapolis — a retrofitted Epson photo printer using Dupont inks. Several other manufacturers
introduced DTG printers around that time, many with the ability to only print on light-colored garments.
While the new technology was exciting, the arrival of DTG wasn’t without its setbacks. Printing on dark garments, in particular, proved
difficult and required significant attention to both the equipment and process. On top of that, early DTG printers had difficulty
producing consistently or reliably, which caused the reputation of the technology to take a hit.
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The DTG Revolution
With printer manufacturers realizing their challenges early — limitations on dark garments, low production reliability and the market
demands — figuring out a solution was only a matter of time.
DTG engineering has continued its trend out of basements, garages and backrooms and into the hands of the big names in the
printing industry, like Epson, Kornit, Brother and others. These manufacturers have developed full lines of DTG printers, complete
with dedicated research-and-development teams and engineers, as well as the resources and tools necessary to help this printing
method evolve to its full potential.
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The DTG Revolution
It seems that we’ve gotten over the bumps and hurdles with DTG printing equipment, and now the quality is better and more durable
than ever before. The early years of DTG may not have been up to the task, but thanks to big-name manufacturing and engineering,
and a continued demand in the industry, this printing method is now the go-to for on-demand, short-run and full-color prints.
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Peeking Into DTG’s Future
1. Print Speed:
• Like other large-format printers, speeds have increased and will continue to do so. One of the arguments against DTG is that the
print speeds cannot match those of screen printing. With larger heads and multiple platens allowing decorators to load multiple
shirts, it is highly feasible that DTG will deliver screen print-like speeds one day.
2. Color Gamut:
• We know the cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) color range is limiting, but many large-format printers have moved beyond
it. Though DTG still uses CMYK and white, expect additional colors, and even metallic ink, in the near future.
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Peeking Into DTG’s Future
4. Pretreatment:
• Ink chemistry constantly is evolving. Some manufacturers are making running changes that advance opacity, shelf life, usability
and durability. Can white ink ever be used without pretreatment on the darkest garments? It may be possible, but it seems
unlikely. What is more likely is continued advancement in pretreatment solution and its application to garments. Pretreating in
line with printing will continue to advance and be more feasible with new changes to ink and pretreatment solution.
5. Competition:
• An area that will significantly boost technology and advancement is the competition between major printer manufacturers. The
early days of DTG were challenging because pieces and parts were repurposed from other equipment. Some of these types of
printers still exist, but major manufacturers now are invested and completely revolutionizing the industry.
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How to Increase Profitability by Ensuring Right Price
DTG printing is different in that there is very little — if any — setup and breakdown time, and printing — whether with one color or
the entire CMYK spectrum — is as simple as pushing a button. You don’t charge by the number of colors, which is a selling point
people often overlook.
Rather, DTG prints should be priced by their size, which is directly related to ink consumption. When using a digital printer, ink
cartridges need to be replaced, which constitutes the bulk of the cost. The larger the print, the more ink that is consumed, and more
ink means more cost; it’s that simple.
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How to Increase Profitability by Ensuring Right Price
Figure 1 is a screen shot of the cost-estimator tool in Garment Creator. In the green box, you can see that a 600 ml ink cartridge is
$207, which equals $0.35 per ml. This tool measures volume.
Develop a reference guide for measuring ink consumption by creating a series of solid shapes of varying sizes (Figure 2). Then, take
each grid into Garment Creator, select the print preferences and run the cost estimator.
Print preferences include whether you will be using color ink only, white ink only or a combination of the two, as well as the amount
you want to print. Figure 3 shows a cost breakdown of a 6″ x 8″ print on a black shirt with color and white ink.
Not all of your customers’ art will fit into these reference shapes, but you can use strategic size templates as a guide for your pricing.
The better you understand operations cost, the more informed decisions you can make.
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How to Increase Profitability by Ensuring Right Price
Other Costs
It also is important to calculate maintenance and other consumables when determining DTG pricing.
The collective maintenance cost on a printer like the Epson F2000 essentially is broken down into two portions: the replacement
parts for the print-head cleaning kit and the cost of ink waste when performing a white-ink tube flush. The print-head cleaning kit
cost is fixed — $100 for every 1,000 prints, or $0.10 per shirt. The white-ink tube flush is variable and completely dependent on time.
If you were to print about 100 shirts per week for six weeks, your cost would be about $0.20 per shirt.
Other consumables primarily include pretreatment solution, but you also should add electricity, rent, labor, T-shirt costs and any
other overhead. I like to factor in T-shirt costs, which are variable, after I have accounted for my machine and main consumables
costs. I often mark T-shirts up about 30% more than wholesale prices.
Remember that a DTG machine will print exactly what is on the screen. Using these solid shapes on a dark shirt, the output will be a
solid 6″ x 8″ white rectangle and solid 6″ x 8″ blue over the top. This type of design will estimate the full cost of a 6″ x 8″ print area.
Your customer’s art likely will not cover every square inch of a 6″ x 8″ print area, but it’s better to overestimate than underestimate.
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How to Increase Profitability by Ensuring Right Price
It’s best to charge a fair value for your time and expenses, and provide a discount — if needed — after the full price is quoted. Don’t
give away your services when quoting a job; sell them. Remember, DTG has a distinct advantage over other decoration techniques: It
can print one full-color, full-size image on a light or dark shirt in minutes.
Some people think this should be inexpensive, but consider the alternative. If a customer wants a picture of little Jimmy printed on a
T-shirt for his birthday, screen printing is an option, but expenses will include art separations, films, screens, setup and printing costs.
For one shirt, my old screen-printing shop would charge a minimum of $350. The customer could opt for transfers, but they can be
thick, plastic, vinyl stickers — not ideal or necessarily cheap.
Using little Jimmy’s shirt as an example, if the customer needs me to provide artwork, I may include a $20-per-half-hour art charge. I
also may include a one-time setup fee of $10 to cover testing and adjustments. I would then reference my chart to figure out costs for
the print size and ink consumption.
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How to Increase Profitability by Ensuring Right Price
Let’s say the print is 6″ x 8″ with a $3 shirt. We know 100% markup is $10.82, but for one shirt I might charge a 200% or 300% markup
($16.23 or $21.64), then factor in the additional costs. A one-off shirt for Jimmy might look like this:
This may appear expensive, but I think it’s fair and you should sell your customer on why this is a good price. However, if you want to
apply a markdown, your customer will appreciate the favor. Plus, you know the limit you can apply. Try a 10% or 20% discount as a
solution to keep all involved parties satisfied.
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DTG Printing Machine Comparisons
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DTG Printers Available in Markets
M&R’s I-DOT 2100 EPSON’s F2000 Kornit’s 951 Omni Print’s Freejet 32
Price/Unit- 8-10 Lakhs Price/Unit- 12-16 Lakhs Price/Unit- 40 Lakhs to 2 Crores Price/Unit- 3.6 Lakhs
ROI – 8-10 months
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What’s your Latest DTG equipment and how has it Been upgraded?
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What’s your Latest DTG equipment and how has it Been upgraded?
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Will most garment Screen Printers Switch to DTG?
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What types of ink Does your equipment use for Direct to Garment T-Shirt Printing?
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What types of ink Does your equipment use for Direct to Garment T-Shirt Printing?
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What’s the future for Direct-to-garment Printing?
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What’s the future for Direct-to-garment Printing?
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Digital Printing Workflow – Making the Most of Direct to Garment
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Cost per Print
Digital Garment Printers all have one fundamental thing in common. They all use ink.
The amount of garment printer ink is used in printing shirts and the cost of that ink serious impact on the cost of your end product. In
a competitive market, that may mean the difference between a profitable job or not and in how you price your work in relation to the
competition.
Cost Per Print for Green Earth T-shirt 14″ x 12″
Based on Ink useage estimates and current publicly available Ink pricing information –
Printed on Dark shirt NOT including shirt cost.
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Cost per Print
The cost of doing business is going to be the same no matter which printer you use.
• A quality blank t shirt, like the Anvil 980, is going to cost everyone about $2.37 from Sanmar.com.
• You will pay your employees the market rate in your area, and so will your competition
• Depending on where you do your production work, it’s very likely your building overhead, electricity and other ancillary costs of
doing business will be roughly the same.
• Many times your customer is bringing YOU the artwork, so while talent and creativity are important it won’t necessarily effect
the cost of your production work.
• Here is what that means to your business, if you use the M2 to print 20 shirts a day – 5 days a week – 50 weeks per year and sell
for $15
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Cost per Print
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Cost per Print
Cost per print, and more clearly the cost for the INK in each print, is what makes the M Series Industrial Direct to Garment Printers
the most profitable digital printers on the market.
Because of the cost per print using P30i garment printing ink that comes in every M2 it is less expensive to print a design on a t shirt
than Epson DTG, less than Brother DTG, less than Anajet, less than Kornit and every other brand.
According to publically available pricing information to date, here is how significant the difference in ink costs are by liter for a few of
the competitive printers. The following percentages are how much more costly the inks are vs. Genuine DTG Inks and the Ink Savers
Pro program from ColDesi:
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Digital Garment Printing Profits - BIG Prints = BIG Money
The typical graphic on a custom t shirt is 10” x 12” and looks amazing on a small t shirt, good on a medium t shirt – and TINY on a
Large, XL, XXL and bigger.
Screen Printing
• The custom t shirt business was dominated by screen printers for decades and the business evolved to take advantage of that
technology.
• Graphic size variations in an order for 100 shirts – one size for small, one for medium and one for large, this example, would cost
3 times the money to set up in both time and materials. So a screen printer would pick a standard size and the customer would
never know there are options.
• A 4 color job means that you need to make 4 screens. Those screens have a fixed size image on them, so you if you want to offer
2 sizes you now need 8 screens – 3 sizes? Now it’s 12 screens.
• That is just not a profitable scenario for a screen printer.
Most Digital Printing
• Every piece of equipment and basic technology has its pros and cons. If you have a screen printing system you maximize your
profits one way, sublimation, another way. Direct to garment printers are not all made alike and that equipment difference is
revealed in graphic sizes offered as well.
• The Epson, Brother, Anajet and indeed almost every DTG Printer on the market comes able to print graphics up to 14” x 16”, one
at a time. So, can you guess what the maximum size print they’ll offer a customer is? In each of these products you can purchase
an additional platen that will allow up to almost a 16’’ x 20” print – but few companies do.
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Digital Garment Printing Profits - BIG Prints = BIG Money
They do not purchase the larger platen and try to print bigger graphics for several reasons:
• They use a fixed platen. That means if they want to go from printing a 12” x 10” print to a 16” x 20 inch print they have to
unscrew the platen that’s on the machine and screw in the bigger one.
• It doesn’t fit the screen printing model their business is following – offering one size fits all.
• Cost of ink rises in relationship to the size of the graphic and their cost per print just gets too high.
• They don’t HAVE to. Since so few companies offer proportional printing and can accommodate XL and up sizes there’s little
competitive pressure to force them to offer bigger prints
Transfer Printing
• Just a note about printing transfers and sublimation – both are usually limited to the size of the paper their printer can handle.
That caps their size offering to 11″ X 17” (actually about 10″ x 16″) so bigger sizes are not even an option.
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Digital Garment Printing Profits - BIG Prints = BIG Money
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
• The other sub-category would be modified desktop (or larger) printers that were specifically built to print onto garments –
‐ examples DTG HM-1, HM-1C, Fast T-Jet Blazer, Flexi-Jet, DTG Viper. These machines incorporate features that were designed
to address the challenges of printing on garments. Features include systems to better manage white ink, extended print
areas, automated head cleanings, pressurized ink systems and ink mist evacuation systems.
‐ These machines, while still re-purposed printers where engineered specifically to print on garments and generally addressed
the shortcomings of the first & second generation machines.
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
Printers built from the ground up using existing print head technologies
• The first sub-category would be two specific lines of machine –
‐ the Brother GT 541 and the Kornit line of direct to garment printers. These machines were generally engineered from the
ground up using more industrial duty print heads and proprietary printing technology. The generally produce higher
volumes of garments than the re-purposed printers, but at a price. With the more industrial print heads comes a drop in
typical print resolution which can effect overall print quality.
‐ Also, print quality aside, these machines come at a premium – either a high price tag (Kornits sell for $90,000-$212,000) or
high consumable costs (the Brother inks sell for nearly trip the price of other direct to garment inks. Lastly, because of their
proprietary nature – parts and service are generally much higher.
• The second sub-category would be the Mimaki line of direct to garment printers.
‐ Though not a major player in the marketplace, they do represent another type of direct to garment printer. These machines
use the more common (Epson) print heads with proprietary electronics.
‐ While this machine has not made a substantial impact on the marketplace, it is a likely model for future generations of direct
to garment printers.
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
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Choosing a Direct to Garment Printer
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References
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References
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