UNIT-II

Energy Situations & Global Energy Sources

Q.1 Explain the World energy consumption in present scenario?

World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by the entire
human civilization. It is typically measured per year and involves all energy harnessed from
every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and
technological sector, across every country. It does not include energy from food, and the
extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted. Being the power source metric of
civilization, world energy consumption has deep implications for humanity's socio-economic-
political sphere. Electricity is at the heart of modern economies and it is providing a rising
share of energy services. Demand for electricity is set to increase further as a result of rising
household incomes, with the electrification of transport and heat, and growing demand for
digital connected devices and air conditioning which is a key reasons that global
CO2 emissions from the power sector reached a record high in 2018, yet the commercial
availability of a diverse suite of low emissions generation technologies also puts electricity
efforts to combat climate change and pollution.

Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agency (EEA) record and
publish energy data periodically. Many challenges humanity would have to overcome in
order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. From 2000–2012 renewable
energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history, with a consumption increase of
176.5 million tons of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and
had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy.

The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 26,700 TWh by the end of
2018, the total installed electricity generating capacity by worldwide was nearly
6.14 TW (million MW) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids. In
2016 the total world energy were came from 80% fossil fuels, 10% biofuels, 5% nuclear and
5% renewable (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal). Only 18% of that total world energy was in
the form of electricity. Most of the other 82% was used for heat and transportation. Whereas
In 2018, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal
at 38%, natural gas at 23%, nuclear at 10%, hydro at 19%, oil at 3% and other sources (solar,
wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) at 7%. Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels
for generating electricity. This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated electricity, due
to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross
generation). Cogeneration (CHP) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted
for use in buildings or in industrial processes.

Fig: World Electricity Generation till 2018 by IEA 2019 Report.

Globally the electricity demand is growing at 2.1% per year to 2040, twice the rate of primary
energy demand. This raises electricity’s share in total final energy consumption from 19% in
2018 to 24% in 2040. Electricity demand growth is set to be particularly strong in developing
economies. Government policies, market conditions and available technologies collectively
set a course for electricity supply to shift towards low-carbon sources. Electricity is one of the
few energy sources that see growing consumption in 2040 mainly due to electric vehicles –
alongside the direct use of renewable, and hydrogen. The share of electricity in final
consumption, less than half that of oil today, overtakes oil by 2040 with Solar becoming the
largest source of installed capacity around 2035, surpassing coal and gas. Global coal-fired
capacity plateaus, with the project pipeline of 710 GW, mainly in Asia, just exceeding coal
plant retirements, mainly in advanced economies. Renewable make up two-thirds of all
capacity additions to 2040 globally. Wind power capacity triples, with offshore wind power.
The following below two figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as
oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period.

Fig: Electricity generation by fuel and scenario, 2018-2040

Fig: Electricity demand by sector and scenario, 2018-2040

Q.No.2 Explain the energy situation in developing countries?

Energy is considered, on a worldwide basis, as essential to the development of a nation.

From the modern energy sources: petroleum, coal, natural gas, nuclear energy and
hydroelectricity, only the last one is renewable; however its use is still relatively concentrated
in some countries. With the advance of technology, electricity became crucial to keep
the urban life standards. For many decades, and especially in the years of 1970 and
1980, the governments concern and focus towards energy were Chieti economical to make
use of the least invading and damaging practices as possible to conserve nature and the
environment. Since then, the globalization and the economic and politic competition take the
agenda of the nations, and the changes in the world’s energy system are consolidated in the
first half of the 20th century.The energy crisis, mainly driven by the limited petroleum
production level that reached all nations, exposing the degree of external dependence, which
led to a re-evaluation of competitiveness and development.
The investments in renewable energy in emerging economies have been growing
rapidly since 2005 and the countries accounted for almost 77% of the global investment in
renewable energy. In 2008, for example, China was the second largest country in terms of
renewable energy investments after Spain, with the USA coming third. Brazil was ranked
fourth, while India was much lower at the seventh position. Overall, from 2005 to 2008,
investments in renewable energy assets grew by more than 200% in countries.

Among developing countries, by far the largest share of investments in renewable

energy has been in the three large emerging economies of Brazil, China and India, who
together account for almost US$ 60 billion, or 90%. Other developing countries, while
representing only 10% of the total, are also experiencing accelerated growth, with
investments in Latin America almost tripling.

India has been pursuing its agenda on renewable quite aggressively which is evident
from the ambitious target of 175 GW of installed capacity by 2022. The installed capacity of
solar has increased from 1 GW in 2011-12 to 12.2 GW in 2016-17 and that of wind has
increased from 17.35 GW in 2011-12 to 32.2 GW in 2016-17. The enhanced penetration of
renewable seeks to address India’s key energy objectives of increasing energy security,
reducing energy poverty and improving energy sustainability. India’s reliance on coal will
persist even in 2047 with an envisaged share of 42%-50%in energy mix. India would like to
use its abundant coal reserves as it provides a cheap source of energy and ensures energy
security as well. However, the imports of coal have risen of 18% from 2005-06 (39 MT) to
2015-16 (200 MT). India will achieve peak production of coal in 2037, after which the
production will decline and India will depend on imports to meet its requirements. Therefore,
India would like to use its coal reserves keeping in mind the adverse impacts of climate
change; it becomes pertinent to explore clean coal technology options in India.

Fig: Energy Mix of India

Fig: World Energy Mix.

 It can be analyzed from Figures that the energy mix of India and the world is not very
different except the share of coal and gas. The share of coal in the energy mix for India and
the world is 58% and 29% respectively, whereas that of natural gas is 6.5% and 24%
respectively. Natural gas has the potential to replace solid and liquid fuels in almost all
sectors whether it be Industry, Transport, Cooking, Telecom or Agriculture. Therefore, there
is a lot of potential to increase the share of natural gas in the energy mix of India as a
developing country.