Alphabet of Lines

Dealing with Layers in AutoCAD

Using Layers is one way you can organize your drawing in AutoCAD by which you can assign names, colors, line weights and line styles on
different lines especially on 2D drawing. By customizing layers, you may also edit the properties of one group of objects not affecting the other.
Aside from setting the units, setting the layers should also be done before creating any drawing in AutoCAD.
You may find the Layer settings at the Home tab at the ribbon inside the Layers panel.

To add new layer, click on the LAYER PROPERTIES and a Layer Properties window will pop up to the screen. Click on the icon indicated by the
arrow and a new layer will automatically be on the layer list.

Once a new layer is created, you can rename it and customize it according to your desire. If you want to rename the new layer simply press F2 on your keyboard
then type the new name.
You can turn the layer on or off by clicking the bulb icon. You can also freeze the layer by clicking the sun icon along with the layer’s name. You can also lock the
layer by clicking on the lock icon. Once you have locked the layer, you will be unable to change the properties of it.
To assign the color of the layer, click on the color pallet along the layer and choose a color that popped up to the screen.
TO assign the LINE TYPE, click on the line type CONTINUES since this is the default line type assigned to a new layer, then choose from the selection. If your
desired line type is not on the selection, click on the Load button and search from the Available line types. Beside the linetype is the LINE WEIGHT. You should set
the correct line weight according to the alphabet of lines.

The new layers are now added at the layer selection on this icon.
You may now set the object to the format of the layer you want by clicking the object and clicking on the indicated bar selection and click on the layer you want.

To show the line weight, find the line weight icon on the status bar, or if it is not displayed there, click on the customization button

Check on line weight to display it on the status bar. Now turn it on once it is already displayed.
 The Projection Theory
Technical graphics are dependent on projection methods. The two projection methods primarily used are Perspective (Convergent) and Parallel (see
figure 1). Projection Theory comprises the principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-d media. The projection Theory is based on two
variables: Line Of Sight and Plane of Projection.

Figure 1. Projection Classification

https://clipartxtras.com/categories/view/0748e8bb516824874c3255d031af6552c58d2d2e/pictorial-drawing-vs-multiview-drawing.html
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103019/module2/lec14/1.html

1. Line of Sight
Drawing more than one face of an object by rotating the object relative to your line of sight helps in understanding the 3-D form. A line of sight is an
imaginary ray of light between an observer’s eye and an object.
2. Plane of Projection
Plane of projection which is also known as Picture plane is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the line of sight is projected. The
image is produced by connecting the points where the lines of sight penetrate the projection plane. In effect, the 3-D object is transformed into a 2-D
representation. The paper or computer screen on which a sketch or drawing is created is a plane of projection.
 Parallel Projection Vs. Perspective Projections

https://www.slideshare.net/aleeraza705/drawing-chapter-03-orthographic-projection-1

If the distance from the observer to the object is infinite then the projectors are parallel and the drawing is classified as a parallel projection.
Parallel projection requires that the object be positioned at infinity and viewed from multiple points on an imaginary line parallel to the object. If the
distance from the observer to the object is finite, then the projectors are not parallel and the drawing is classified as a perspective projection.
Perspective projection requires that the object be positioned at a finite distance and viewed from a single point. Perspective projections mimic the
human eye sees; however, perspective drawings are difficult to create. Parallel projections are less realistic, but they are easier to draw and to
understand.
 Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projection is a parallel technique in which the plane of projection is positioned between the observer and the object and is
perpendicular to the parallel lines of sight. Under the orthographic projection is the Multiview projection which produces Multiview drawings.
Multiview drawing is necessary to show the true dimensions of objects or products which were not adequately shown in most pictorial drawings.

Multiview drawings generally use three views of an object and the features and dimensions in each view accurately represent those of the object.
Each view is a 2-D flat image and is drawn according to the positions of the planes of projection with respect to the object. Multiview drawings can
have from one to three or more views of an object. However, Multiview sketches rarely have more than three views.
Width, Depth, and Height

45°
 Sketching a Multiview Drawing

Step #1: Calculate the amount of space that

the views will take up.
Calculating Required

Space On grid paper

12
spaces

18 spaces
 Sketching a Multiview Drawing

Step #2: Layout box within which the

individual views will occur.
Sketching Box Layout
 Object Line Layout

1. ADD UP
- height of front view
DEPTH + -1-1/2” space +
-depth of top view =
HEIGHT of BOX
1-1/2”
2. ADD UP
- width of front view +
-1-1/2” space +
HEIGHT -depth of right view =
WIDTH of BOX

1-1/2”
WIDTH DEPTH
Dimensions and
Orthographic
DIMENSION RULES

1. Keep ALL dimensions inside the layout Box,

unless absolutely necessary due to space and
organization
2. Never repeat dimensions
3. Never dimension to hidden lines
4. Keep all width, depths, and heights to one
view, unless necessary due to detail of
drawing and organization
Quiz No. _
On your graphing paper, draw the multi view drawings of the following objects with the proper use of the alphabet of
lines. Use the grid as the measurement of the objects.
5 points each

A.

3.
1. 2.

5.
4.
PLATE NO. 1
Using AutoCAD, draw the Orthographic drawing of the object. Use the correct thickness of lines by setting up the layer. Dimension the drawing.
Once finished, follow the same layout you have done on the first activities and follow the same title block. Use the correct thickness for the lines.
You can sketch first the Multiview drawing on a graphing paper before doing it on AutoCAD.

NOTES: ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE

IN INCHES.