List of Physics Equations SF016

Physical Quantities and Measurements

Magnitude of a vector : | A |= Ax 2 + Ay 2
Ay
Direction of a vector : tan θ =
Ax

written in unit vector notation : A = Axiˆ + Ayˆj + Azkˆ
 
Dot product : A • B =| A || B | cos θ
 
A • B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
 
Cross product : | A × B |=| A || B | sin θ

Kinematics of Linear Motion

Uniform acceleration motion :

v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as

• Free fall motion, substitute a = − g = −9.81 m s −2

• Projectile motion, component x, a = 0 ; component y, a = − g

Momentum and Impulse

 
Momentum, p = mv
 
Conservation of momentum : In a closed system (no external force), ∑p initial = ∑ pfinal
     
Impulse, J = ∆p = pfinal − pinitial ; J = F t

Forces

Newton’s First law of motion : ∑ F = 0
   
Newton’s Second law of motion : ∑ F = ma or Fnet = ma

Static friction, fs ≤ µsN Limiting static friction, fs (max) = µsN

Kinetic (dynamic) friction, fk = µkN * Note: µs > µk

1
 Work, Energy and Power
 
Work done by a force, W = F • s = F s cos θ
Gravitational Potential energy, U = mgh
1 2
Elastic Potential energy, U = kx
2
Hooke’s Law , F = kx
1
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2
2
Work energy theorem, W = ∆K
Conservation of energy, ∑E initial =∑ Efinal

∆W
Average Power, Pav =
∆t

dW  
Instantaneous Power, P = = F •v
dt

Pout
Mechanical efficiency, η = × 100% ( * 1 horse power = 746 Watt )
Pin

Uniform Circular Motion

∆θ 2π
Angular velocity, ω = = = 2π f
∆t T
Linear velocity, v = rω

v2
Centripetal acceleration, ac = = rω 2
r
 mv 2
Centripetal force, F = = mrω 2
r

Rotation of a rigid body

Linear distance, s = rθ
Linear velocity, v = rω
Linear (tangential) acceleration, a = rα
Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration :

ω = ωo + α t
ω 2 = ωo 2 + 2α θ
1
θ = ωot + α t 2
2

2
Condition for static equilibrium of rigid body :
  
∑F x =0 ; ∑F y =0 ; ∑τ =0

Torque, τ = F r sin θ = F d

Moment of Inertia, I = ∑ m r 2

Torque, τ = I α
1 2
Rotational Kinetic energy, Kr = Iω
2
Rotational work, W = τ θ
Rotational power, P = τ ω

1 1
Kinetic energy for rolling object, K = mv 2 + Iω 2
2 2

Angular momentum for a particle, L = mrv

Angular momentum for a rigid body, L = Iω
 
Conservation of angular momentum, ∑L initial = ∑ Lfinal

Gravitational
 GMm
Newton’s law of gravitation, F =
r2
  GM
Gravitational Field Strength, g = ag =
r2
GM
Gravitational Potential, V = −
r
GMm
Gravitational Potential Energy, U = −
r
Satellite motion:
GM
Velocity, v =
r

r3
Period of revolution, T = 2π
GM

GMm
Total energy satellite, E = −
2r

3
 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Equation for SHM : x = A sin ω t

Velocity, v = ωA cos ω t ; v = ±ω A 2 − x 2 ; maximum velocity, v max = ω A

Acceleration, a = −ω 2 x ; maximum acceleration, a max = ω 2 A

1 1
Frequency, f = ; Period, T =
T f

2π
Angular frequency, ω = 2π f =
T
1
Kinetic energy, K = mω 2 ( A 2 − x 2 )
2
1
Potential energy, U = mω 2 x 2
2
1
Total energy SHM, E = U + K = mω 2 A 2
2

l
Simple pendulum, T = 2π
g

m
Spring mass system, T = 2π
k

Mechanical Waves

Equation for Progressive wave : y = A sin(ω t ± k x + ϕ ) + : left ; − : right

2π 2π
Angular frequency, ω = ; Wave number, k =
T λ
dy
Particle vibrational velocity, vy = = ωA cos(ω t ± k x + ϕ )
dt
Wave propagation velocity, v = f λ
Stationary (standing) wave equation : Y = 2 A cos k x sin ω t

Sound Waves
Propagation of sound in term of variation of pressure and displacement
y ( x, t ) = A sin(ω t − kx)
p ( x, t ) − po sin(ω t − kx + ϕ )

4
Beat frequency, fb =| f 1 − f 2 |

T m
Velocity of progressive wave in a stretched string, v = where µ =
µ L

Fundamental and overtone frequencies

nv T
Stretched string : fn = where v = n = 1,2,3 
2L µ

nv
Closed end air column : fn = n = 1,3,5,7  * v = speed of sound
4L
nv
With end correction fn =
4( L + c)

nv
Open end air column : fn = n = 1,2,3,  * v = speed of sound
2L
nv
With end correction fn =
2( L + 2c)

P
Intensity of sound, I =
4π r 2

Dependence of intensity on: (i) amplitude I ∝ A 2

1
(ii) distance from a point source I ∝
r2
Doppler effect
 v ± vo 
Apparent frequency, f ' =   f
 v ± vs 
+ vo : observer approaches source
− vo : observer moves away from source
+ vs : source moves away from observer
− vs : source approaches observer

Deformation of Solids
F
Stress, σ =
A
e
Strain, ε =
lo

σ
Young Modulus, Y =
ε
1
Strain Energy (energy stored in a wire), U = Fe
2

5
 Heat
Conduction
Q k A∆T
=−
t x
Thermal expansion
Linear : ∆L = α Lo ∆T
Area : ∆A = β Ao ∆T β = 2α

Volume : ∆V = γ Vo ∆T γ = 3α

Apparent Expansion : for liquid in container, Voverflow = ∆Vliquid − ∆Vcontainer

Kinetic Theory of Gases

V1 V 2
Charles’ Law =
T1 T 2
Boyle’s Law p1V 1 = p 2V 2

P1 P 2
Pressure Law =
T1 T 2
Ideal Gas equation pV = nRT or pV = NkT

1 1
pV = Nm < v 2 > or p= ρ < v2 >
3 3

N m
No of moles n = =
NA M

R
Boltzmann constant, k =
NA

v1 2 + v 2 2 +  + vn 2
Mean square speed, < v 2 >=
N
Root mean square speed,
vrms = < v 2 >

3kT 3RT
vrms = =
m M

Translational Kinetic energy of n moles of gases,

3 3
Ktr = NkT = nRT
2 2
f f
Internal energy of gases, U = NkT = nRT
2 2

6
Degree of freedom, f
Monoatomic  f = 3 Diatomic  f = 5 Polyatomic  f = 6

Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamic Q = ∆U + W

Thermodynamic processes :
Isothermal T constant ∆U = 0 obey Boyle’s law
Isovolumetric V constant W =0 obey Pressure law
Isobaric p constant obey Charles’ law
Adiabatic No Heat change Q=0

V2 p1
Work done in isothermal process : W = nRT ln or W = nRT ln
V1 p2

Work done in isobaric process : W = p [V 2 − V 1]

-- End of the list --