W09-Finite Element Method

INTRODUCTION TO FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
Introduction to FEM
Prepared by
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Caner Şimşir
1
5/5/2020 METE 304
Numerical
Mathematical Modeling
METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

Numerical
Mathematical Modeling

Numerical Methods (1)
• Analytic Solution : linear equation,

simple geometry, simple initial and
boundary conditions
• Analytic solution techniques :

separation of variables, Green
function, Laplace transform, etc…
• Complex Geometry
• Complex Equations (Non-linear,
Coupled)
• Complex Initial/Boundary Conditions
• Analytic Solution is hard or

impossible !
• Numerical Methods are needed !

Numerical Methods (2)
• Objective: Accuracy at
minimum cost
• Numerical Accuracy  Error

Analysis
• Numerical Stability  Stability

Analysis
• Numerical Efficiency
• Validation :
model/prototype data, field data,
analytic solution, theory
• Reliability &Flexibility 
Reduce preparation and
debugging time

Overview of Numerical
Methods
* Tridiagonal
Governing System of Equation * ADI
Equations Discretization Algebraic (Matrix) * SOR
ICS/BCS Equations Solver * Gauss-Seidel
* Gauss-Jordan
Continuous * Finite-Difference Discrete Nodal
Solutions Values
* Finite-Volume
* Finite-Element
* Spectral Approximate
* Boundary Element Solution
Ui (x,y,z,t)
p (x,y,z,t)
T (x,y,z,t)

Discretization
1. Discretization of Time
• almost exclusively by finite-difference

methods
2. Spatial Discretization
• FDM (Finite-Difference Methods)

• FVM (Finite-Volume Methods)
• FEM (Finite-Element Methods)
• Spectral Methods
• Boundary Element Methods, etc.

Discretization (2)
TIME DISCRETIZATION SPACE DISCRETIZATION
• Forward/Backward differences Finite-difference : Taylor-series expansion

n+ 1 n−1
∂T T j − T j ∂T T j − T j
n n
Finite-element : low-order shape function
= or = and interpolation function, continuous
∂t ∆t ∂t ∆t within each element
• Two-level schemes Finite-volume : integral form of PDE in
• Three-level schemes each control volume
• Runge-Kutta mehtods
• Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector Spectral method : higher-order
methods interpolation, continuous over the entire
domain
• Usually no advantages in using higher-order
integration formula unless the spatial Spectral element : finite-element/spectral
discretization error can be improved to the same
order
Boundary element method Discretization
on the boundary in order to find approx.
Solution over the domain.

Finite Element Method
• What is the FEM?

– Method for numerical solution of
field problems.
• Description
– FEM cuts a structure into
several elements (pieces of the
structure).
– Then reconnects elements at
“nodes” as if nodes were pins or
drops of glue that hold elements
together.
– This process results in a set of
simultaneous algebraic
equations.
• Number of degrees-of-freedom
(DOF)
– Continuum: Infinite
– FEM: Finite (This is the origin of
the name,Finite Element Method)

Fundamentals (1)
• Many engineering phenomena can be expressed by ”governing
equations” and “boundary conditions”
Solid State Mechanics

Elasticity
Plasticity
Viscoelasticity etc.
Heat Transfer
Fluid Dynamics
Diffusion
Accoustics
Electromagnetics

Fundamentals (2)
• Example : Quenching of a shaft

– Geometry is complex.
– Heat Transfer
– Elastic/Plastic Deformation
– Metallurgical Effects (Phase
Transformation)
5/5/2020
Fundamentals (3)
Action
Property Behavior

FE Discretization
• It is very difficult to make the algebraic equations for the entire domain
– Divide the domain into a number of small, simple elements
– Adjacent elements share the DOF at connecting nodes

Classification of
Elements
• Primitive Structural Elements

• Continuum Elements
• Special Elements

Examples of Continuum
Elements

Primitive Structural
Elements
METE 304
Continuum Elements

Special Elements

Assembly
• Obtain the algebraic equations for each element (this is easy!)  Put
all the element equations together

Solution
• Solve the system of linear/non-linear equations for

unknowns !

Linear / Nonlinear
Problem
[K ]{D} = {R} [K ]{D} = {R}

[K ] ≠ [K ({D})] [K ] = [K ({D})]
{R} ≠ {R ({D})} {R} = {R ({D})}
Stiffness and Forces are not Stiffness and Forces are functions of
functions of displacements. displacements.
* In a more general way, if any parameter in the differential
equation (both PDE and BC’s) is dependant on the “primary
unknown” or the changing geometry, the problem is said to be
NONLINEAR !
A Typical Nonlinear
Problem
k u
k = k0 + kN
k0 constant
kN function of u

A Typical Nonlinear
Problem
P
Hardening (kN = 0)
kN > 0
Slope k0
Softening
kN < 0
u
Types of Nonlinearities
• Material nonlinearity
– Plasticity
– Nonlinear elasticity
• Geometric nonlinearity
– Large deflections
– Large rotations
• Boundary Condition Nonlinearity

– Contact
– Friction (Stick & Slip Behaviour)
– Any B.C depending on the Primary unknown !
Material Nonlinearity
1. Nonlinear Stress-Strain
behavior
1. Elasto-plasticity
2. Nonlinear Elasticity
3. Visco-elasto-plasticity
4. Hypoelasticity
5. Creep
2. Temperature dependant
material properties in
Coupled Analysis.
3. Phase changes
Geometric Nonlinearity
• Geometric nonlinearity results from the nonlinear
relationship between strains and displacements
on the one hand and the nonlinear relation
between stresses and forces on the other hand.
• If the stress measure is conjugate to the strain

measure, both sources of nonlinearity have the
same form.
• This type of nonlinearity is mathematically well

defined, but often difficult to treat numerically.
Two important types of geometric nonlinearity
occur:
– Buckling or Snap Through Type

– Large strain problems such as
manufacturing, crash, and impact problems.
In such problems, due to large strain
kinematics, the mathematical separation into
geometric and material nonlinearity is
nonunique.

Boundary Condition
Nonlinearity

Boundary Condition
Nonlinearity
• More generally, if a BC is function of primary unknown or if a boundary

condition changes as the geometry of the component changes, it
causes a BC nonlinearity !
Solution Methods for
Nonlinear Systems
• Direct Substitution
• Direct Substitution with Relaxation
• Newton-Raphson (N-R)
• Modified Newton-Raphson
• Incremental Methods
• Quasi-Newton Methods (Inverse
Broyden)

Newton-Raphson
Method
P
P1 1
∆u1
uA u1 uB u
Modified Newton-
Raphson Method
P
a b
PB
P1 2
1
PA
∆u1 ∆u2
uA u1 uB u
Advantages of FEM
• Can readily handle very complex geometry:
– The heart and power of the FEM
• Can handle a wide variety of engineering

problems
– Solid mechanics
– Dynamics
– Heat Transfer
– Fluids
– Electromagnetics
– Accoustics
• Can handle complex restraints

– Indeterminate structures can be solved.
• Can handle complex loading

– Nodal load (point loads)
– Element load (pressure, thermal, inertial
forces)
– Time or frequency dependent loading
– Fluid-Structure couplings

Disadvantages of FEM
• A general closed-form solution,

which would permit one to
examine system response to
changes in various parameters, is
not produced.
• The FEM obtains only

"approximate" solutions.
• The FEM has "inherent" errors.
• Responsibility of the user

– Mathematical problem must be
defined as close as possible to “real”
physical problem.
– Correct type of procedure, methods
must be used.
– FANCY COLORFUL CONTOUR
PLOTS CAN BE OBTAINED BY ANY
MODEL ! GOOD OR BAD!

Inherent Errors in FEM (1)

Inherent Errors in FEM (2)

Examples of FEM
Applications
This forging example is a simulation of a bulk forming process with multiple stages. This
axisymmetric analysis begins with a cylinder of metal meshed very simply.
Examples of FEM
Applications
A 3-D finite element model of an instrumented canine cervical spine. The model consisted
of four vertebrae (C3-C6), a titanium alloy plate, and two screws attached to the back of two
vertebrae (C4-C5).
Examples of FEM
Applications
Dynamic analysis of a tuning fork, to find it's first eight modes of vibration.
More Application Areas
• Automotive industry • Aerospace industry

• Static analyses » Static analyses
• Modal analyses » Modal analyses
• Transient dynamics » Aerodynamics
• Heat transfer » Transient dynamics
• Mechanisms » Heat transfer
• Fracture mechanics » Fracture mechanics
• Metal forming » Creep and plasticity analyses
• Crashworthiness » Composite materials
» Aeroelasticity
• Architectural » Metal forming
» Soil mechanics » Crashworthiness
» Rock mechanics
» Hydraulics
» Fracture mechanics
» Hydroelasticity
Manufacturing
Simulation
• Heat Treatment Processes
• Casting Processes
– Hardening-Tempering
– Die casting
– Carburizing
– Continuous casting
– Induction Hardening
– Directional solidification
• Welding Processes
– Single crystal growth
– MIG/MAG/TIG Welding
• Metal Forming Processes
– Laser & Electron beam Welding
– Bulk Metal Forming
– Spot Welding
– Sheet Metal Forming
– Friction Welding
– Incremental forming processes
• Powder Metallurgy Processes
• Metal Cutting Processes
– Compaction & Densification
– Machine dynamics
• Additive Manufacturing
– Simulation of local cutting effects
– SLM & DLM
PROCESS-CHAIN SIMULATIONS ?

Examples :
Superplastic Forming

Examples :
Superplastic Forming

Examples :
Forging of Nickel Alloy
T: 1000 °C T: 1050 °C
Hız: 1 s-1 Hız: 1 s-1
T: 1160°C T: 1175°C
Hız: 0.01 s-1 Hız: 0.1 s-1
Process Map

Examples :

Examples :

Examples :
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
Sürtünme: Yüksek Sürtünme: Düşük

T0=900 °C T0=900 °C

ICME Approach
Tasarım ve
İyileştirme
Malzeme İmalat Süreçleri

Özellikleri

ICME Approach

ICME Approach

ICME Approach

THE END
Prepared by
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Caner Şimşir
51
5/5/2020 METE 304

W09-Finite Element Method

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INTRODUCTION TO FINITE

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Analytic Solution : linear equation,

• Analytic solution techniques :

• Analytic Solution is hard or

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Numerical Accuracy  Error

• Numerical Stability  Stability

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• almost exclusively by finite-difference

• FDM (Finite-Difference Methods)

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Forward/Backward differences Finite-difference : Taylor-series expansion

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• What is the FEM?

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

Solid State Mechanics

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Example : Quenching of a shaft

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

– Divide the domain into a number of small, simple elements

– Adjacent elements share the DOF at connecting nodes

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Primitive Structural Elements

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Solve the system of linear/non-linear equations for

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

[K ]{D} = {R} [K ]{D} = {R}

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Boundary Condition Nonlinearity

• If the stress measure is conjugate to the strain

• This type of nonlinearity is mathematically well

– Buckling or Snap Through Type

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• More generally, if a BC is function of primary unknown or if a boundary

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Can handle a wide variety of engineering

• Can handle complex restraints

• Can handle complex loading

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• A general closed-form solution,

• The FEM obtains only

• The FEM has "inherent" errors.

• Responsibility of the user

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

• Automotive industry • Aerospace industry

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

Sürtünme: Yüksek Sürtünme: Düşük

METE 350 «Finite Element Method» Dr. Caner Şimşir

Malzeme İmalat Süreçleri