Beam Columns Review -Beam Design

Definition Modes of failure (Limit States)

Members subject to – Local Buckling
• Axial Loads (Tension/Compression) – Cross-Section Strength
• Bending Moments – Out-of-Plane Stability (Lateral
Torsional Buckling)
Most common type of structural
members

Practical Examples of Beam Columns

Beam Columns CVG 4143 1 Beam Columns Beam Design 2

Beam Design –
Classification and Local
Local Buckling
Buckling
Resistance due to local buckling
Beams are classified according
i difficult
is diffi lt tto ddetermine
t i (t(tests,
t
to their ability to attain their
FEA)
plastic resistance, or
elastic resistance
Therefore, codes take the easier
approach that
prior undergoing local buckling
“local buckling must not take
place until the member has
attained its cross-section or
global buckling capacity”
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 Beam Local Buckling-
Classifications in Beams
Classification
If beam is able to: • Member buckles locally before
• Reach plastic flexural resistance reaching its elastic resistance
and maintain it for large rotations Æclass 4
before buckling locally Æclass 1 Compac t
with signific ant
• Reach plastic flexural resistance Compact
rotation capacity
c lass 2
and buckles locally shortly after M c lass 1

reaching the plastic flexural

Mp= ZFy
resistance Æclass 2
My= SFy non-compac t, c lass 3
• Reach elastic flexural resistance
and buckles locally before Elastic Buckling
Slender , c lass 4
reaching the plastic flexural
resistance Æclass 3 Curvature

Beam Columns CVG 4143 5 Beam Columns CVG 4143 6

Review of Beam Design

Review of Beam Design Laterally unsupported Classes 1 and 2 Doubly
symmetric x-sections under uniaxial strong
axis bending (except closed square and
Laterally supported members + circular xx-secs)
secs)
Inelastic LTB
closed square and circular sections Flexural resistance Mr
(intermediate)
⎡ 0.28M p ⎤
M u ≥ 0.67 M p ⇒ M r = 1.15φ M p ⎢1 − ⎥
Classs 1 and 2 sections π

⎣ Mu ⎦
≤ φ M p Yielding (short
M r = φ ZFy
beam OR laterally
0 67 M p ⇒ M r = φ M u
M u ≤ 0.67 supported)
pp )
Class 3 sections
M r = φ SFy
Elastic LTB
M p = Z x Fy (long beam)

ω2π ⎛πE ⎞
2

Mu = EI y GJ + ⎜ ⎟ I y Cw
L ⎝ L ⎠
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 Review of Beam Design
Laterally unsupported Channels + Doubly
Moment Gradient Factor
symmetric Class3 sections under uniaxial
strong axis bending (except closed square and
circular sections) I l ti LTB
Inelastic In the equation
Flexural resistance Mr (intermediate)
ω2π ⎛πE ⎞
2

Mu = EI y GJ + ⎜ ⎟ I y Cw
⎡ 0.28M y ⎤ L ⎝ L ⎠
M u ≥ 0.67 M p ⇒ M r = 1.15φ M y ⎢1 −
π ⎥
⎣ Mu ⎦
≤ φ M y Yielding (short
ω 2 is a moment gradient factor
beam OR laterally
supported)
pp ) 1 ≤ ω 2 ≤ 2.5
0 67 M y ⇒ M r = φ M u
M u ≤ 0.67
Elastic LTB
M y = S x Fy (long beam) Uniform Linear Moment
Moment distribution with equal and
ω2π ⎛πE ⎞
2

Mu = EI y GJ + ⎜ ⎟ I y Cw (Most critical) opposite moments

L ⎝ L ⎠
CVG4143 Beam Design 9 CVG4143 Beam Design 10

Moment Gradient Factor Moment Gradient Factor

In the old code S16.01
1 When moment distribution is
1. The new code S16-09 introduces a
linear ω2 = 1.75 + 1.05κ + 0.30κ 2 unified method to calculate the
moment gradient factor
M smallest
κ =±
M largest 4 M max
ω2 = ≤ 2.5
κ is negative for double M 2
max + 4 M a2 + 7 M b2 + 4M c2
curvature 4M max
= ≤ 2.5
25
2. When moment anywhere M 2
+ 4M l2/4 + 7 M l2/ 2 + 4M 32l / 4
max
between the supports is larger than
end moments ω2 = 1.0 NOT APPLICABLE TO CANTILEVERS
NOT APPLICABLE TO CANTILEVERS
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 Numeric Comparison Numeric Comparison

For linear moment gradients For linear moment gradients

End 1 End 2 Old New End 1 End 2 Old New

Moment Moment Equation Equation Moment Moment Equation Equation

M -M M -M
M -0.5M M -0.5M
M 0 M 0
M 0.5M M 0.5M
M M M M

CVG4143 Beam Design 13 CVG4143 Beam Design 14

Numeric Comparison Numeric Comparison

For simply supported beams For simply supported beams
subject to other moment subject to other moment
distributions distributions
OLD NEW OLD NEW
LOADING CASE LOADING CASE
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
Uniformly Uniformly
distributed load distributed load
Midspan point Midspan point
load load

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Review of Column Design Review of Column Design

[Doubly Symmetric Section] When the torsional buckling

Modes of failure (Limit States) capacity governs
– Local Buckling (Class 3 requirements)
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
– Cross-Section Strength Fe min = Fez = ⎜ w
+ GJ ⎟ 2
⎜ (K L ) 2
⎟ Ar 0
– Global Buckling (flexural, torsional) ⎝ z z ⎠
2
r 0 = x02 + y02 + rx2 + ry2
Cr = ϕ A Fy (1 + λ 2 n )
−1
n
, n = 1.34 − (most sections )

Fy ⎛ KL ⎞ Fy For doubly symmetric cross-

λ= =⎜ ⎟
Fe min ⎝ r ⎠max π 2
E sections
Next Slide x0 = y0 = 0
Kx L KyL
≤ 200, ≤ 200
rx ry
Beam Columns CVG 4143 17 Beam Columns CVG 4143 18

Comparing Limit States in Beam Columns

Beams and Columns Limit States
Modes of failure
Beams- Modes of failure (W-shape) – Local Buckling
– Local Buckling – Cross-Section Strength
– Cross-Section Strength – In Plane Stability
– Out of Plane Stability (Lateral Torsional – Out of Plane Stability
Buckling)
(Lateral Torsional Buckling)

Columns Modes of failure (W-shape)

Columns-Modes (W shape) The resistance is the least of the
– Local Buckling resistances based on each of the
– Cross-Section Strength above limit states
– Global Buckling (Flexural and Torsional)

Beam Columns CVG 4143 19 Beam Columns CVG 4143 20

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 Local Buckling
Local Buckling

Classification limits for wide • For a beam column, the strain

flange section beam-columns profile (along the web) lies in-
web should lie in between those between that of a column and
for than of a beam
a) beams (least stringent) and c c c
b) columns (most stringent)

b eam -
c olumn c olumn beam

Strain Profiles
Beam Columns CVG 4143 21 Beam Columns CVG 4143 22

Local Buckling Classification-S16

Therefore: • Classification limits for webs

It is expected that the [S16-2009] –h/w
classification limits for the web Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
will have intermediate values
between those of columns and
670
those of beams
Fy
Column
Beam-
Column
Beam 1,100 1,700 1,900
Fy Fy Fy

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 Classification-S16 Classification-S16

• Classification limits for webs • Classification limits for flanges

[S16-2009] –h/w [S16-2009] – b/2t
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

200
Column
670 Fy
Fy
Column
Beam
Beam- Column
Column 145 170 200
Beam
Beam 1,100 1,900 Fy Fy Fy
1,700
Fy Fy Fy

Beam Columns CVG 4143 25 Beam Columns CVG 4143 26

Section Classification Limits

Classification-S16
of W-shape Beam Columns
• Classification limits for flanges Flanges Web
[S16-2009] – b/2t Class 1
b 145 h 1,100 ⎛⎜ C ⎞
⎟
= =
Fy ⎜⎝
1.0 − 0.391 f
⎟
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 2t Fy w Cy ⎠
Class 2
b 170 h 1,700 ⎛⎜ C ⎞
200 = = 1.0 − 0.61 f ⎟
Column 2t Fy w Fy ⎜⎝ Cy ⎟
⎠
Fy
Class 3
b 200 h 1,900 ⎛⎜ C ⎞
Beam = = 1.0 − 0.65 f ⎟
2t Fy w Fy ⎜⎝ Cy ⎟
⎠
Column Class 4
145 170 200
Beam
Fy Fy Fy

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 Section Classification – Section Classification –
Example 1 Example 1- cont’d
• Q: A W530x82 beam column
(300W material) is subject to a • Web classification:
h 502
factored axial force of 700 kN. = = 52.84
w 9 .5
Determine the class of the C y = AFy = 10,500 × 0.300 = 3150 kN
member Cf
=
700
= 0.22
A: From tables: d-2t=h=502, Cy 3150
For Class 1 web:
b=209, t=13.3, w=9.5 (mm)
• Flange class h 1100 ⎛⎜ C ⎞
⎟
b 209 = 1.0 − 0.391 f
=
2t 2 × 13.3
= 7.86 w lim Fy ⎜⎝ Cy ⎟
⎠
– Class 1 requirement h
=
1100
(1.0 − 0.391 × 0.22) = 58.05
b 145 145 w lim 300
= = = 8.37
2t lim Fy 300 Web is Class 1
– Therefore Flange is Class 1
Beam Columns CVG 4143 29 Beam Columns CVG 4143 30

Section Classification – Section Classification –

Example-2 Example-2
Q: It is required to re-classify
re classify • Web classification:
h 502
the section in the previous = = 52.84
w 9 .5
example for a factored axial C y = AFy = 10,500 × 0.300 = 3150 kN
force of 3,000 kN C f 3,000
= = 0.95
C y 3,150
For Class 3 web, we need to have
A: Flange class is the same as
h h 1900 ⎛ Cf ⎞
in example 1 ≤ = ⎜ 1.0 − 0.65 ⎟⎟
w w lim Fy ⎜⎝ Cy ⎠
h
=
1900
(1.0 − 0.65 × 0.95) = 41.96
w lim 300

h h
> Thus, web is Class 4
w w lim
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 Section Classification –
Example-2
Note:
The above beam column section
can be a Class 1, 2, 3, or 4
depending on the magnitude of
the factored axial force
Beam Columns CVG 4143
Elastic Interaction
Equation
• Q2:
Q A short steel member has a
doubly symmetric section
x-section of area A,
section modulii Sx and Sy
is subject to
axial force F, and
bending Moments Mx and My.
It is required to find an expression
for the maximum normal stress
induced in the the x-section.
Beam Columns CVG 4143
Interaction Equations
Q1: What is an Interaction Equation?
Q q
A: For a given x-section, we are able (from our
previous knowledge) to calculate its
- Compressive/tensile resistance
- Flexural resistance
Therefore, we were able to determine when a
given section would fail
under ppure axial force (column)
( ) or
under pure bending moments (beam)
An interaction equation tells us when a section
would fail under combinations of axial force
and bending moments.
33 Beam Columns CVG 4143 34
Elastic Interaction
Equation
• Q3: Knowing that the yield
strength of the material is Fy,
derive an elastic interaction
equation for the cross-section.
Compare your result with code
interaction relation in Cl.
Cl 13.8.3
13 8 3
for Class 3 section:
35 Beam Columns CVG 4143 36
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 Code Interaction
Code Interaction Equation
Equation
• Cl. 13.8.3 ((All classes except
p Class 1 1. The case of cross sectional
and 2 of I shaped members) strength (Cl.13.8.2.a) (braced
Cf U 1 x M fx U1 y M fy frames or tapered members)
+ + ≤ 1.0
Cr M rx M ry

λ = 0 ⇒ Cr = φ AFy (1 + λ 2 n )
• Above equation is three −1
n
= φ AFy
requirements in one equation
– Cross-sectional strength (relevant for
members
b in i braced
b d frames
f andd tapered
t d
members) ω1x ω1 y
U1 x = ≥ 1.0, U1 y = ≥ 1.0
– Overall member Strength (In plane Cf Cf
stability) 1− 1−
Cex Cey
– Lateral Torsional Buckling

Beam Columns CVG 4143 37 Beam Columns CVG 4143 38

ω1x
Code Interaction
Expressions for
+ve for double
Equation
curvature
For all but Class 1 and 2 I Sections
Load Distribution Corresponding value of
Between Member Ends ω 1x

No transverse loads M rx = φ S x Fy M ry = φ S y Fy
0.6 − 0.4κ x ≥ 0.4,
(linear BMD)
M fxs
κx = ± Cf M fx M fy
M fxl + U1 x + U1 y ≤ 1.0
Distributed loads, φ AFy φ S x Fy φ S y Fy
Series of concentrated 1 00
1.00
loads Compare to your answer in Q3
Single Concentrated
load or moment
between supports
0.85

Note: for ω1y , replace subscript x by y

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 Summary – All but classes 1
and 2 I sections
Cross-Section Check
To be applied for members in braced frames
or tapered members in un-braced frames
Slide 39
ω1x ω1 y
U1 x = ≥ 1.0 U1 y = ≥ 1.0
Cf
1− 1−
Cf
Cex Cey
π 2 EI x
Cex = π 2 EI y
L 2
Cf U1x M fx U1 y M fy Cey =
+ + ≤ 1.0 L2
Cr M rx M ry

Cr = φ AFy M rx = φ S x Fy M ry = φ S y Fy

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