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Selected Topics of Electrical Machines
EE438

Chapter 1
3-Phase Induction Generator
Text book
1- Electric machinery fundamentals
5th Edition
Stephen J. Chapman
2- Alternating current machines
MG Say

Dr. Sayed Osman Madbouly

Revision of induction motor

Pin PAg Pconv Pout

Pscl Pcore PRcl Pf&w

Power flow diagram of induction motor
Torque equations:
2 𝑅2
3 𝑣𝑝ℎ 𝑠
T=
𝜔𝑠 (𝑅 + 𝑅2ൗ )2 +𝑥 2
1 𝑠 𝑒𝑞

2
𝑅2 3 𝑣𝑝ℎ 1 + in case of motor
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∓ & 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜔𝑠 – incase of generator
𝑅12 + 𝑥𝑒𝑞
2
𝑅1 ∓ 𝑅12 + 𝑥𝑒𝑞
2
THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
If the rotor speed of induction motor is increased by a prim mover above the synchronous
speed the slip will be negative and the torque will be reversed and the developed power will
be reversed. It can be seen that the power flow will reverse and the machine will become a
generator.

Power flow diagram of 3-ph induction generator:

Pout PAg Pd Pin

Elec. mech
Pscl Pcore PRcl Pf&w
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

From torque speed characteristics it can be seen:

 As the applied torque to the shaft by the prime

mover increases, the amount of power produced
by the induction generator increases.

 The maximum possible induced torque in the

generator is called pushover torque.

 If the prime mover applies a torque greater than

the pushover torque to the shaft of the induction
generator, the generator will over peed.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Disadvantages of Induction generator:

 Induction generator lacks a separate field circuit, so to it requires a source of inductive

reactive power at all times to build the magnetic field inside the machine.

 Induction generator cannot produce reactive power. In fact, it consumes reactive power.

 With no field current, an induction generator cannot control its own output voltage.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Advantages of Induction generator:
 It has robust construction, requiring less maintenance. Also it is relatively cheaper.
 It has small size per KW output power.
 An induction generator does not need a separate field circuit
 Induction generator has self-protection feature. If a fault occurs on its terminals, the excitation
fails, and the machine stops the generation itself.
 It does not have to be driven continuously at a fixed speed. As long as the machine's speed is
some value greater than nsyn of the power system to which it is connected, it will function as a
generator.
 The fact that there is a flexibility of speed variations makes this generator a good choice for
windmills, heat recovery systems.
 It runs in parallel without hunting
 No synchronization to the supply line is required like a synchronous generator.
THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Modes of operation of induction generator:

The induction generator has to modes of operation:

 Grid connected

 Stand alone (isolated mode)

 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Grid Connected Induction Generator:

 When the 3-phase induction motor is driven by speed

greater than the synchronous speed by an external prime
mover the active power flow diagram will be reversed
and the machine delivers active power to the grid.

 The reactive power flow is still the same, comes from the grid into the machine, these
reactive power creates the magnetic field inside the machines

 The active power delivered to the grid is proportional to slip above the synchronous speed.

 The machine terminal voltage and frequency is determined by the grid.

 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Problem-1:
A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-connected induction motor with the following
parameters:
R1=0.461 Ω, R2=0.258 Ω, X1=0.507 Ω, X2=0.309 Ω, Xm=30.74 Ω
Rotational losses are 2450W. Now, suppose that the machine is being driven by a mechanical
system such that it is rotating at 1224 rpm
Calculate the following:
• Slip
• Line Current
• Active and reactive power at the terminals
• Airgap Power
• Torque developed
• Mechanical input power
• Efficiency
• Maximum torque and slip at maximum torque
Now if the rotor resistance is doubled find the new maximum torque and slip of maximum torque.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Problem-2:
A 50-kW, 460-V, 50-Hz, two-pole induction generator connected to grid, has a slip of 5
percent when operating at full- load conditions. At full-load conditions, the friction and
windage losses are 700 W, and the core losses are 600 W. Find the following values at full
load conditions:
(a) The shaft speed
(b) The output power
(e) the air gap power
(d) input power and torque
(e) The rotor frequency in hertz
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Stand alone induction generator:

It is also possible for an induction machine to

function as an isolated generator, independent of any
power system, as long as capacitors are available to
supply the reactive power required by the generator
and by any attached loads.

 The function of the capacitor bank is to provide the inductive reactive power to the
induction generator as well as load.
Total reactive power provided by the capacitor bank is equals to the summation of the reactive
power consumed by the induction generator as well as the load.

Qc = Q1 +Q2
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
No load output voltage of stand alone induction generator:
 At no load the slip is approximately zero so the rotor
circuit is considered open, the equivalent circuit of
induction generator per phase will be as shown in figure

 The magnetizing current Im required by an induction

machine as a function of no load terminal voltage is given
by the open circuit characteristic or the magnetization
characteristics as shown in figure
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
No load output voltage of stand alone induction generator:

 From the circuit the relation between the generator no load terminal voltage and
the magnetizing current from the capacitor side is a straight line for a given
frequency and is given by:

𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑐 𝑋𝑐 since 𝑋𝑐 = 1/𝜔 𝑐

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 & 𝑓 = 𝑃𝑛/120

n: is the rotor speed
.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

No load output voltage of stand alone induction generator:

 The no-load voltage of the induction generator will be the intersection of the generator's
magnetization curve and the capacitor's load line.

 It can be seen that if the value of the terminal capacitor is increased the no load voltage
will increase and vice versa.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

No load output voltage of stand alone induction generator:

 It can be seen that as the terminal

capacitance decreases the no load voltage
will decrease until it reaches a minimum
value, the value of the capacitor at this value
is called critical capacitance. If the
capacitance is decreased under this value the
terminal voltage will be approximately zero
and the generator fails to excite.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
How does the voltage build up in stand alone induction generator when it is first started?

 When an induction generator first starts to turn, the residual magnetism inside it produces a
small voltage.

 This small voltage produces a capacitive

current flow, which increases the magnetic
field and hence increases the voltage, further
increasing the capacitive Current, and so
forth until the voltage is fully built up.

 If no residual flux is present in the induction

generator's rotor. then its voltage will not
build up, and it must be magnetized by
momentarily running it as a motor.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Notes:
In the self-excited mode:

 The generator output frequency is depend on the rotational

speed.

 The generated voltage is affected by the rotational speed, the

load, and the value of the terminal capacitors.

 In order for self-excitation of the generator to occur, there is a

minimum rotational speed for a given value of capacitance
used across the stator windings, this speed is called critical
speed. Also for a given speed there is a minimum value for the
capacitance to achieve self- excitation.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Terminal characteristics of stand alone induction generator:

 The most serious problem with an induction generator is that its voltage varies wildly with
changes in load, especially reactive load. Typical terminal characteristics of an induction
generator operating alone with a constant parallel capacitance is shown in Figure.

 Notice that, in the case of inductive loading, the

voltage collapses very rapidly, this happens because
the fixed capacitors must supply all the reactive power
needed by both the load and the generator, and any
reactive power diverted to the load moves the
generator back along its magnetization curve, causing
a major drop in generator voltage.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

 It is therefore very difficult to start an induction motor on a power system supplied by

an induction generator special techniques must be employed to increase the effective
capacitance during starting and then decrease it during normal operation since the
induction motor draws large inductive reactive power during starting.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Applications of an Induction Generators:
 They are used with the alternative energy sources, such as windmills.

Wound rotor versus squirrel cage induction generator for wind mill applications:
Wound-rotor machines allow rotor resistance control. Inserting or removing rotor resistance
changes the shape of the torque-speed characteristic, and therefore the operating speed of the
machine.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

This characteristic of wound-rotor machines can be very important for induction generators
connected to windmills. Wind is a very fickle and uncertain power source: sometimes it blows
strongly and sometimes it blows lightly. To use an ordinary cage-rotor induction machine as a
generator, the wind must be turning the machine's shaft at a speed between nsyn and the
pushover speed as shown in Figure. This is a relatively narrow range of speeds, which limits
the wind conditions under which a wind generator can be used. Wound-rotor machines are
better here because it is possible to insert a rotor resistance and thus change the shape of the
torque- speed characteristic and the permissible rang of speed is increased.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
380 V, 2.2KW, 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor, the no-load characteristic of this machine when
operated at 1500 rpm is given as below:
VL (V) 0 150 200 250 300 350 400
Im (A) 0 0.75 1 1.35 1.75 2.3 3.15

The machine is operated at 1500 rpm as stand alone generator

1- Derive the no-load voltage of the machine as a function of the capacitance C, Vo=f(c)
2- What is the minimum capacitance need for self-excitation of the machine?
3- What is the value of capacitance required to get no load voltage of 350 V.
3- If the speed is reduced to 1400 rpm find the capacitance to get no load voltage of 280V.
 THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Disadvantages of Induction Generator:
 In General an Induction Generator cannot generate reactive power. It requires reactive power from the

supply mains for the excitation process.

 For stand alone ind. Gen.

- The terminal voltage is highly affected by the load

- Difficulty of controlling the terminal voltage and frequency

Note: in grid connected induction generator, the power system can be relied on for voltage and frequency

control, and static capacitors can be used for power-factor correction.