Android was founded by a company, named android Inc. in Palo Alto of California, U.

S in 2003 whose
founder was Andy Rubin. Early intension of the company was to develop an advanced Os for digital
cameras, but then it was realized that market for such devices was not large enough so that diverted
their attention to producing a smart phone OS. Android was then acquired by the Google in 2005 and
unveiled its distribution in 2007 with formation of Open Handset Alliance led by Google. Android mobile
operating system is based on the Linux kernel and is developed by Google. Android OS has its own
virtual machine called DVM which is used for executing the android application. One of the reasons for
the success of Google’s OS is the constant improvement of its many versions, with every new one
offering more advanced features, faster access to the internet. Another reason for the Android’s
popularity is its strong collaboration with mobile devices manufacturers, while it is main global
competitor

Abstract: Smart phones are becoming a vital innovation which had modified the human life in many
aspects. Day by day, the mobile application development business is growing by leaps and bounds, and
today’s shoppers square measure progressively adopting mobile as their medium of selection for
browsing, researching, and buying things, because the world's preferred mobile platform, android
powers many uncountable mobile devices in additional than a hundred ninety countries around the
world. on a daily basis another million users power up their Android-powered devices for the primary
time and begin trying to find apps, games, and different digital content. This paper additionally provides
differing types of mobile applications, challenges to develop android application and its development
method.

1.INTRODUCTION Android is based on the Linux kernel, and developed by Google and later the Open
Handset Alliance. It is also software platform and OS for mobile devices and permits developers to write
code within the Java language, dominant the device via Google developed Java libraries. It will run on
many various devices from many different manufactures. Android includes a software package
development kit (SDK) that helps you write original code and assemble software package modules to
form apps for android users. Android also provides a platform to distribute apps. all at once, android
represents an ecosystem for mobile apps. Android could be a freely downloadable open source software
package stack for mobile devices that has an OS, middleware and key applications supported LINUX and
Java. In 2005 Google purchased the developer of android, and android was released in 2007. Google
released the android code as open source beneath the Apache License. Android has various developers
writing applications (apps) everywhere in the world. Developers produce apps for a various reasons,
they will ought to address business needs or build new services or businesses, or they will wish to supply
games and alternative forms of content for users. Developers like better to develop for android so as to
succeed in the bulk of mobile device users.

Oha

it is consortium of several companies.

*OHA is a business of 84 firms.Major group
Members of OHA group is google,Htc,
Samsung,Sony,dell,nvidia,LG,Motoral
And many more
*this group of companies is allowed to use
Source code of android and develop
Applications.

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a business alliance that was created for the purpose of developing
open mobile device standards. The OHA has approximately 80 member companies, including HTC, Dell,
Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm and Google. The OHA's main product is the Android platform - the world's
most popular smartphone platform.

OHA members are primarily mobile operators, handset manufacturers, software development firms,
semiconductor companies and commercialization companies. Members share a commitment to
expanding the commercial viability of open platform development.

OHA member companies back the open platform concept for a number of reasons, as follows:

 Lower overall handset costs: Opens up resources, which facilitates the focus on creating
innovative applications, solutions and services.

 Developer-friendly environment: In the open-source community, developers share notes to

expedite application development.

 Post-development: Provides an ideal channel for application marketing and distribution.

The OHA introduced a mobile device operating system called AndroidSymbian operating system.

Android architecture is a software stack of components to support mobile device needs. Android
software stack contains a Linux Kernel, collection of c/c++ libraries which are exposed through an
application framework services, runtime, and application.

Following are main components of android architecture those are

Applications

Android Framework

Android Runtime

Platform Libraries

Linux Kernel

In these components, the Linux Kernel is the main component in android to provide its operating system
functions to mobile and Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) which is responsible for running a mobile
application.

Following is the pictorial representation of android architecture with different components.

android architecture contains different number of components to support any android device needs.
Android software contains an open-source Linux Kernel having collection of number of C/C++ libraries
which are exposed through an application framework services.

Among all the components Linux Kernel provides main functionality of operating system functions to
smartphones and Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) provide platform for running an android application.

Android operating system’s initial release was in the year 2008. Even at its start, the team behind the
operating system built it on top of the shoulders of giants. Beyond the user interface that the Android
OS presents at the surface level, it is made up of multiple layers. These layers include custom code and
open-source technologies that have been under continuous development for decades.

Android has been developed through massive collaborative efforts and investments by many companies.
The main company behind android development is Google. Other companies include device
manufacturers such as Samsung, LG; processor manufacturers such as Intel and ARM, but to name a
few.

When we talk about Android architecture, we mean how the Android system has been designed,
segmented into layers, and built up to work as a system. Building such a complex system requires careful
structuring to ensure all the components work together cohesively. Its architecture ensures that the
many components function as a whole without crashing.