See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/319444655

Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini review

Article  in  Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · October 2017

DOI: 10.1007/s11239-017-1546-5

CITATIONS READS

11 4,663

2 authors:

Muhammad Akram Abid Rashid

Government College University Faisalabad Government College University, Lahore
448 PUBLICATIONS   1,574 CITATIONS    32 PUBLICATIONS   121 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Diabetes Mellitus : A biochemical approach View project

White Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Agaricomycetes), and a Probiotics Mixture Supplementation Correct Dyslipidemia without Influencing the Colon
Microbiome Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Rats View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Muhammad Akram on 21 July 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini
review

Muhammad Akram & Abid Rashid

Journal of Thrombosis and

Thrombolysis
A Journal for Translation, Application
and Therapeutics in Thrombosis and
Vascular Science

ISSN 0929-5305
Volume 44
Number 3

J Thromb Thrombolysis (2017)

44:406-411
DOI 10.1007/s11239-017-1546-5

1 23
Your article is protected by copyright and
all rights are held exclusively by Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC. This e-offprint
is for personal use only and shall not be self-
archived in electronic repositories. If you wish
to self-archive your article, please use the
accepted manuscript version for posting on
your own website. You may further deposit
the accepted manuscript version in any
repository, provided it is only made publicly
available 12 months after official publication
or later and provided acknowledgement is
given to the original source of publication
and a link is inserted to the published article
on Springer's website. The link must be
accompanied by the following text: "The final
publication is available at link.springer.com”.

1 23
 Author's personal copy
J Thromb Thrombolysis (2017) 44:406–411
DOI 10.1007/s11239-017-1546-5
Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini review
Muhammad Akram1 · Abid Rashid2 
Published online: 2 September 2017
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract  Medicinal plants have been used for treatment of
human ailments since ancient times. Objective of this study
is to document the effect of herbal drugs on anticoagulant
therapy. The material for this review was taken mostly from
PubMed and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews.
Some other relevant references were collected from personal
database of papers on anti-coagulant properties of plants.
Literature review shows that many plants such as Thymus
vulgaris, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba taub, Pulmonaria offici-
nalis and Cinnamomum cassia etc have anti-coagulant activ-
ity. This review shows that medicinal plants should be pre-
scribed with care to patients on anticoagulant therapy.
Keywords  Anti-coagulant · Medicinal plants · Efficacy ·
Literature review
Introduction
Some herbal prescriptions contain constituents that have
salicylate, coumarin or antiplatelet potential. Therefore,
risk for enhancement of anticoagulant potential of warfarin
exists when traditional medicines are taken with warfarin.
Coumarin or its derivatives containing herbs are Glycyr-
rhiza glabra root, Petroselinum crispum, Pimpinella ani-
sum, Ferula assa-foetida, Apium graveolens, Matricaria
* Muhammad Akram
makram_0451@hotmail.com
1 infection and abdominal bloating. Pharmacological activ-
Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical
Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College
University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
13
Vol:.(1234567890)
chamomilla, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Aesculus hip-
pocastanum, Levisticum officinale, Angelica archangelica,
Quassia amara, Trifolium pretense, Ruta graveolens, Passi-
flora incarnata [1–3]. High concentrations of salicylates are
found in Filipendula ulmaria, while Curcuma longa, Allium
cepa, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba, Cinnamomum cassia, P. crispum and Panax
notoginseng have antiplatelet activity. Borago officinalis has
glinoleic acid which enhances coagulation time [4]. Carica
papaya, Panax ginseng, Camellia sinensis interact with
warfarin. Warfarin therapy is also affected by supplementa-
tion of vitamin E and coenzyme Q 10. Potential interaction
between warfarin and herbs has clinical importance, so it is
needed to recognize the traditional medicine that interferes
with warfarin. Some herbs exert side effects that have been
reviewed especially side effects occurring due to interac-
tion of herbs and drugs [4]. Botanical extracts contain many
bioactive components that may increase risk of herb drug
interaction. Patients taking herbal prescription containing
herbs having anticoagulant along with warfarin should be
closely monitored.
Medicinal plants having anticoagulant activity
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba belongs to family Fabaceae,
Parts used are seeds. Chemical constituents contain gum
residues, saponins and polyphenols. It is used in bacterial
ity is anticoagulant and antimicrobial. Mestechkina et al
[5] reported the anticoagulant activity of low-molecular-
weight sulfated derivatives of galactomannan from C.
tetragonoloba (L.) seeds. C. tetragonoloba seeds contain
 Author's personal copy
Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini review 407
galactomanna that was depolymerized by use of immo-
bilized enzymatic preparation celloviridin. A number of
fragments having molecular weights ranging from 12.6 to
245.6 kDa were obtained. Sulfated compound of all frac-
tions were synthesized. Platelet aggregation ability was
investigated by all fractions. All fractions exhibited plate-
let aggregation ability in vitro. C. tetragonoloba should be
avoided in patients on anticoagulant therapy because it can
enhance anticoagulation potential of anticoagulant agents.
Pulmonaria officinalis
Pulmonaria officinalis belongs to family Boraginaceae.
Parts used are aerial parts. Chemical constituents contain
flavonoids, vitamin C, B-complex; minerals-iron, copper,
silver, manganese and nickel. Pharmacological activity is
astringent and anticoagulant. It is used in cough, asthma,
colds, bronchial and catarrhal afflictions, inflammation,
wounds, swellings, infected sores, diarrhea and hemor-
rhoids. Byshevskii et al. [6] reported the anti-coagulant
activity of this plant. Anti-coagulant glycopeptides is
found in non-dialyzable fraction of the ammonia extract
of P. officinalis. The anticoagulant decreases the fatality
rate of the animals with exogenous thromboplastinemia
by inhibiting the coagulation activity of platelets. Inhibi-
tory activity was at the stage of fibrinogen conversions. P.
officinalis should be avoided in patients on anticoagulant
therapy because it can enhance anticoagulation potential
of anticoagulant agents.
Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia belongs to family Lauraceae. Part
used is bark. Chemical constituents contain coumarin,
cinnamyl acetate, hydroxycinnamaldehyd, cinnamalde-
hyde and N-acetyl- l -cysteine. It is used in depression,
rheumatism and muscle pains. Pharmacological activity
is aromatic, anti-coagulant. Kim et al. [7] reported the
anti-coagulant activity of C. cassia. C. cassia improves
blood circulation. Extract of this plant has found effective
in inhibition of platelet coagulation. Thirteen compounds
were isolated from this compound. Active compounds hav-
ing activity are hydroxycinnamaldehyde, methoxycinna-
maldehyde, coniferaldehyde, eugenol, amygdalactone and
cinnamic alcohol. These compounds exhibited statistically
significant inhibitory activity as compared to acetylsali-
cylic acid (ASA). Eugenol and coniferaldehyde were found
most active constituent among all compound of C. cassia.
C. cassia should be avoided in patients on anticoagulant
therapy because it can enhance anticoagulation potential
of anticoagulant agents.
Petroselinum crispum
Petroselinum crispum belongs to family Apiaceae, Parts
used are aerial parts. Chemical constituents contain flavo-
noids, dihydroxycoumarin, apiin, and apigenin. It is used in
flatulence, dyspepsia, colic, dysuria, bronchitis, dysmenor-
rhoea, functional amenorrhea and myalgia. Pharmacological
activity is carminative, antioxidant, immunomodulant, anti-
spasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, antirheu-
matic, antimicrobial and laxative. Gadi et al. [8] reported
that crude aqueous extract of parsley extract inhibits in vitro
and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time
in rats. This study was conducted in experimental animal on
platelet aggregation. In vitro and ex vivo; and on bleeding
time in vivo studies were conducted. In vitro study, plate-
lets were pre-incubated with crude aqueous extract of P.
crispum and platelet aggregation was monitored. For ex vivo
study, extract was orally administered and bleeding time as
well as ex vivo platelet aggregation was assesses. In vitro
study showed that inhibition of platelet aggregation is dose
dependent. In ex vivo study, when drug was administered at
dose of 3 g/kg, bleeding time increased and platelet count
was not affected. Increased bleeding time is indicative of its
activity to inhibit platelet aggregation. Inhibition of plate-
let aggregation may be due to phenolic compounds in the
extract. This study validates its use in cardiovascular dis-
eases as anticoagulant agent. P. crispum should be avoided
in patients on anticoagulant therapy because it can enhance
anticoagulation potential of anticoagulant agents.
Tridax procumbens
Tridax procumbens L. belongs to family Asteraceae. Parts
used are leaves. Chemical constituents contain bis-bithio-
phene, oleonic acids, lupeol, beta-amyrenone and taraxas-
teryl acetate. It is used in wounds and inflammation. Phar-
macological activity is insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, hair
tonic, antiviral, anti-oxidant and antibiotic. A study was con-
ducted to investigate the efficacy of sulphated polysaccha-
ride from T. procumbens. Activated partial thromboplastin
time assay was used to determine the anticoagulant activ-
ity. Anti-coagulant activity was comparable to heparin and
chondroitin sulphate [9]. T. procumbens should be avoided
in patients on anticoagulant therapy because it can enhance
anticoagulation potential of anticoagulant agents.
Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula ulmaria belongs to family Rosaceae. Parts used
are leaves, roots and flowers. Flavonoids, tannins and vita-
mins are found in F. ulmaria. It is used in inflammation,
arthritis, diarrhea, peptic ulcer, diphtheria and pneumonia.
Pharmacological activity is aromatic and anti-inflammatory.
13
 Author's personal copy
408
Chemical constituents are flavonoids, vitamins, tannins,
polyphenols, ellagitannins, phenolic acids, methyl gallate
3-O-beta-glucoside and rugosins. F. ulmaria contains hepa-
rin like compounds that bounds to the protein in complex
form. This complex has anticoagulant and anti-fibrinolytic
activity after administration to the animals. This complex
can be given intramuscularly and intravenously [10]. F.
ulmaria should be avoided in patients on anticoagulant
therapy because it can enhance anticoagulation potential of
anticoagulant agents.
Paeonia anomala
Paeonia anomala belongs to family Paeoniaceae. Parts used
are fruits and roots. Chemical constituents are acetophe-
none, ellagic acid, tert-butylhydroperoxide, methyl gallate,
ethyl gallate, fischeroside B and quercetin derivatives. It is
used in hepatoma and thrombosis. Pharmacological activ-
ity is antithrombotic, thrombolytic and anticoagulant. Lia-
pina et al. reported the anticoagulant activity of this plant.
Extracts from various parts of this plant were used for anti-
coagulant activity that is evident form longer recalcifica-
tion time of the normal rat blood plasma. Anti-coagulant
activity may be due to heparin like fragments present in
P. anomala. Anti-coagulant activity remains for 1.5 h after
intravenous administration of plant extract. Anticoagulant
activity is similar to heparin of the animal origin [11]. P.
anomala should be avoided in patients on anticoagulant
therapy because it can enhance anticoagulation potential of
anticoagulant agents.
Ferula communis
Ferula communis L. belongs to family Apiaceae. Parts
used are leaves. Chemical constituents are ferulenol, fert-
din, anisate, oxajaeskeanadioyl and costic acid. It is used
in cardiovascular disorders. Its pharmacological activity is
antioxidant and anti-hemolytic. Lamnaouer [12] reported the
anticoagulant activity of F. communis. Author reported that
hemorrhage increases as a consequence of blood coagula-
tion disturbance after administration of 4-hydroxycoumarins
compound isolated from F. communis. F. communis should
be avoided in patients on anticoagulant therapy because
it can enhance anticoagulation potential of anticoagulant
agents.
Panax notoginseng
Panax notoginseng belongs to family Araliaceae. Parts
used are roots. Chemical constituents are ginsenoside Rh4,
ginsenoside Rh1, notoginsenoside S, notoginsenoside T
ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rd.
It is used in bleeding, angina pectoris and memory loss.
13
M. Akram, A. Rashid
Its pharmacological activity is anti-hemorrhagic, anti-
hypertensive and anti-hypercholestrolemic. Efficacy of P.
notoginseng on platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation
was studied. Platelet aggregometer was used to investigate
the effect of this plant on collagen-induced platelet aggre-
gation. Blood coagulation analyzer was used to measure
thrombin time. Bleeding time in rat model was also assessed.
P. notoginseng inhibited platelet aggregation significantly.
When compared to efficacy of steamed P. notoginseng to
raw P. notoginseng. Steamed P. notoginseng has potent anti-
platelet activity as compared to raw extract. Bleeding time in
rat model increased [13]. P. notoginseng should be avoided
in patients on anticoagulant therapy because it can enhance
anticoagulation potential of anticoagulant agents.
Some of herbs may enhance anticoagulant effect
of warfarin
These are Agrimonia eupatoria, Gaultheria procumbens,
Salix alba, C. longa, Melilotus officinalis, Scutellaria lat-
eriflora, Ganoderma lucidum, Allium sativum, Zingiber
officinale, Geum japonicum, Ginko biloba, Panax ginseng,
C. sinensis, G. glabra, Allium cepa and A. graveolens,
Cannabis sativa L, Matricaria recutita, Swertia chirayita,
Theobroma cacao, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Harpagophy-
tum procumbens, Echinacea purpurea, T. foenum-graecum,
Citrus paradise, C. sinensis, P. crispum, Cucurbita pepo, T.
pretense, Serenoa repens, Hypericum perforatum, Angelica
sinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza [14].
Possible interaction of herbs with anticoagulant
therapy and complication
Thymus vulgaris
Thymus vulgaris belongs to family Lamiaceae; parts used are
leaves and flowers. Chemical constituents contain carvac-
rol, thymol, b-caryophyllene, linalool, a-terpinene and cam-
phene. Pharmacological activity is antiseptic and antifungal.
It is used in bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping cough, sore
throats, colds, pneumonia, asthma, diarrhea, gastritis, head-
aches, ringworm, athleté s foot, scabies, herpes and wounds.
Okazaki et al. [15] reported the anti-coagulant activity of
this plant. Thymol (compound 1) and 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-
5,5′-diisopropyl-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl (compound 2) are
two compounds that are found in leaves of thyme. These two
compounds were isolated from leaves of T. vulgaris. NMR
and mass spectra (MS) studies were done to determine its
structure. These compounds resulted in platelet aggregation
inhibition induced by collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid (AA)
and thrombin. T. vulgaris inhibits intestinal flora to synthe-
size vitamin K, thereby increasing anticoagulant potential
 Author's personal copy
Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini review 409
of warfarin. High consumption of T. vulgaris in patient on
warfarin therapy may increase the potential risk of bleeding
[15].
Gingko biloba
Gingko biloba belongs to family Ginkgoaceae. Leaves of
G. biloba are involved in anticoagulant activity. G. biloba is
used as memory enhancer agent and side effects observed
are subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage and
spontaneous subdural hematoma [16].
Harpagophytum procumbens
Harpagophytum procumbens belongs to family Pedaliaceae.
Parts used: roots. H. procumbens is used as anti-inflamma-
tory agent in osteoarthritis and complication reported is
purpura [17]. Intake of H. procumbens should be avoided in
patients on anticoagulant therapy.
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Salvia miltiorrhiza belongs to family Lamiaceae. Parts used:
roots and rhizome. S. miltiorrhiza is used in cardiovascu-
lar disorders, complication caused are increase response to
warfarin, gastric cancer bleeding and pleural hemorrhage.
Homeostasis is affected by S. miltiorrhiza in several ways
such as increased fibrinolytic potential, antithrombin III like
efficacy and platelet aggregation inhibition. Study conducted
in rat indicated that S. miltiorrhiza reduces the volume of
distribution and clearance of warfarin. As a result, antico-
agulant potential of warfarin increases. Previously published
studies on three cases showed that intake of S. miltiorrhiza
in patients taking warfarin increases bleeding complications
and anticoagulation. S. miltiorrhiza should be avoided in
patients on warfarin therapy due to interaction of S. miltior-
rhiza with warfarin [18].
Tanacetum parthenium
Tanacetum parthenium belongs to family Asteraceae. T. par-
thenium is used in allergies and headache and causes bleed-
ing by interfering with platelet aggregation. T. parthenium
neutralizes sulfhydral groups and inhibits 5-HT secretion
from platelet. Alpha-methylenebutyrolactone unit is found
in sesquiterpenes of T. parthenium that reacts with sulfhy-
dryl groups. T. parthenium inhibits serotonin secretion from
platelets that is involved in blood clotting [19].
Allium sativum
Allium sativum belongs to family Amaryllidaceae. Parts
used: bulb. A. sativum is used in hyperlipidemia and
cardiovascular disorders. It inhibits throbaxane synthesis
and interferes with platelet functions. Garlic decreases plate-
let aggregation. Complications caused by A. sativa include
postoperative bleeding, spontaneous epidural hematoma
and postoperative bleeding. Garlic supplements should be
avoided during warfarin therapy. It should be noted that
small amount of garlic does not cause any problem. Compli-
cation occurs when garlic is consumed in excessive amount
with concomitant use of warfarin [20].
Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Parts
used: roots. Z. officinale is used in rheumatism and motion
sickness. Z. officinale inhibits thromboxane stnthetase and
decreases platelet aggregation. Ginger intake greater than
normal amount in food may lead to bleeding when consumed
with warfarin [21].
Harpagophytum procumbens
Harpagophytum procumbens belongs to family Pedaliaceae.
Parts used: roots. H. procumbens is used in gouty arthritis,
rheumatism and myalgia. Complication reported in patients
was purpura after consumption of H. procumbens and war-
farin [22].
Angelica sinensis
Angelica sinensis belong to family Apiaceae. A. sinensis is
used in menses. A. sinensis may also exhibit an antithrom-
botic potential by inhibiting platelet aggregation and acti-
vation. Increased prothrombin time was reported in rabbits
after consumption of A. sinensis and warfarin [23].
Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis belongs to family Theaceae. Parts used:
Leaves. C. sinensis is used in cancer and gastrointestinal
diseases. It is antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetic. C.
sinensis antagonize the anticoagulant activity of warfarin.
Effect of warfarin decreases in persons receiving high con-
centration of C. sinensis and bleeding occurs [24].
Conclusion and future prospects
Physician should remain aware about potential interaction
between prescription drugs and traditional medicines. This
review discusses the effect of medicinal plants having anti-
coagulant activity in patients on anticoagulant therapy.
Care should be taken when herbal physician prescribe
13
 Author's personal copy

410 M. Akram, A. Rashid

Table 1  Plants proved as anticoagulant agent

Plant name Family Origin of plant Parts used Functions Country in Mechanism of References
which used action

Careya arborea Lecythidaceae Indian Subcon- Bark Anticoagulant, India Prolonged pro- [25, 26]
tinent anti-inflamma- thrombin time
tory by decreasing
coagulation
factors
Melastoma Melastomata- South Asia Leaves Anticoagulant, Malaysia, India Decreases [27]
malabathricum ceae antidiabetic coagulation
factors
Gloriosa Lilaceae South Africa Leaves Anticoagulant India Reduction in [28]
superba fibrin clot
formation
Bauhinia forfi- Leguminosae Brazil Leaves Anticoagulant, Brazil It inhibits f [29]
cata antidiabetic serine-protease
involved in
blood clotting
Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae America Leaves and Anticoagulant Japan, China Prolonged the [30]
Fruits clotting time
Porana volubilis Convolvulaceae Siberia Flowers and Anticoagulant Brazil It enhances [31]
leaves thrombin
inhibition
Synclisia Menispermaceae Europe Leaves, stem, Anticoagulant, Nigeria, Nether- Prolongs pro- [32, 33]
scabrida bark and root antiulcer land thrombin time
Codium fragile Gracilariaceae South Africa Algae Anticoagulant Ireland, South It is antithrom- [34]
Korea bin III
Allium sativum Lilliaceae Central Asia Whole fresh bulb Anticoagulant India, Pakistan, It decreases [35]
Bangladesh of TXB two
levels in the
serum
Allium cepa Amaryllidaceae South Asia Bulb Anticoagulant India, Pakistan, Prolongs pro- [36]
Bangladesh thrombin time
Tulbaghia viol- Violaceae Southern Africa Rhizomes, leaves Anticoagulant South Africa Increases pro- [37]
aceae and bulbs thrombin time
Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae South Asia Root and rhi- Anticoagulant India, Pakistan, Suppression [38]
zome Bangladesh of ability of
platelets to
stick together
to form clots
Terminalia bel- Combretaceae India Fruit Anticoagulant India, Pakistan, It is antithrom- [39]
lerica Bangladesh botic and
thrombolytic
Molineria recur- Hypoxidaceae Africa Leaves Anticoagulant Africa Increase pro- [40]
pata thrombin time

these herbal remedies to patients already on anticoagulant Compliance with ethical standards 
therapy. Continuous struggle by physicians to report and
recognize potential interaction between traditional medi- Conflict of interest  The authors declare that they have no competing
cine and prescription medicines should enhance awareness interests.
and knowledge of interactions and get better the quality of
patient care (Table 1).

Author contributions  Akram provided concept and design of the References

manuscript. Abid wrote the draft of Manuscript. Both authors read and
approved the final manuscript. 1. Wells P, Holbrook A, Crowther N (1994) Interactions of warfarin
with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med 121:676–683

13
 Author's personal copy
Anti-coagulant activity of plants: mini review 411
2. Miller L (1998) Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considera-
tions focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch
Intern Med 158:2200–2211
3. Ulubelen A, Guner H, Cetindag M (1988) Alkaloids and cou-
marins from the roots of Ruta chalepensis var. latifolia. Planta
Med 54:551–552
4. Izzo A (2012) Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs:
overview of the clinical data. Med Princ Prac 21:404–428
5. Mestechkina M, Shcherbukhin D, Bannikova E (2008) Antico-
agulant activity of low-molecular-weight sulfated derivatives of
galactomannan from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) seeds. Prikl
Biokhim Mikrobiol 44:111–116
6. Byshevskii S, Gerbert A, Dement’eva P (1990) Nature, proper-
ties and the mechanism of the effect on blood coagulation of the
preparation obtained from Pulmonaria officinalis. Gematol Trans-
fuziol 35:6–9
7. Kim Y, Koo K, Koo Y (2010) Platelet anti-aggregation activi-
ties of compounds from Cinnamomum cassia. J Med Food
13:1069–1074
8. Gadi D, Bnouham M, Aziz M (2009) Parsley extract inhibits
in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding
time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 125(1):170–174
9. Naqash SY, Nazeer RA (2011) Anticoagulant, antiherpetic and
antibacterial activities of sulphated polysaccharide from Indian
medicinal plant Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae). Appl. Bio-
chem. Biotechnol 165(3–4):902–912
10. Kudriashov A, Liapina A, Azieva D (1990) The content of a
heparin-like anticoagulant in the flowers of Filipendula ulmaria.
Farmakol Toksikol 53(4):39–41
11. Liapina A, Kondashevskaia V, Ziadetdinova A (2000) Compara-
tive study of anticoagulants obtained from various extracts of
Paeonia anomala. Russ Chem Bull Biol 3:345–349
12. Lamnaouer D (1999) Anticoagulant activity of coumarins from
Ferula communis L.. Therapie 54(6):747–751
13. Lau A, Toh D, Chua T (2009) Antiplatelet and anticoagulant
effects of Panax notoginseng: comparison of raw and steamed
Panax notoginseng with Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium.
J Ethnopharmacol 125(3):380–386
14. Ge B, Zhang Z, Zuo Z (2014) Updates on the clinical evidenced
herb-warfarin interactions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
9:1–18
15. Okazaki K, Kawazoe K, Takaishi Y (2000) Human platelet aggre-
gation inhibitors from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Phytother Res
16:398–399
16. Bone K (2008) Potential interaction of Ginkgo biloba leaf with
antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs: what is the evidence? Mol
Nutr Food Res 52(7):764–771
17. Samuels N (2005) Herbal remedies and anticoagulant therapy.
Thromb Haemost 93:3–7
18. Chan T (2001) Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia
miltiorrhiza). Ann Pharmacother 35(4):501–504
19. Anil P, Manish S, Garvendra S, Vijay B (2011) Feverfew (Tan-
acetum parthenium L.): a systematic review. Pharmacogn Rev
5(9):103–110
20. Rose K, Croissant P, Parliament C (1990) Spontaneous spinal epi-
dural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from exces-
sive garlic ingestion: a case report. Neurosurgery 26:880–882
21. Backon J (1986) Ginger: inhibition of thromboxane synthetase and
stimulation of prostacyclin: relevance for medicine and psychiatry.
Med Hypotheses 20:271–278
View publication stats
22. Brendler T, Gruenwald J, Ulbricht C, Basch E (2006) Devil’s Claw
(Harpagophytum procumbens DC) an evidence-based systematic
review by the natural standard research collaboration. J Herb Phar-
macother 6(1):89–126
23. Lo A, Chan K, Yeung J (1995) Danggui (Angelica sinensis) affects
the pharmacodynamics but not the pharmacokinetics of warfarin
in rabbits. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20(1):55–60
24. Taylor J, Wilt V (1999) Probable antagonism of warfarin by green
tea. Ann Pharmacother 33:426–428
25. Varadharajan S, Josey C, Kuppusamy A, Muthuswamy U, Thiru-
malaisamy A, Mugham S, Jagannath P (2010) Anticoagulant
activity of methanolic extract of Careya arborea Roxb bark. Int J
Pharm Sci Bio 1(2):93–95
26. Chan K, Yin M, Chao W (2007) Effect of dial-lyl trisulfide-rich
garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagula-
tion factors in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 45:502–507
27. Hamid M, Manicam C, Abdullah JO, Tohit ERM, Seman Z, Chin
S (2010) In vitro anticoagulant activities of Melastoma malabath-
ricum Linn. Aqueous leaf extract: a preliminary novel finding. J
Med Plants Res 4:1464–1472
28. Kee N, Mnonopi N, Davids H, Naudé R, Carminita L (2008)
Antithrombotic/anticoagulant and anticancer activities of
selected medicinal plants from South Africa. Afr J Biotechnol
7(3):217–223
29. Oliveira C, Maiorano VA, Marcussi S, Sant’ana C, Januário A,
Lourenço M, Sampaio S, França S, Pereira P, Soares A (2005)
Anticoagulant and antifibrinogenolytic properties of the aqueous
extract from Bauhinia forficata against snake venoms. J Ethano-
pharmacol 98(2):213–216
30. Osoniyi O, Onajobi F (2003) Coagulant and anticoagulant activi-
ties in Jatropha curcas latex. J Ethnopharmacol 89(1):101–105
31. Yoon S, Pereira M, Pavão M, Hwang J, Pyun Y, Mourão P (2002)
The medicinal plant Porana volubilis contains polysaccharides
with anticoagulant activity mediated by heparin cofactor II.
Thromb Res 106(1):51–58
32. O’Hara M, Kiefer D, Farrell K, Kemper K (1998) A review of 12
commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 7(6):523–536
33. Afonne O, Orisakwe O, Obi E, Orish C, Akumka D (2000) Some
pharmacological properties of Synclisia scabrida III. Ind J Phar-
macol 32:239–241
34. Matsubara K (2004) Recent advances in marine algal anticoagu-
lants. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2(1):13–19
35. Bordia T, Mohammed N, Thomson M, Ali M (1996) An evalua-
tion of garlic and onion as antithrombotic agents. Prostaglandins
Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 54(3):183–186
36. Lee S, Moon J, Chung J, Cha Y, Shin M (2013) Effect of querce-
tin-rich onion peel extracts on arterial thrombosis in rats. Food
Chem Toxicol 57:99–105
37. Davison C, Levendal R, Frost C (2012) Cardiovascular benefits
of an organic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: its anticoagulant and
anti-platelet properties. J Med Plants Res 6(33):4815–4824
38. Kim D, Ku S, Bae J (2012) Anticoagulant activities of curcumin
and its derivative. BMB Rep 45(4):221–226
39. Ansari V, Siddiqui H, Singh S (2012) Antithrombotic and throm-
bolytic activity of Terminalia belerica fruit extracts. Res J Pharma
Bio Chem Sci 3(2):471–478
40. Quick A (1966) Coagulation. Hemorrhagic diseases and throm-
bosis. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 460–464
13