TAL Syl BusinessSt

tzpff;fy;tp
ghlj;jpl;lk;
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuk;

(cau; juk;)
juk; 12> 13
(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.)
tzpff; fy;tpjJ ; iw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
www.nie.lk
tzpff; fy;tp
juk; - 12> 13w;fhd ghlj;jpl;lk;
 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2017
tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mr;rply;:
cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
1.0 mwpKfk; ................................................................................................................................................................................ i
2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; ................................................................................................................................................................. iii
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ........................................................................................................................................................... iv-v
4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ............................................................................................................................................... vi
5.0 Njrpa nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; ghlj;jpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G ........................................................... vii
6.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................................................................................................................................................... viii-ix
6.1 juk; 12 ghlj;jpl;lk; ...................................................................................................................................................... 1-43
6.2 juk; 13 ghlj;jpl;lk; ...................................................................................................................................................... 44-82
7.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; .............................................................................................................. 83-84
8.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gL

P k; ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
i
1.0 mwpKfk;
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpu (cau;ju)j;jpwF

; Kjy; Kiwahf Nju;rr ; p Kiwapy; mike;j ghlj; jpll; nkhd;W 2009k; Mz;bypUe;J
ghlrhiy tiyaikg;gpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju (cau;ju) khztu;fs; tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;ijf;
fw;gjd; %yk; cupa ghl mwpit khj;jpukd;wp> rpwe;j kdg;ghq;F> nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwd; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Fbkfd;
vDk; epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W 2015k; Mz;bypUe;J etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l f.ngh.j (rhjhuz)
juj;jpy; tzpfKk; fzf;fl P ;Lf;fy;tpAk;> Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fy;tp Nghd;w ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fSk;> g+Nfhs
uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp cs;ehl;bYk; tzpfj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;w etPd Nghf;FfisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L 2015k;
Mz;bypUe;J fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;ju) tzpfg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L etPdkag;
gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;itf;fg;gLjy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
tzpff;fy;tpg; ghlkhdJ kpfg; gpugy;akhd tzpftpay; ghlnkhd;whFk;. mj;Jld; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd ghlKk; MFk;.
,g;ghl khdJ nghUspay;> Kfhikj;Jtk;> r%f tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspdhy; tYt+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tzpff;fy;tpg; ghlk;
cau;juk; tzpftpay; ghlj;Jiwapd; ghlnkhd;whf ,Ug;gJld;> fiy kw;Wk; njhopyE
; l;g ghlj;Jiwia fw;fpdw
; khztu;fSf;Fk;
njupT nra;af;$ba ghlnkhd;whFk;. ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gd
nghJthf rhjhuz tho;f;ifg; gad;ghl;bw;Fk;> cau; fy;tpf;F kl;Lkd;wp tzpftpay; Jiwapd; njhopy;rhu; fy;tpf;Fk;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Jizahf mikAk;.
tzpfj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w khw;wq;fSf;F ,iaghf;fkiltjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpa tho;f;ifg; gof;fq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;w Nju;r;rpfSld; $ba Fbkfd; xUtiu cUthf;Ftjw;F Vw;wthW fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;nfhd;W ,q;F Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ.
cau;fy;tpapy; <Lglhjtu;fSf;F njhopnyhd;wpy; my;yJ Ranjhopnyhd;wpy; <LgLtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpapidAk;>

,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F gaDWjp kpf;fjhf gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$bathW Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJld;> jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; epiyj;J epw;gjw;Fk; jukhd tpisjpwd;kpf;f tpUj;jpfis ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;
%yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp fUjp> Njitahd
ngsjPf kdpj tsq;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhf cUthf;Fjy;> Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhf gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpapid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,q;F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;F Kiwfis tFg;giwapy; kl;Lkd;wp> GwuPjpahfTk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
MNyhridfs; ,q;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tzpfq;fs; eilKiw uPjpahd jd;ikapidf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhYk;> ehshe;jk;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; kpf tpiuthf khw;wkiltjdhYk; ,it njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp Mrpupau; vDk; tifapy; cq;fs;
mwptpid ,w;iwg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tPu;fs; vd ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wNwhk;.
ii
2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;Nfw;g cUthf;fg;gl;L ,yq;ifapYs;s gy;NtW r%fq;fspd;

gy;ypdf; fyhrhuj;ij tpsq;fp> Njrpa gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b
naOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fP
fupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s
Mo;ej ; > ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;
cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila
tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;>
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpa+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk;
cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk; vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdnjhU
,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003) - khu;fop
iii
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;rr
; pfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;rr
; pfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpjj ; pu mwpT>
jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik Nghd;w ehd;F njhFjpfspdbg;gilapy; njhlu;ghly; Nju;rr ; pfs; mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj; y;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpjj
; y;
xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;.
rpjj
; pu mwpT ::: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
vd;gdtw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspgg; Lj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopyE
; l;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy>; njhopy; Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;rr ; pfs;
 Mf;fk;> tpupej
; rpej
; id> jw;WzpG> jPuk; hdk; vLj;jy;>
gpur;rpid tpLtpjj; y;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpej
; id>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
 Neu;ik> rfpgG
; j;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
 kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr ; pfs;
,j;Nju;rr
; pfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oy;fSld; njhlu;GWfpdw
; d.
r%fr; #oy;:
Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG ; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;
gfpue
; ; jspff
; g;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+ut
; khdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;>
nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw.
iv
capupay; #oy;:
thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu>; tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.
ngsjpfr; #oy;:
,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;fi ; f> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>
nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epjj; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G
gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.
fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F
cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpwF ; j; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

; pfs;
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpfF ; g; gq;fspjj
; y;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk;> rthy;fis ,dk; fhzy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jYk;> gadspff
; f;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd rPtNdhghaj;jpy;
<Lgly; Nghd;w ,aYikfis cr;rg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aysit mjpfupjJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Ntiy nghUSzu;Tld;
njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

; pfs;
md;whl tho;fi
; fapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;fi
; fapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;rr ; pfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+ut
; r;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspgg; Lj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;rr
; p> kfpor
; r
; p> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy”; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr ; pfs;

tpiuthf khWfpdw ; rpff
; yhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf; pdw
; cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj
; Yk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpwN ; fw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;> ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
v
4.0 ghlj;jpll
; j;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
 kdpj Njit tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tJld; njhlu;Gila gpur;rpidfSf;F epWtd my;yJ mikg;Gf;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPu;Tfis Njbawpaf;$ba Kiwfisf; fye;jhNyhrpg;gjpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
 khw;wkilAk; tzpfr; #oiy mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;> mjw;F ,iaghf;fk; milaf;$bajhd Maj;jj;ij ntspg;
gLj;Jjy;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rl;lg+u;tkhd mwptpid eilKiw uPjpapy; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
 tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs;> mbg;gilfs; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; tpupthd ghltplaq;fis
vspikahf cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik> Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; kspj;jy;.
 #oiy Nerpg;gtuhf tzpff; fUkq;fis elhj;jpr; nrd;W ,yq;ifia epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpapy; <Lglr; nra;jy;.
 Njrpa> tya> g+Nfhs uPjpahf tzpfq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 ,yq;ifapy; rpwe;j tzpf fyhrhunkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;Ffis fl;bnaOg;gr; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;fy;.
 jpl;lq;fSld; tzpfq;fis Muk;gpgg
; jw;Fk;> mtw;iw elhj;jpr; nra;tjw;Fk; Njitahd gof;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 njhopy;rhu; tfpghfq;fspy; ntw;wpfukhf nrayhw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 r%f> nghUshjhu tpUj;jp fUjp Kfhikj;Jtk;> etPd njhopyE
; l;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.
 cau;fy;tpapy; <LgLtjw;fhd Muk;gj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
vi
5.0 Njrpa ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ghlj;jpll
; ,yf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
ghlj;jpl;l ,yf;Ffs; Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
 kdpj Njit tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wjy; njhlu;gpyhd gpur;rpidfSf;F epWtf 
my;yJ mikg;Gf;fspyhd mbg;gilapy; jPu;Tfis Njbawpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwfis Njbawpjypy; <Lglr; nra;jy;.
 khw;wkilAk; tzpfr; #oiy mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; mjw;F ,iaghf;fkil  
tjw;fhd Maj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; rl;luPjpahd mwptpidr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahfg;  
gad;gLj;Jtjpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpyhd vz;zf;fUf;fs;> mbg;gilfs; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;t 
jw;Fk;> tpupthd ghltplaq;fis vspikahf cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Nju;rr ; p
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd 
re;ju;gg
; j;ij toq;fy;.
 #oiy Nerpg;gtuhf tzpf eltbf;iffis elhj;jpr; nrd;W ,yq;ifia epiy 
Ngwhd mgptpUj;jpapy; <Lglr; nra;jy;.
 Njrpa> tya> g+Nfhs uPjpahf tzpfq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj;  
Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 ,yq;ifapy; rpwe;j tzpff; fyhrhunkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd kdg;  
ghq;Ffisf; fl;bnaOg;gr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;.
 jpll
; q;fSld; tzpfq;fis Muk;gpgg ; jw;Fj; Njitahd #oiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.  
 njhopy;rhu; tfpghfq;fspy; ntw;wpfukhfr; nrayhw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rp 
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 r%fg; nghUshjhu tpUj;jp fUjp> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; etPd njhopy;El;g Kiw 
fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 cau; fy;tpapy; <LgLtjw;fhd Muk;gj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;. 
vii
6.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;
juk; - 12 juk; - 13
Nju;r;rpfs; ghlNtisfspd; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlNtisfspd;

vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if
1.0 tzpf mbg;gilfisAk;> mt;tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;w 50 12.0 jdpegu;fspdJk; mikg;Gf;fspd 45

#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;. Jk; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
2.0 tzpfr; #oYf;F ,iaghf;fkiltjw;F tzpfkhdJ r%f 20 nfhs;tjw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; Njitg;ghl;bidAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
Kiwapidf; Nfl;lwpthu;. ijAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
3.0 muRld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzpathW tzpfq;fis elhj;jpr; 30 13.0 tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpfF ; nraw;ghl;L 45
nry;tjd; Njitg;g hl; b id cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpid
4.0 gy;NtW tzpf mikg;G tiffisAk; mtw;iw Kiwahf 40 kjpgg; hu;.
Muk;gpjJ; elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd Njitg;ghl;bidAk; cWjpg; 14.0 tzpfj;j pd; ntw; wpf; F> re;ijg; 45
gLj;Jthu;. gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;
5.0 r%f g; nghUshjhu jdpahs; tpUj;jpff ; hf Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; 20 gpid kjpgg ; hu;.
gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;. 15.0 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpfF ; epjp Kfhikj; 45
6.0 rpwpa eLj; j u msthd tzpfq; f s; nghUshjhu 15 Jtj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jfpdw ; Kiw
mgptpUj;jpf;F toq;Fk; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;. apidj; Njbawpthu;.
7.0 tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; gzk; kw;Wk; 40 16.0 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpfF ; kdpjtsj;ij 45
epjp epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpdw ; gq;fspgg
; pid kjpgg
; hu;. tpidj;jpwdhf gad; gLj;Jfpd;w
8.0 tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;F fhg;GWjpapd; Njitg;ghl;bid 15 Kiwapidj; Njbawpthu;.
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;. 17.0 tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F jfty; 35
9.0 tzpff; fUkq;fspd; ntw;wpfF ; j; njhlu;ghliy gaDWjpahfg; 10 Kiwikapd; gq;fspgg ; pidg; ngw;Wf;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; Njitg;ghl;bid cWjpgg ; Lj;Jthu;. nfhs;fpd;w K i w a p i d j ; N j b
10.0 Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; (Logistics) toq;fy;NritAk; tzpfq;fspd; 20 awpthu;.
ntw;wpfF ; g; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidj; Njbawpthu;. 18.0 tzpfq; f is Muk; g pg; g jw; F k; 40
11.0 cw;gj;jpfis tpepNahfpg;gjw;F tpahghuk; g q ; f s p g ; G r ; tpupthf;Ftjw;Fk; tzpfj; jpl;lj;
nra;Ak; Kiwapidj; Njbawpthu;. 40 jpidj; jahupf; Fk; Kiwapid
mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;.
300 300
viii
ghlj;jpll
; j;ij ghlrhiyj; jtizf;fika gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F Kd;nkhopag;gLk; jpll
; k;
juk; jtizfs; Nju;r;rpAk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; ghlNtisfspd; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if
1k; jtiz Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 - Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.6 tiu 100 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 18
juk; 12 2k; jtiz Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 - Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 tiu 95 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 16
juk; 13 2k; jtiz Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.3 - Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 16.4 tiu 100 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 21
ix
6.1 juk; - 12w;fhd ghlj;jpll
; k;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghlNtisfs;
1 . 0 tzpf m b g ; 50
gilfisAk;>
mt; tzpfq; 1.1 tzpf vz;zf; • tzpf vz;zf;fU • tzpf vz;zf;fUtpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;. 08
fs; nraw; fUtpidg; gFg; • mwpKfk; • Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis cjhuzq;fSld;
gLfpd; w gha;T nra;thu;. • NjitfSk; tpUg;gq;fSk; tpsf;F thu;.
#oiyAk; • cw;gj;jpfs; • Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;
Njbawpthu; . • nghUl;fs; gLk; NtWghLfis cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;
• Nritfs; gpl;L xg;gpLthu;.
• re;ij • cw;gj;jp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; • kdpjj; Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fs; cw;gj;jp
• tpwg; id my;yJ gupkhw;wk; fspd; %yNk epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
,lk;ngwy; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; • nghUl;fSf;Fk; NritfSf;Fkpilapyhd
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; NtWghLfis xg;gpLthu;.
,lk;ngwy;. • Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;J
• nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; nfhs;tjw;Fk; re;ijf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gL
njhlu;r;rpahf ,lk;ngwy;. fpd;w njhlu;igr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,yhgj;jpdhy; Cf;Ftpf; • tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfis cjhuzq;fNshL
fg;gly;. tpgupg;ghu;.
• ,lnuhd;W fhzg;gly;.
• tzpff; fUkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij
• tpUg;gq;fs; cUthf;fg;
tpsf;F thu;.
gly;.
• nghUshjhu eltbf;if • toq; f g; g l; l tzpfnkhd; w pd; tzpff;
nahd;whf ,Uj;jy;. fUkq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• tzpff; fUkq;fs; • tzpfq; f spd; Nehf; f q; f is cjhuzq;
• Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis fNshL tpsf;Fthu;.
epiwT nra;jy;. • nghUshjhunkhd; w pd; tho; j d; i kf; F
• tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; tzpfq;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
ijr; Nru;j;jy;. ($l;lg;gl;l
ngWkjp)
• tzpf Nehf;fq;fs;
1
1.2 tzpfq; fsJ • Ra Njitg; g+u;j;jpg; nghU • RaNjitg; g+u;j;jp Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;. 06
guk;giyAk; shjhu Kiw • tzpfg; guk;gypd; re;ju;g;gq;fisr; Rl;bf;
mjd; Nghf;F • Neu; cw;gj;jp fhl;Lthu;.
fisAk; mwpe;J • jdpegu; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp • Neu; cw;gj;jpfF; k; Neupy; cw;gj;jpf;Fkpil
nfhs;thu;. • tzpfg; guk;gy; apyhd NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• gz;lkhw;W Kiw • gzj;jpd; tsu;rr ; papid (guk;giy)
• Neupy; cw;gj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
• tpahghuk; • tpahghuj;jpd; fle;jfhy epiyikfisAk;
• gzg; gad;ghL epfo;fhy epiyikfisAk; xg;gpLthu;.
• gzj;jpd; tsu;rr
; p (guk;gy;) • tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fk; tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd
• ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• tu;j; jfk; • tzpfj;jpw;fhff; fhzg;gLk; Jizr;Nrit
• tpahghuk; fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
• Jizr;Nritfs; / • ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
tzpfj;jpw;F cjTk; • epfo;fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfkhdJ
Nritfs;. gpugy;akiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspg;
• jfty; nghUshjhuk; gLj;Jthu;.
• ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk; • tzpf cyfpd; epfo;fhyg; Nghf;fpidAk;
• tzpfq;fspd; Nghf;F mjd; %yk; tzpfq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
• g+Nfhs uPjpahfg; gut khw;wq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
yiljy;
• ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk;
Njhw;wk; ngwy;
• ,yj;jpudpay; gzg;
gad;ghL
2
1.3 gy; N tW epajp • tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;J • tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW 06

fspd; mbg;gil tjd; epajpfs; epajpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
apy; tzpfq; • cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikapd; • ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;
fis tifg; mbg;gilapy; gLk; tzpfq;fisg; gy;NtW epajpfspd;
gLj;Jthu;. • Kjy;epiy mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,uz;lhk; epiy • xNu tzpfkhdJ gy;NtW epajpfspd; mbg;
• %d;whk; epiy gilapy; gy tiffSf;F cupajhFk;
• cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• jdpahu; Jiw • toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;W xt;nthU epajp
• nghJ / murJiw fspdbg;gilapy; vt; tiff;FupaJ vd;gj
• Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; idr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,yhg Nehf;Fila • ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapid
• ,yhg Nehf;fw;w tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
• gUkd; mbg;gilapy; fhl;Lthu;.
• rpwpa> eLj;jumsT • nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F> xt;nthU
• ghupasT cw;gj;jpj; JiwapdJk; gq;fspg;gpid
• cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapd; Kd;itg;ghu;.
mbg;gilapy;
• tptrhak;
• ifj;njhopy;
• Nrit
• nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;
jpfF; xt;nthU cw;gj;jpj;
JiwfspdJk; gq;fspg;G.
3
1.4 tzpfq; fs; • tzpf cs;sl P L

; ntspal
P L
; • tzpfq;fsJ cs;sPLfis tpsf;Fthu;. 06
cs;sPlL ; > ntsp nrad;Kiw • tzpff; fUkq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
aPl;Lr; nrad; • tzpf cs;sPLfs; • tzpfq; f spd; ntspaP L fisg; gl; b ay;
Kiwnahd; (tsq;fs;) gLj;Jthu;.
whFnkdg; • epyk; • tzpfk; cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw
gFg;gha;T • ciog;G nahd;nwd;gij tiuglnkhd;wpd; %yk;
nra;thu;. • %yjdk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ik • ahNjDk; ntspaPnlhd;wpw;Fupa cs;sPL
• jfty; fs; fis xt;nthU cs;sPlL ; tiffspd; fPo;
• Neuk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• mwpT • tzpfq; f spd; fUkq; f s; tzpfq; f spd;
• tzpfj; njhopw;ghLfs; jd;ikf;fika NtWgLk; vd;gjid cjhu
• nrad;Kiwfs;(cw;gj;jp) zq;fNshL njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• epUthfk;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy;
• epjp eltbf;iffs;
• kdpjts eltbf;iffs;
• Ma;Tk;> mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffSk;
• tzpf ntspaPLfs;
• nghUl;fs;
• Nritfs;
4
1.5 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ • tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw • njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;wpd; cjtpAld;> 06
mf;fiw nrYj; nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu; mt;tzpfj;jpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;
Jk; gpuptpdu;fs; • cupikahsu; / gq;fhsu; fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
tzpfk; njhlu; • Kfhikahsu; • xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSk; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ
ghf mf;fiw • Copau; mf; fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq; fis
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd • fld;nfhLj;Njhu; tpsf;F thu;.
fhuzq;fisf; • Efu;Nthu; • xt;nthU mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdUk; tzp
Nfl;lwpthu;. • toq;Feu; fj; j pd; kP J mf; f iw nrYj; J tjw; f hd
• vjpu;fhy KjyPl;lhsu;fs; fhuzq;fs; gy;NtWgl;lit vd;gij ntspg;
• muR gLj;Jthu;.
• r%fk; • tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;
• Vida gpuptpdu; fs; tzpfnkhd;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
• tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu; mtw; • tzpfnkhd; w pd; ntw; w pfukhd tho; j d;
wpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;J ikf;F mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fspd;
tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;. vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;
• tzpfnkhd;wpw;F tzpfj; gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
jpd;kJP mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; • tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;
gpuptpdu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. fs;> tzpfj;jpd; kPJ fhl;Lk; mf;fiw> mtu;
fSf;F tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FKs;s ,aYik vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg; gilapy; mg;g puptpdu; fspd; Kf;f paj;
Jtj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
1.6 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ • tzpfr; #oy; • tzpfr; #oiy mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;. 02

jhf; f j; i j • mwpKfk; • tzpfr; #oiyf; fw;gjd; %yk; tzpfnuhU
Vw;gLj;Jk; • fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tUf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w ed;ikfisg; gl;bay;
tzpfr;#oiy • tifg;gLj; jy; gLj;Jthu;.
tifg;gLj;jpf; • mfr;#oy; • tzpfr; #oiy tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhl;Lthu;. • Gwr;#oy;
5
• Ntiyr;#oy; / • tzpfr; #oypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; gy;

mz;kpa #oy; NtW #oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• nghJ / Ngupdr;#oy; • toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; mf> Gwr;#oy;
fhuzpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
1.7 tzpfj;jpd; mfr; • tzpf mfr;#oy; fhuzpfs; • tzpfj; j pd; kP J jhf; f j; i j Vw; g Lj; J k; 06
#oy; fhuzpfsp • cupikahsu;fs; mfr;#oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
d h y ; t z p f q ; • Kfhikahsu;fs; • xt; n thU mfr; #ow; fhuzpfSld;
fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; • Copau;fs; ,ize; j gyq; f s; > gytP d q; f Sf; f hd
jhf;fq;fisg; • mikg;Gf; fyhrhuk; cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
gFj;jha;thu;. • epWtdf; fl;likg;G • tzpfj;jpd; mfr;#oypd; gyq;fSk; gy
• tzpfj;jpd; tsq;fs; tPdq;fSk; tzpff; fUkq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij
• mfr;#oy; fhuzpfSld; Naw;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid EZf;fkhfg; gFg;
njhlu;Gila gyq;fSk; gha;T nra;thu;.
gytPdq;fSk; • gyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfj;ij ntw;wp
fukhf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba KiwapidAk;
gytPdq;fisj; jtpuj ; J
; f; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gpd;
gw;wNtz;ba topKiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
1.8 Ntiyr;#ow; • mz;kpa #ow; fhuzpfs; • tzpfj; j pd; kP J jhf; f j; i jNaw; g Lj; J k; 04
(mz;kpa) • thbf;ifahsu; / Efu;Nthu; mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
fhuzpfs; • toq;Feu;fs; • mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;jjhf
tzpfq; fspy; • Nghl;bahsu;fs; cUthfpd;w tzpf tha;g;Gf;fisg; gl;baw;
Vw;gLj;Jk; • re;ijapy; gpuNtrpf;f vjpu; gLj;Jthu;.
jhf;fq;fisg; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk; Gjpa • mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;jjhf
gFg;gha;T tzpfu;fs; tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jy;fisr;
nra;thu;. • gpujpaPlL
; g; nghUl;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
cw;gj;jp nra;Nthu;
6
• mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfS • njupT nra; j tzpfnkhd; w py; mz; k pa

ld; ,ize; j tha; g ; G f; #oy; fhuzpfs; mt;tzpfj;jpwF; Vw;gLj;Jk;
fSk; mr;RWj;jy;fSk; jhf;fq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
• tzpf tha;g;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd;
%yk; mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;
Fk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gjw;F
khd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
1.9 Ngupdr; #ow; • Ngupdr; (nghJ) #oy; • tzpfj; j pd; kP J jhf; f j; i jNaw; g Lj; J k; 06
fhuzpfs; fhuzpfs; Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;J
tzpfq; fspy; • nghushjhur; #oy; thu;.
Vw;gLj;Jk; • murpay; #oy; • xt; n thU Ngupdr; # oy; fhuzpfisAk;
jhf;fq;fisg; • rl;lr; #oy; tpgupg;ghu;.
gFg;gha;T • njhopy;El;gr; #oy; • xt;nthU Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfspdhYk;
nra;thu;. • Fbapay; #oy; (kf;fs; tzpfj;jpw;F fpilf;fg; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;J
#oy;) tj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,aw;ifr; #oy; • Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ
• r%ff; fyhrhur; #oy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr;
• g+Nfhs kar; #oy; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
• Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfs; • Ngupdr; # oy; fhuzpfs; mz; k pa #oy;
mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfspy; fhuzpfspy; Vw; g Lj; J k; jhf; f j; i jg;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;. gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
• Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfSf; • Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfSf;fpilapy; ,ilj;
fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G. njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd
cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
7
2 . 0 tzpfr; 20
#oYf; F
,iaghf; f 2.1 tzpfq; fspdhy; • tzpfq;fspd; r%fuPjpahd • Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fsp 08
ki ltjw; F r % f u P j p a h d nghWg;Gf;fs; D}lhf tzpfq; f spd; r%f uP j pahd
tzp fk h d J n ghWg; G f; f is • tpsf;F jy; nghWg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
r%fuP j p a hd epiwNtw; Wtjd; • r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiw • tzpfq;fs; r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis
nghWg;Gf;f s;> Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ntw;Wtjd; Njitg;ghL. epiwNtw;w Ntz;bajd; Njitg;ghl;bid
tpOkpaq; f s; kjpg;ghu;. • r%f nghWg;Gf;fis epiw tpsf;F thu;.
kP J ftdk; Ntw;w Ntz;ba gpuptpdu; • tzpfq;fspd; r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis
nrYj; J k; • cupikahsu; epiwTNtw; w Ntz; b a gpuptpdu; f isg;
Kiwapidf; • Copau;fs; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
Nfl; l wpthu; • thbf;ifahsu; • tzpfq;fspdhy; xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSf;
• r%fk; Fk; epiwT nra;a Ntz;ba r%f uPjpahd
• muR nghWg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf cjhuzq;
• kf;fs; fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
• #oy; • tzpf epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J
mJ xt; n thU gpuptpdu; f Sf; F k; r%f
uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwT nra;Ak;
Kiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;W
tjd; %yk; tzpfnkhd;Wf;F fpilf;fpd;w
mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• rfy gpuptpdu;fspdJk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis
epiwNtw;wf;$ba Kiwapy; r%f uPjpahd
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba Kiw
apid tpsf;Fthu;.
8
2.2 #oiy Nerpf;ff; • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d 06

$bajhff; fUk • e pi y N g wh d m g p tp Uj ; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
khw;wp epiy jpf;F tzpfq;fspd; • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F tzpfq;fs;
Ngwhd mgptpUj; gq;fspg;G gq; f spg; G r; nra; a f; $ ba Kiwapid
jpf;F tzpfq;fs; • nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiy tpsf;F thu;.
gq;fspg;Gr; nra; Ngwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F • eilKiwapy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w tzpf
Ak; Kiwia • #oypd; epiyNgwhd nkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ
kjpg;ghu;. mgptpUj; jpf; F epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
• r%fj;jpd; epiyNgwhd nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
mgptpUj; jpf; F • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj; j pf; F Efu; N thu;
• e pi y N g wh d m g p tp Uj ; gq; f spg; G r; nra; a f; $ ba Kiwapid
jpf;F tzpfq;fs; gad;gLj; tpsf;F thu;.
Jk; etPd Kiwfs; (4 R) • tzpf eltbf;iffspy; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;
• kPs;Row;rp (Recycle) fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;iw ,opTgLj;J
• kPs;ghtid (Reuse) tjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ghtidiaf; Fiwj;jy;
(Reduce)
• gpujpaPL (,lkhw;wy;)
(Replace)
• tzpf eltbf;iffspd;
ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;
9
• tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; • tzpf xOf;f tpOkpa vz;zf;fUtpid 06

2.3 tzpfq; f spd; • tzpfq;fs; xOf;f tpOkp tpsf;F thu;.
ntw;w pf;F aq; f isg; gpd; g w; W tjd; • tzpfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; ey;y> jPa tplaq;
xOf;f tpOkpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
Kiwiknahd; • t z p f n k h d ; W x O f ; f • tzpfq;fs; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisg; gpdg; w;W
wpd; Njitg; tpOkpa Kiwiknahd;wp tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghl;bid cWjpg; idf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ • tzpfq; f s; xOf; f tpOkpa Kiwik
gLj;Jthu;. ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s nahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ftdj;jpy;
Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;: nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;
• tzpfk; gLj;Jthu;.
• thbf;ifahsu; • xt;nthU tzpf fhuzpfSf;Fk; nghUj;j
• Copau; khd xOf; f tpOkpaq; f isj; jdJ
• Nghl;bahsu; mDgtq;fspD}lhf Kd;nkhopthu;.
• r%f fyhrhuk; • eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; tzpfnkhd;iwf;
• epWtdf; fyhrhuk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L me;epWtdk; gpd;gw;Wk;
• eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpak; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
• tzpf xOf; f tpOkpaq; • fUJNfhshff; nfhs; s g; g l; l tzpf
fSf;Fk; r%fg; nghWg;Gf; nkhd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpf xOf;f
fSf;Fkpilapyhd NtW tpOkpa Kiwiknahd; w pidf; fl; b
ghLfs; naOg;Gthu;.
• tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk; r%fg;
nghWg;Gf;fSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtW
ghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
10
3 . 0 muRld; 30
njhlu;Gfisg; 3.1 muR tzpfq; • muR • ,yq;i fapYs;s tzpfq; fSf; F murpd; 04
NgzpathW fspy; jiyapLk; • kj;jpa muR jiyaPlhdJ kj;jpa muR> khfhz rig>
tzpfq;f is Kiwapidj; • khfhz rig cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpD}lhf
elhj; j pr; Njb awpthu;. • cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J vd;gjidr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
nry; t jd; • muR tzpfq;fs; kPJ nry; • njupT nra; j tzpf epWtdnkhd; i w
N ji tg; thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kiw. cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mjw;F kj;jpa muR>
ghl;bid • cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis khfhz rig> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs;
cWjpg; toq; fy;. vd;gd jiyapLk; Kiwapid ntt;Ntwhf
gLj; J thu; . • Nghl;bahsuhjy; tpsf;F thu;.
• thbf;ifahsuhjy; • muR tzpfq; f spy; jiyaP L nra; A k;
• nfhs;iffis cUthf;F gy;NtW Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
jy; • muR tzpfq; f spy; jiyaP L nra; A k;
• rl;ljpll
; q;fis - tpjpj;jy; xt; n thU Kiwf; Fkhd cjhuzq; fis
• Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; ngw; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Wf; nfhLj;jy;. • murplkpUe;J tzpfq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
• tup mwtply; cjtpfs;> topfhl;Ljy;fs; vd;gd tzpfq;
fSf; F Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWfpd; w Kiw
apidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
3.2 murpd; nghUsh • munrhd;wpd; nghUshjhu • munrhd;wpd; nghUshjhu Nehf; fq;f is 04

jhu Nehf;fq; Nehf;fq;fs;. tpsf;F thu;.
fis epiwNtw; • nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; pAk; • murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiw
wpf; nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jpAk;. Ntw;Wtjw;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;Ak;
tzpfq;fs; gq;f • epiw njhopy; kl;lk; Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
spg; G r; nra;A k; • nghUshjhu cWjpg;ghL • njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff;
Kiwapid vLj; • epahakhd tUkhdg; nfhz;L mJ murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;
Jf; fhl;Lthu;. gq; fPL fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; gq;fspgG; r; nra;Ak;
• rhjfkhd ru;tNjr Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
tpahghuk;
11
• murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf; • muRf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F neUq;fpa njhlu;GfspD}lhf ,U gpuptpdu;
tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra; fSk; jj;jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
Ak; Kiwfs;. nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• tup nrYj;Jjy;
• Njrpa (cs;ehl;L) tsq;
fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• muR nraw;gLj;Jk;
nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;W
jy; .
• rl;l jpl;lq;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wjy;
• Ntiytha;g;G toq;fy;
fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
• #oYf;Nfw;gLk; jPq;F
fisf; Fiwj;jy;.
• murpw;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpil
apyhd neUq;fpa njhlu;G
fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
3.3 murpd; ,iwf; • murpd; ,iwf;nfhs;if • murpd; ,iwf; n fhs; i f vd; w hy; vd; d 06
nfhs;iffSf;F • Nehf;fq;fs; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
(gprpff
; y; • mur tUkhdq;fs; • murpd; ,iwf; n fhs; i fia eilKiwg;
nfhs;if) Vw;g • tup tUkhdk; gLj;Jtjd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;L
tzpfq; fis • tup tiffs; thu;.
elj;jpr; nry;t • Neu;tup • murpd; tUkhdk;> nryTfs; vd;gtw;wpd;
jd; Kf;fpaj; • Neupy; tup fl;likg;gpid tiuGfs; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
Jtj; j pid • tup my;yhj tUkhdq;fs; fhl;Lthu;.
kjpg;ghu;. • mur nryTfs;
12
• murpd; ,iwf; n fhs; i f • tupfis tifg; g Lj; j p xt; n thU tup

ahdJ tzpfq;fspy; nry; tiff;Fkhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kiw. • murpd; tupay; y hj tUkhdq; f Sf; f hd
cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• mz;kpa tUlj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;l
Kd;nkhopTfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mit
tzpfj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fisg;
gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
3.4 murpd; epjpf; • murpd; epjpf;nfhs;if • murpd; epjpf;nfhs;iffis tpsf;Fthu;. 06

nfhs;iffSf;F • Nehf;fq;fs; • murpd; epjpf;nfhs;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fis
Vw;g tzpfq; • epjpf;nfhs;iffis eil tpgupg;ghu;.
fis elj;jpr; Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad; • ehl;bd; epjp eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;J
nry;tjd; gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs;. tjw;fhf muR gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba cgha
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • tl;b tPjq;fs; topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
kjpg;ghu;. • xJf;fj; Njitapy; • muR gpd;gw;Wk; xt;nthU epjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;
khw;wk; nra;jy;. fUtpfisAk; (cghaq;fs;) tpsf;Fthu;.
• jpwe;j re;ij eltbf;if • muR gpd;gw;Wk; epjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs;
fs; tzpfq;f s; kP J nry;thf; Fr; nrYj;J k;
• fopT tpfpjq;fis khw;W Kiwapidg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
jy;.
• fld; tiuaiwfis
tpjpj; j y; .
• murpd; epjpf;nfhs;if
tzpfq; f spy; jhf; f j; i j
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiw.
13
3.5 Efu;Nthu; • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid 05

ghJfhg;gpw;fhf • tpsf; F jy; tpsf;F thu;.
muR vLf;Fk; • Njitg;ghL • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngW
eltbf;iffSf;F • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tjw;fhd fhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
,iaghf;f • Efu;NthUf;F • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpdhy; Efu;NthUf;Fk;>
kile;J tzpfq; • tzpfu;fSf;F tzpfu;fSf;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;
fis elj;jpr; • Efu;Nthupd; cupikfs; fis ntt;Ntwhfg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
nry;tjd; • Efu;Nthupd; nghWg;Gf;fs; • Efu;Nthu; cupikfis tpsf;Fthu;.
Njitg;ghl;bid • Efu;Nthu; nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
Rl;bf; • Efu;Nthupd; cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fspd; mbg;
fhl;Lthu;. gilapy; gFj;jwpthd Efu;Nthd; xUtupd;
elj;ijapid tpgupg;ghu;.
3.6 E f u ; N t h u p d ; • Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; • ,yq;ifapy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu; 05

ghJfhg; g pw; f hf mjpfhu rig gpy; nraw;gLk; mur epWtdq;fisg; gl;baw;
nraw;gLfpd;w • Nehf;fq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
mur epWtdq; • njhopw;ghLfs; • Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhu
fspd; njhopw; • Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; mjp rigapd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfis
ghLfisj; Njb fhu rigahdJ tzpfq; Ak; tpgupg;ghu;.
awpthu;. fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; gzpafj;jpd;
ngWk; Kiw. Nehf;fq;fs;> njhopw;ghLfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; • Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; mjpfhu rig> ,yq;
gzpafk;. ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; gzpafk; vd;gd
• Nehf;fq;fs; tzpfq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiw
• njhopw;ghLfs; apidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,yq;ifj;juf; fl;lisfs;
gzpafkhdJ tzpfq;
fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWk; Kiw.
14
4 . 0 gy; N tW 40
tzpf
mikg; G 4.1 mikg;G uPjpahd • mikg;Gf;fs; • mikg;Gf;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij cjhu 02
tiffisAk; v z; zf ; f Ui t • Kiwahd mikg;nghd;wpd; zq;fSld; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
mtw; i w m wpKfg; g Lj; j p gz;Gfs; • Kiwahd mikg;nghd;wpy; fhzf;$ ba
Ki wa hf cupikapd; mbg; • tzpf mikg;Gf;fs; gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
Muk; g pj; J gilapy; tzpf • cupikapdbg;gilapy; • tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tiutpyf;fzg;
elj; j pr; m i kg; G f; f i s tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; gLj;Jthu;.
nry; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. tiffs; • tzpf mikg;Gf;fis mjd; cupikapdbg;
tjw; f hd • jdpahu; Jiwapd; tzpf gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Njitg; g hl; mikg;Gf;fs; • jdpahu; Jiwf;Fupa tzpf mikg;Gf;fisg;
bidAk; • jdpahSupik tzpfk; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
cWjpg; • gq;Filik tzpfk; • nghJj; (mur) Jiwf;Fupa tzpf mikg;Gf;
gLj; J thu; . • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
fk;gdpfs; • cupikapdbg; g ilapy; tzpf mikg; Gf;
• $l; LwT fis tifg;gLj; jp mtw;i wg; gha; r;ry;
• mur Jiw tzpf mikg; Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
Gf;fs;
• jpizf;fsq;fs;
• mur$l;Lj; jhgdq;fs;
• cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhu
rigfspd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk;
tzpfq;fs;
• mur fk;gdpfs;
• tpNrl tzpfq;fs;
• mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs;
• tzpfq;fspd; ,izg;G
15
4.2 jdpahSupik • jdpahSupik tzpfq;fs; • jdpahSupik tzpfnkd; w hy; vd; d 04

tzpfq; f spd; • tpsf; F jy; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
gz;Gfisf; Nfl; • tpNrl gz;Gfs; • jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd; w pd; tpNrl
lwpeJ
; mt;tzpf • mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiw gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
mikg;Gf;fspd; fs; • jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspd; mD$yq;fs;
mD$yq;fs;> • jdpahSupik tzpfj; tiuaiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
tiuaiwfisj; jpidg; gjpT nra;jy;. • jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd; i wg; gjpT
Njbawpthu;. nra;Ak;nghOJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; rl;l
jpl;lq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd; i wg; gjpT
nra;Ak;nghOJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eil
Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
4.3 gq;Filik • gq;Filik tzpfk; • gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;fika 08

tzpfnkhd; wpd; • tpsf; F jy; gq;Filik tzpfj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;
gz;Gfisf; • tpNrl gz;Gfs; gLj;Jthu;.
Nfl;lwpe;J mg; • gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;W • gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpNrl gz;G
gq;Filik Vw;glf;$ba Kiwfs;. fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
tzpfq; f spd; • elj;ij %yk; • gq;Filik xg;ge;jj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
mD$yq;fis • tha;nkhop %yk; • gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;W Vw;glf;$ba
Ak; tiuaiw • vOj;J %yk; Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
fisAk; tpku; • gq;Filik xg;ge;jk; • gq; Filik xg; ge; jnkhd;w pd; Kf; fpaj;
rpg;ghu;. • gq;Filik xg;ge;jj; Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; nghJthf
• gq;Filik xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fis ntspg;
nghJthf cs;slf;fg; gLj;Jthu;.
gLk; tplaq;fs;. • 1890 Mk; Mz;L gq;Filikf; fl;lisr;
rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpuptpd; gupe;Jiufis
tpgupg;ghu;.
16
• 1890 Mk; Mz;L • gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;

gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpupT. • gq;F ilik tzpfnkhd; wpd; mD$yq;
• gq;Filik tzpfnkhd; fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; gl; b ay;
wpd; mD$yq;fSk; gLj;Jthu;.
tiu aiwfSk; • jdpa hSupik tzpfk; > gq; F ilik
• gq;Filik tzpfq;fisg; tzpfk; vd; g tw; i w xd; W ld; xd; W
gjpT nra;jy;. xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
4.4 gy;NtW tif • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tpsf;Fthu;. 10

ahd $l;bizf; • tpsf; F jy; • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; tpNrl gz;G
fg;gl;l fk;gdp • tpNrl gz;Gfs; fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fisAk; mtw; • fk;gdpfspd; mD$yq; • tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; mD$yq;
wpd; tpNrl fSk; tiuaiwfSk; fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; gl;bay;gLj;J
gz;GfisAk; • fk;gdpapidf; $l;bizj;jy; thu;.
xg;gpLthu;. • fk;gdp tiffs; • fk;gdpnahd;wpidf; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;Ak;
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; eilKiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;wpid gjpT
fk;gdpfs; nra;Ak;nghOJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fk;gdpfs; • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tifg;
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fiu gLj;Jthu;.
fle;j fk;gdpfs; • xt; n thU fk; g dp tiffspdJk; gz; G
• tiuaWf;fg;glhj fk;gdpfs; fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• cj;juthjj;jhy; tiu • xt;nthU tiff; fk;gdpfSf;Fkhd cjhu
aWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; zq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs; • $l; b izf; f g; g l; l fk; g dp tiffis
xg;gpLk; epajpfis njspTgLj;Jthu;.
17
• $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp • epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L $l;

tiffis xg;gply;. bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp tiffis xg;gpLthu;.
• mq;f j; jtu;f spd; • toq;fg;gLk; tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fSf;Nfw;g
vz; zpf; if mJ vt;tif tzpf mikg;G tifiar;
• nghWg;Gf;fs; rhu;e;jJ vd;gijr; rupahff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• %yjdk; <l;ly;
• epu;thfKk; KfhikAk;
4.5 $l;LwT tzpfq; • $l;LwT tzpfq;fs; • $l;LwT tzpfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

fspd; rpwg;Gg; • tpsf; F jy; • $l;LwT tzpfq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfisg;
gz;Gfisf; • tpNrl gz;Gfs; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
Nfl;lwpe;J • $l;LwTf; nfhs;iffs; • $l;Lwtpd; nfhs;iffis mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;.
mtw; wpd; • $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; • $l; LwT tzpfj; j pd; mD$yq; fisAk;
Nghf;Ffisg; mD$yq;fSk; tiuaiw tiuaiwfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
gFg;gha;T fSk; • $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; eil
nra;thu;. • $l;LwT rq;fq;fisg; Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
gjpT nra;jy;. • $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; Nghf;Ffisg; gl;bay;
• $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; gLj;Jthu;.
Nghf;F • $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd MNyh
ridfis Kd;nkhopthu;.
18
4.6 tpNrl tzpfq; • mq;fPfhu tzpfk; • mq;fPfhu tzpfj;ij mwpe;J tpsf;Fthu;. 08

fspd; rpwg;Gg; • mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; • mq; f P f hu tzpfj; J ld; njhlu; G ila
gz;Gfisf; • mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu; gpuptpdu;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nfl; lwpe;J • mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; • mq;ff P huk; toq;Fgtu;> mq;ffP huk; ngWgtu;
mtw; wpd; mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F vd;gtu;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ,ilj;
mD$yq;fs; toq;Fk; trjpfs; njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
tiuaiwfisj; • mq;fPfhu tzpf tiffs; • mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; mq;fPfhuk; ngWg
Njbawpthu;. • mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fspd; tUf;F toq;Fk; trjpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;J
mD$yq;fSk; tiu thu;.
aiwfSk; • mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• tzpfq;fis ,izj;jy; • mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fspd; mD$yq;fisAk;
• xd;wpizj;j y; tiuaiwfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ifafg;gLj;jy; (cupik • mq; f P f hu tzpfq; f Sf; f hd cjhuzq;
ahf;Fjy;) fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• tzpfq; f s; x d ; w p izAk; Kiwfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
4.7 mur Jiw tzpf • muR tzpfq;fis elhj;jpr; • tzpff; fUkq;fs; murpd; fPo; elhj;jpr; 04
mikg;Gf;fspd; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;. nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
gz;Gfisf; • murJiw tzpf mikg; • mur Jiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;
Nfl;lwpe;J mt; Gf;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
tzpfq; f spd; • mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; • mur Jiw tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;
K f ; f p a j ; J t j ; • mur jpizf;fsq;fs; fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ijr; Rl;bf; • cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhu rig • mur Jiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; gz;G
fhl;Lthu;. apd; fPo; nraw;gLk; fisf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
tzpfq;fs;
• mur fk;gdpfs;
• mur Jiw tzpf mikg;
Gf;fspd; gz;Gfs;
19
5. 0 r%f 20
nghUshjhu 5.1 Kaw;rpahz;ik • Kaw;rpahz;ik • Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fis 06
jdpa hs; apd; Kf;fpaj; • tpsf; F jy; fw;gjd; %yk; Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;ghd
tpUj; j pf; f hf Jtk;> • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tiutpyf;fznkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Kaw; r p mD$yq;fs; • Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; • Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
ahz; i kapd; vd;gtw;iw tzpfj;j pw; Fkpilapyhd kjpg;ghu;.
gq;fspg;gpid mwpe;J Kaw;rp njhlu;G • Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilap
kjpg; g hu; . ahsnuhUtuh • Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; yhd njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
tjw; f hd mD$yq;fs; • Ka w; r pa hz; i ka pdhy ; jdpe gUf; F k;
mf;fiwapid • jdpahs; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUshjhuj;
ntspgg; Lj;Jthu;. • epWtd jpw;Fk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;
• r%fKk; nghUshjhuKk; gLj;Jthu;.
• Kaw; rpahz; i kAk; nghU • njupT nra;j Kaw;rpahz;iknahd;iwf;
shjhu mgptpUj;jpAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mjd; %yk; Kaw;rp
• Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; ahsUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk;
Nghf;Ffs; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;
fis ntt;Ntwhff; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;
jpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
5.2 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiw • Kaw;rpahz; ikahdJ nray;Kiwnahd; 06

nrad;Kiwfis • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad; whFk; vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
mwpe;J Kiwapd; gbKiwfs; • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwfis mwpKfg;
nfhs;thu;. • Gj;jhf;fk; GidjYk; Njb gLj;Jthu;.
awpjYk; (Innovation and • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwfspd; gbKiw
Discovery) fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fl;b • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwfis ml;l
naOg;GjYk; tzpfj; tiz %yk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jYk; • Kaw;rpahz;ik nray;Kiwapd; xt;nthU
(Concept development) gbKiwfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
20
• Njitahd tsq;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
(Rusourcing)
• cz;ikepiyf;F
khw;Wjy; (Actualization).
• gad;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy; (Harvesting)
5.3 Kaw;rpahz;ikg; • Kaw;rpahsd; • Kaw;rpahsd; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 08

gz;GfisAk; • Kaw;rpahsDk; tzpfUk; • Kaw;rpahsDf;Fk; tzpfUf;Fkpilapyhd
jpwd;fisAk; • Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; nghJ NtWghLfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
tpUj; j p nra; J thd gz;Gfs; • Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fis
nfhz;L Kaw;rp • ,lu;fisg; nghWg;Ngw; Ak; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
ahsnuhUtuhf gjw;Fs;s tpUg;gk; • Kaw;rpahsdpd; tho;f;ifr; Rarupijfis
nraw;gLtjw; (Willingness to take risk) mwpe;J mtuplk; fhzf;$ba Kaw;rpahz;
fhd ,aYik • Mf;fuPjpahd jd;ik ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ntspg;
apid ntspg; (Creativity) gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
gLj;Jthu;. • mu;gg ; zpg;G (Commitment) • ntw;wpfukhd Kaw;rpahsuhtjw;F Kaw;rp
• jd; dk;gpf;if ahz;ikapd; gz;GfspdJk; jpwd;fspdJk;
(Self Confident) Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Rje;jpukhd jd;ik • toq;fg;gl;l epiyikfspy; Kaw;rpahz;
(Self reliant) ikg; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs; • Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fis
• jiyikj;Jtj;jpwd;fs; Ak; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba topKiw
(Leader ship Skills) fisAk; Njbawpthu;.
• Mspilj; njhlu;Gj;
jpwd;fs; (Inter personal
skills)
21
• njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;
(Communication Skills)
• mbg;gil Kfhikj;Jtj;
jpwd;fs;(Basic Management
Skills)
• Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfis
Ak; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwfs;
• Ra kjpg;gLP
• gapw;rp
• fy; tp
• mDgtq;fspd; %yk;
ed;ikfisg; ngwy;.
22
6 . 0 rpwpa > 15
e Lj; j u
msthd 6.1 rpwpa> eLj; j u • rpwpa> eLj;ju msT • Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpfisf; fUj;jpw; 08
tzpfq;fs; msT tzpfq; tzpfq; fs;. nfhz;L rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;
nghUshjhu fspd; gz;G • tpsf; F jy; fSf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
mgptpUj;jpfF ; fisj; Nfl; • gz;Gfs; • rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd;
toq; F k; lwpe;J mtw;wpd; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
gq;fspg;gpid K f ; f p a j ; J t j ; • Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; rpwpa> • ehl;bd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwpa
kjpg; g hu; . jpid kjpg;ghu;. eLj;ju mstpyhd kw; Wk; eLj; j u msT tzpfq; f spdhy;
tzpfq;fspw;fpilNaahd fpilf;Fk; gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
njhlu;Gfs; • rpwpa > e Lj; j u m s T tzpfq; f s pd;
• rpwpa> eLj;ju msT ntw;wpf;F Kaw;rpahz;ik Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tzpfu;fs; ftdk; nrYj;j ngWk; Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;. • rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis
• tzpfj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJk;> mjid elhj;jpr; nry;
NghJ Yk;NghJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
• tzpfj; i j elj;jpr; tplaq;fisg; gl;b ; aw;gLj;Jthu;.
nry;Yk;NghJ • rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs;
• rpwpa> eLj;ju msT ntw;wpailtjw;F my;yJ Njhy; tpail
tzpfq; f s; Njhy;tpail tjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;
tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;. thu;.
23
6.2 rpwpa> eLj; j u • rpwpa> eLj;jusT tzpfq; • rpwpa> eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fis 07
msT tzpfq; fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F muR vLf;Fk; eltbf;if
fis ntw;wpfu muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
khf; f pf; nfhs; eltbf;iffs; • murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis
tjw; F fhzg; • epjp rhu;e;j epjp rhu;e;j / epjp rhuhj vDk; tifapy;
gLfpd;w Cf; F • epjp rhuhj tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
t p g ; G f ; f i s j ; • Cf;FtpgG ; f;fis toq;Fk; • rpwpa> eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fSf;F
Njbawpthu;. epWtdq;fs; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fis
• mur epWtdq;fs; Ak;> mit toq;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisAk;
• Vida epWtdq;fs; cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiznahd;iwj; jahupg;
• toq;Fk; Cf;FtpgG ; f;fspd; ghu;.
tiffs; • njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;wpD}lhf mjw;F
• MNyhridr; Nritfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis ,dq;
• Ma;Tk; njhopEl;gr; fz;L mtw;iw epjprhu;e;j> epjprhuhj vDk;
NritfSk; tifapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• epjp trjpfs; • rpwpa> eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fspd;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; trjpfs; ntw; w pf; F Cf; F tpg; G f; f is ngw; W f;
• cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; nfhLg;gjw;F epfo;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nraw;wpl;lq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
• njupT nra;j tzpfj;jpw;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;
fis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;w nraw;wpl;lq;
fisAk;> mjd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w
Cf; Ftpg;G f; fisAk; ml; ltizg; gLj; J
thu;.
24
7 . 0 t z pf q ; 40
fspd; tho;
jd; i kf; F k; 7.1 nfhLf; fy; • gzk; • gzk; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;. 04
tsu; r ; r pf; F k; thq;fy;fis • tpsf; F jy; • gupkhw;wj;jpwF
; g; gzj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bidr;
gzk; kw;Wk; ,yFgLj; j pf; • fUkq;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
epjp epWt nfhs;tjw; • gzj;jpd; gz;Gfs; • gzj;jpd; fUkq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;
dq; f spdhy; fhfg; gzg; • tiffs; wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;fSld;
toq;fg;gLfpdw ; ghtidapd; • rl;lg;gzk; tpsf;Fthu;.
gq;fspg;gpid Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • tq;fpg;gzk; • rpwe; j gzj; j pd; gz; G fisr; Rl; b f;
kjpg; g hu; . cWjpgg; Lj;Jthu;. • mz;kpa gzk; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; • gupkhw;wj;jpdN; ghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw; gy;
NtW gz tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
7.2 ,yq; ifapd; • ,yq;ifapd; epjp epWtd • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;if 08
tzpf tpUj;jpf; Kiwikfs; apid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;if
Fj; Jizahf • tq; fpj; Jiw apYs;s epjp epWtd Kiwikapid tifg;
mikAk; epjp • kj;jpa tq;fp gLj;Jthu;.
epWtd • cj;juT ngw;w tzpf • toq; f g; g l; l epjp epWtdj; njhFjpia
Kiwikfis tq;f pfs; xt; n thU tiffspd; fP o ; NtWgLj; j pf;
mwpe;J • cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;thu;. tq;f pfs; • xt;nthU tiffSf;FKupa epjp epWtdq;
• itg;Gf;fis Vw;Fk; fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
Vida epjp epWtdq;fs; • xt; n thU tiffSf;F Kupa epjp epWt
• cj;juT ngw;w epjpf; dq;fs; tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fg;
fk;gdpfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
• $l;LwTf; fpuhkpa tq;fp fhl;Lthu;.
• $l;LwTr; rpf;fdf; fld;
toq;Fk; rq;fk;
25
• rpwg;G (tpNrl) epjp

epWtdq;fs;.
• tpNrl Fj;jif epjpf;
fk;gdpfs;
• Kjy; epiy tzpfu;fs;
• gq;Fj; jufu;fs;
• myFg;nghWg;G / myFg;
nghWg;G Kfhikj;Jtf;
fk;gdpfs;
• re;ij ,ilj;jufu;fs;
• Kaw;rpahz;ik %yjdf;
fk;gdpfs;
• xg;ge;j Nrkpg;G epWt
dq; fs;
• fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs;
• Copau; Nrkyhg epjpak;
(EPF)
• Copau; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
(ETF)
• Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
Xa;t+jpa Nrkyhg epjpak;
• mur Nrit Nrkyhg
epjpak;
• ehl;bd; epjp epWtd
KiwikahdJ tzpf
Nritnahd;whf Kf;fpaj;
Jtk; ngWk; Kiw
(,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp
Mz;lwpf;if - 2015)
26
7.3 ,yq;if kj;jpa • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njhlu;gpy; mwpKfk; 02
tq;fpapd; njhopw; • Nehf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghLfisj; Njb • njhopwg ; hLfs; / fUkq;fs; • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nehf;fq;fis
awpthu;. • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njspTgLj;Jthu;.
apd; fUkq;fs; tzpfq; • ,yq; i f kj; j pa tq; f papd; njhopw; g hL
fspd; ntw;wpapy; Vw;gLj; fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
Jk; jhf;fk; • ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfs;
tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kiw
fis tpsf;Fthu;.
7.4 tzpf tq;fp • tzpf tq;fpfspd; itg;Gf; • tzpf tq; f pfspdhy; Ngzg; g Lfpd; w 06
apdhy; Ngzg;gL fspd; tiffs;. gy;NtW itg;G tiffis mwpKfg;gLj;J
fpd;w gy;NtW • eilKiwf; fzf;F thu;.
itg;Gf;fs; (Nfs;tp itg;G) • tzpf tq; f pfspdhy; Ngzg; g Lfpd; w
mtw;w pdhy; • Nrkpg;G itg;G gy;NtW itg;G tiffSf;fpilapy; fhzg;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w • epiyahd itg;G gLfpd;w xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis xg;gPl;
fld;fs; vd;gd • gy;NtW itg;G tiffs; lwpthu;.
tzpfq; f spd; tzpfnuhUtUf; F Kf; f p • tzpf tq;fpfshy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW
nraw;ghLfspYk; aj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiw. itg;G tiffs; tzpfnuhUtUf;F Kf;fp
tsu;r;rpfspYk; • tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; aj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;L
Vw;gLj;Jk; toq;fg;gLk; fld;fs; thu;.
jhf;fq;fisr; • tq;fpNkyjpfg;gw;W • tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; fld;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;. • fld;fs; fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• tzpff; fld;
• Efu;Tf;fld;
27
7.5 tzpf tq;fpfsp • tzpf tq;fpfspd; Nrit • tzpf tq; f pfspdhy; toq; f g; g Lfpd; w 06
dhy; toq;fg;gL fs; Nritfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
fpd;w Nritfs; • gpujpfu;j;jhr; Nritfis • tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w xt;
tzpfq; f spd; toq; fy;. nthU NritfisAk; ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;F
nraw;ghLfspy; • Fj;jifr; Nritfs; thu;.
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w • ,yj;jpudpy; tq;fpr; • mr;Nritfs; tzpf eltbf;iffspd; kPJ
jhf;fj;ij vLj; Nrit (E - Banking) jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis tpsf;F
Jf; fhl;Lthu;. • tPL tiu tq;fpr;Nrit thu;.
(Home Banking) • njupT nra;j tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpw;F
• njhiyNgrp tq;fpr; tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
Nrit (Tele Banking) Nrit fisf; Nfl;lwpeJ ; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• mlFr; Nrit
• ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfr;
Nrit
• ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp
fspd; nfhs;tdTk;
tpw;gidAk;
• fldl;ilr;Nrit
• Neub itg;G eltbf;if
fs;
• gazpfs; fhNrhiy
toq; fy;.
• jd;dpaf;f tq;fpr; Nrit
• ehzaf;fbjk; toq;fy;
• Vida Nritfs;
• tzpf tq; f pr; Nrit
ahdJ tzpff; fUkq;
fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;
Jk; Kiw
28
7.6 fhNrhiyfisg; • fhNrhiy • fhNrhiyapid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;. 08

gad;gLj;jp • fhNrhiyAld; njhlu; • fhNrhiyAld; njhlu; G ila gpujhd
nfhLf; fy; Gila gpuptpdu;. gpuptpdu;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
thq;fy;fis • gpwg;gpg;gtu; - (Drawer) • fhNrhiy njhlu;gpy; mwpe;J fhNrhiy
,yFgLj; j f; • tiuAzp - nfhLzp nahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
$ba Kiw (Drawee) • fhNrhiyapid tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
fisr; Rl;bf; • gzk; ngWgtu; (Payee) • fl; l isf; fhNrhiyf; F k; > fhtpapd;
fhl;Lthu;. • fhNrhiyfspd; tiffs; fhNrhiyf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis
• fl;lisf; fhNrhiy tpsf;F thu;.
• fhtpapd; fhNrhiy • fhNrhiynahd;iw tiuAk;NghJ ftdj;
• fhNrhiynahd;iw tiu jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fis Kd;
Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpy; itg;ghu;.
nfhs;sNtz;ba • fhNrhiyapy; Nfhbliy mwpKfg;gLj;jp
tplaq;fs; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• fhNrhiyapy; Nfhbly; • Nfhbl;L toq;fg;gLfpd;w fhNrhiyia
• nghJ Kiwf; Nfhbly; rupahf mwpe;J mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
• rpwg;G Kiwf; Nfhbly; Nfhbly; tiffis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;L
• fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg; thu;.
gply; • nghJ Kiwf; Nfhbly;> rpwg;G Kiwf;
• fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gly; Nfhbly; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• fhNrhiyapy; Gwf; F wpg; g pliyg; gw; w p
tpsf;F thu;.
• fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gLjiy mwpKfg;gLj;jp
kWf; f g; g Ltjw; f hd re; j u; g ; g q; f isj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• toq; fg;g l; l jfty; fspd; mbg;g ilapy;
VNjDk; nfhLg;gdTnthd;wpwf ; hd fhNrhiy
apd; khjpupnahd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
29
7.7 ,yj; j pudpay; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 06

gzj;ijg; gad; • ,yj;jpudpay; gz • eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,yj;jpudpay;
gLj;jpf; nfhLf; tiffs; gz tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
fy; thq;fy; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;Jld; • ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilnahd;wpd; gz;G
fis ,yFgLj; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu; fisAk; mg;gz ml;ilAld; njhlu;Gila
jf;$ba Kiw • ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;il gpuptpdu;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
apidr; Rl;bf; nahd;wpd; gz;Gfs; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy;
fhl;Lthu;. • ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;ijg; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
thq;fy; nra;tjd; • gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w xt; n thU ,yj; j pu
mD$yq;fSk; gpujp dpay; gz tiffspd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikfis
$yq;fSk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
30
8 . 0 t z pf q ; 15
fspd; tho;
jd; i kf; F 8.1 tzpfq; f spd; • fhg;GWjp • ,lu; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;. 04
fhg; G Wjpapd; tho;jd; ikf;Ff; • tpsf; F jy; • tzpfq;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;
N ji tg; fhuzkha; mik • ,lu; ,lu;fspd; gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghl; b i d Ak; fhg;GWjpr; • tpsf; F jy; • fhg;GWjp vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ij toq;F
cWjpg; Nritapd; • fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba thu;.
gLj; J thu; . Kf;fpaj;Jtj; ,lu;fs; • fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fs;> fhg;GWjp
ijf; Nfl;lwpthu;. • fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fs; vd ,lu;fis
,lu;fs; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• fhg;GWjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fis tpsf;fp
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk; mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;Jld; • fhg;GWjp nra;aKbahj ,lu;fis tpsf;fp
njhlu;GgLk; gpuptpdu; mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jg;gj;jpuk; • tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Ff; fhg;GWjpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpup
tpdu;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
• fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
8.2 fhg;GWjpapd; • fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs; • fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. 06

eilKiw uPjp • fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik • fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupikapid cjhuzq;
ahd gad;ghl;bw; • cr;r ek;gpf;if fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
Fj; Jizahf • ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk; • fhg; G Wjp xg; g e; j nkhd; w pd; N ghJ cr; r
mikAk; fhg;GW • gjpyhs; itg;G ek; g pf; i fAld; nraw; g l Ntz; b ajd;
jpj; jj; J tq; • gq;fspg;Gj; jj;Jtk; Njitg;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.
fisj; Njb • mz;ik fhuzpfs;
awpthu;.
31
• kW fhg;GWjp • fhg; G Wjp nra; a g; g l; l Mjdnkhd; w pw; F

• xg;GWjp Vw;gl;l Nrjk; njhlu;gpy; ,og;gPl;bidr;
nrYj;Jk; nghOJ ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtj;jpd;
jhf;fj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• gjpyhs; itg;Gj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fp mjw;
fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpgg ; plL
; f; fhl;Lthu;.
• gq;fspg;Gj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fp mjw;fhd
cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ,og;gPl;bidr; nrYj;Jk;NghJ mz;ikf;
fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwapid
tpsf;F thu;.
• fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs; fhg;GWjpf;F Kf;fp
aj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapid kjpg;ghu;.
• toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpd; JizNahL
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• kWfhg;GWjp> xg;GWjp vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;F
thu;.
8.3 tzpfq; fis • fhg;GWjpapid tifg; • tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba 05

gy;NtWgl;l gLj; jy; fhg; G Wjp xg; g e; j tiffisg; gl; b aw;
,lu;fspypUe;J • MAs; fhg;GWjp gLj;Jthu;.
ghJfhf;ff;$ba • nghJf; fhg;GWjp • mt; xt;nthU fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffsp
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j • jP mghaf; fhg;GWjp Yk; cs;slf;fg;gLk; ,lu;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
tiffisg; • fstghaf; fhg;GWjp • MAs; fhg;GWjpfF ; k; Vida fhg;GWjpfF ;
guprPyid • ,aw;if mdu;j;jf; kpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nra;thu;. fhg;GWjp • jP mghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; fPo; fhg;GWj;jg;gLt
• flyghaf; fhg;GWjp Jk; fhg; G Wj; j g; g lhjJkhd ,lu; f is
• Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhg;GWjp
32
• nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp • Nkhl; l hu; thfd fhg; G Wjpapy; ngw; Wf;

• nghJ (kf;fs;) nfhs;sf; $ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffis
nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp tpgupg;ghu;.
• cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; • flyghaf; fhg; G Wjpapd; N ghJ ngw; W f;
nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp nfhs;sf;$ba gy;NtW fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j
• Copau; nghWg;Gf; tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
fhg;GWjp • toq;fg;gLk; tpla Ma;tpd; JizAld;
• topr; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j
• topg; gzf; fhg;GWjp tiffisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
33
9 . 0 t zp ff ; 10
fUkq; f spd;
ntw; w pf; F 9.1 njhlu;ghly; • njhlu;ghly; • njhlu;ghliy tpsf;Fthu;. 05
njhlu;ghliyg; nray;Kiwapd; • njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj; • tzpff; fUkq;fspd;NghJ njhlu;ghlypy;
gaD Wjp ntw;w pf;F Jtk; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;L
ahfg; gad; cWJizahf • tzpff; fUkq;fSf;fhdJ thu;.
gLj; J tjd; mikAk; • r%ff; fUkq;fSf;fhdJ • r%f eltbf;iffspd;NghJ njhlu;ghlypd;
N ji tg; fhuzpfisj; • njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghl; b id Njbaha;thu;. • njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw • njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapidg; gha;r;ry;
cWjpg; apd; mbg;gilfs; Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
gLj; J thu; . • mDg;Ggtu; • njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfis
• nra;jp tpsf;F thu;.
• Clfk; • gaDWjp nfhz; l njhlu; g hlnyhd; w py;
• ngWgtu; ,Uf; fNtz; ba gz;G fspd; gl;b anyhd;
• Jyq; fy; iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
• gpd;D}l;ly; • nra;jpnahd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;nghOJ ftdj;
• gaDWjp nfhz;l njhlu; jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;
ghlnyhd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz; ghff; ftdk; nrYj; j p re;j u; g; g j;j pw;F g;
ba gz;Gfs; nghUj;jkhd nra;jpnahd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
• jpUj;jkhdJ / nrk;ikahdJ
• RUf;f khdJ
• KOikahdJ
• njspthdJ
• newpKiwfSf;Fl;gl;lJ
• cWjpahdJ
• mq;fPfupff
; f;$baJ / ftd
<u;g;GilaJ
• nryT FiwthdJ /rpff ; d
khdJ
• JupjkhdJ
34
9.2 gy;NtW njhlu; • njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; • njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis mwpe;J nfhs; 05

ghly; Kiw • tha;nkhop (Oral) thu;.
fisf; Nfl; • vOj;J (Written) • xt;nthU njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fSf;Fkhd
lwpe;J gaDWjp • rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPL njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nfhz;l njhlu; fSk; (Signs) • etPd ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapid
ghlypy; <LgL • njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; tpsf;F thu;.
thu;. • ,yj; j pudpay; > ,yj; j pu • ,yj; j pudpayy; y hj njhlu; g hly; Kiw
dpay; my;yhj njhlu;ghly; fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• cs;sf> ntspafj; njhlu; • tzpf epWtdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mf> Gw
ghly; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• gaDWjp nfhz;l njhlu; • gaDWjptha;e;j njhlu;ghlYf;F Vw;gLk;
ghlYf;Fupa jilfs; jilfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• njhlu;ghlYf;Fupa jilfisj; jtpu;jJ ; f;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwfis Kd;nkhopthu;.
• gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd;
mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.
35
1 0 . 0 N ghf; F 20
tuj; J k;
toq; f y; 10.1 tzpfq; f spd; • Nghf;Ftuj;J • tzpf eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njit 04
NritAk; ntw;wpfF; g; • mwpKfk; ahd Nritnahd; w hf Nghf; F tuj; j pid
(Logistics) Nghf;F tuj;jpd; • Nghf; Ftuj;j pd; mbg; gil tpsf;F thu;.
t z pf q ; gaDWjpahd fs; • Nghf; F tuj; j pd; mbg; g il mk; r q; f isf;
fs pd; gq;fspg;gpidg; • tPjp / top Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
ntw; w pf; ngw;Wf; nfhs; • Clfk; • xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gilfSf;F
Fg; gq; sf;$ba Kiw • tY / rf;jp khd cjhuzq;fis toq;Fthu;.
fspg; G r; apidf; Nfl; • jupg;gplk; • khw;Wg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
nra; A k; lwpthu;. • gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J • xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwikfSf;F
Kiw Kiwfs; kika mjw;Fupa Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gil
a pidj; • ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J fSf; f hd cjhuzq; f is ml; ltizg;
N j b a wp • Gifapujtopg; Nghf;F gLj;Jthu;.
thu; . tuj;J • Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; xt;nthd;wpdJk;
• ePu;topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J xg;gPlL
; uPjpahd mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;
• thd;topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J fis xg;gpLthu;.
• gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J • Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Kiwfspd; mD$yq;fs;> tpgupg;ghu;.
gpujp$yq;fs; • Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapid tpidjpwdhf;
• Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj; fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Kd;nkhopT
Jtk; fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
10.2 re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; • Nghf;Ftuj; J Clfnkhd; • Nghf; F tuj; J Clfnkhd; i wj; njupT 04

nghUj;jkhd iwj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba
Nghf;Ftuj;J ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz; tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
KiwapidAk; ba tplaq;fs;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J • nghUspd; jd;ik
Clfj; j pidAk; • fpuak;
njupT nra;thu;. • Ntfk;
36
• Neuk; / fhyk; • Nghf; F tuj; J Clfnkhd; i wj; njupT

• nfhs;ssT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
• ghJfhg;ghdJ tplaq; f s; njhlu; g pyhd tpsf; f j; i jg;
• tpidjpwdhd Nghf;F ngw;W> nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Clf
tuj; J Ki wn ahd; w py ; nkhd;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.
,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfs; • tpidjpwdhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;
• Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; etPd wpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
Nghf;Ffs; • Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; etPd Nghf;Ffisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
• Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;
fpid vjpu;T $Wthu;.
10.3 tzpfq; f spd; • fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; • fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid 08

ntw;wpf;F fsQ; • mwpKfk; tpsf;F thu;.
rpag;gLj;jypd; • fsQ; r parhiynahd; i w • fsQ; r parhiynahd; i w epWTk; n ghOJ
gaDWjpahd epWTk;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisg;
gq; f spg; g pidg; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; • toq;Fdu; njhlu;ghf • fsQ; r parhiynahd; i w epWTk; n ghOJ
Kiwapidf; • Efu;Nthu; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj; j Ntz; b a tplaq; f is
Nfl;lwpthu;. • cs;ehl;L ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.
• ntspehl;L • fsQ;rpahrhiynahd;iw epWTjy; njhlu;
• nghUspd; jd;ik ghd jPu;khdk; rupahd Kiwapy; vLf;f
• fsQ;rparhiyapd; gUkd; Ntz;Lnkd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUl;fis itj;
jpUf;f Ntz;ba Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
37
• fsQ; r parhiynahd; w py; • nghjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; jd;ikf;

nghUl;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; fika fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUl;fs;
Kiw itf; f g; g l; L s; s Kiwapidr; Rl; b f;
• fsQ;rparhiyapYs;s fhl;Lthu;.
nghUl;fis ,lk;khw;wy;. • fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUl;fis ,lk;
khw;w Ntz;ba Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
10.4 Nghf;Ftuj;J> • Nghf; F tuj; J k; toq; f y; • Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; toq;fy; NritiaAk; 04

toq;fy; Nrit NritAk; (Logistics) tpsf;F thu;.
vd; g d njhlu; • mwpKfk; • Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk;
ghf mwpe;J • Njitg;ghL Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;thu;. • gad;fs; • Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk;
gad;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
38
1 1 . 0 cw; g j; j p 40
fis tpep
Nahfpg; g 11.1 tpahghuj;jpd; • tpahghuk; • tpahghuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;. 06
jw ; F t p a h tiffs; njhlu; • tpsf; F jy; • tpahghuj;ij tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghuk; gq; gpy; Njbawpthu;. • tpahghuj;jpd; tiffs; • tpepNahfr; nrad; K iwfs; ,lk; n gWk;
fspg; G r; • cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; gy;NtW Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
nra; A k; • nkhj;j tpahghuk; • tpepNahfr; nray;Kiw ,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW
Kiw • rpy;yiw tpahghuk; Kiwfis gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpd;
a pidj; • ntspehl;L tpahghuk; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
Njb • Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; • toq;fg;gl;l gz;lnkhd;wpw;fhd tpepNahfr;
awpthu; . • ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk; nrad; Kiwiag; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L tiu
• tpepNahfr; nray;Kiw glj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
• tpahghu ,ileLtu;fs; • tpahghu ,ileLtu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
• nkhj;j tpahghupfs; • tpahghu ,ileLtu;fspd; njhopw;ghLfis
• rpy;yiw tpahghupfs; kjpg;ghu;.
• gpujpepjpfs; / Kftu;fs; • gpujpepjpfis mtu;fs; toq;Fk; Nritf;
• tpahghuj;jpw;F ,ileLtu; Nfw;g tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; • tpahghuj; j pw; F ,ileLtu; f isg; gad;
fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fSk;> gLj; J tjdhy; fpilf; F k; mD$yq; f s; >
gpujp$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
11.2 rpy;yiw • rpy;yiw tpahghuk; • rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

tpahghuk; • tpsf; F jy; • rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfisj; njspT
eilngWk; • gz;Gfs; gLj;Jthu;.
Kiwapidj; • rpy;yiw tpahghupapdhy; • gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaq;
Njbawpthu;. epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nrit fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
fs; • rpy;yiw tpahghupapdhy; cw;gj;jpahsDf;
• cw;gj;jpahsUf;F Fk; nkhj;j tpahghupf;Fk;> Efu;NthDf;Fk;
• nkhj;j tpahghupf;F fpilf; F k; Nritfis ntt; N twhfg;
• Efu;NthUf;F gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
39
• rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; • rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid ntspg;

Nghf;F gLj;Jthu;.
11.3 nkhj; j • nkhj;j tpahghuk; • nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

tpahghuk; • tpsf; F jy; • nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
eilngWk; • gz;Gfs; • gpuNjrj;jpYs;s nkhj;j tpahghu epiyaq;
Kiwapidj; • nkhj;j tpahghupapdhy; fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
Njbawpthu;. fpilf;fg; ngWk; Nritfs; • nkhj;j tpahghupapdhy; cw;gj;jpahsDf;Fk;>
• cw;gj;jpahsDf;F rpy;yiw tpahghupf;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngWk;
• rpy;yiw tpahghupf;F Nritfis ntt;Ntwhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;L
thu;.
11.4 ntspehl;L • ntspehl;L tpahghuk; • ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 06

tpahghuk; kw;Wk; • tpsf; F jy; • ntspehl; L tpahghuj; j pw; F mbg; g ilah
mjDld; • mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg; aike;j fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
,ize;j gl;l fhuzpfs; • n ts pe hl; L tpahghuj; j pd; tiffi s
mD$yq;fs; • tiffs; ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.
jilfs; • ,wf; F kjp • ntspehl; L tpahghuj; j pd; ed; i kfis
njhlu;ghff; • Vw;Wkjp kjpg;ghu;.
Nfl;lwpthu;. • kPs; Vw;Wkjp • Rje;jpu tu;j;jfk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,wf;fp Vw;wy; • Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpw;F vjpuhff; fhzg;gLk;
• mD$yq;fs; jilfis Rq;ftup kw;Wk; Rq;ftup mw;w
• Rje;jpu tu;j;jfk; (Free vDk; tifapy; tifg; g Lj; j p mtw; i w
Trade) tpsf;F thu;.
• tpsf; F jy;
• Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpw;Ff;
fhzg;gLk; jilfs;
• Rq;ftup / jPu;it
• Rq;ftup mw;w / jPu;it
mw;w
40
11.5 Vw;Wkjp> • Vw;Wkjp ,wf;F kjpf;f hd • Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpf;Fupa eilKiwfis 06

,wf; F kjp eilKiwfs; tpgupg;ghu;.
eilKiwfisf; • gad;gLj;jg;gLk; • Vw; Wkjp> ,wf; F kjp tpahghuj; j pd; N ghJ
Nfl;lwpe;J Mtzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fisg; gl;bay;
ntspehl;L • njhlu;GgLk; epWtdq; gLj;Jthu;.
tpahghuj;jpy; fSk; gbKiwfSk; • Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;Jld; njhlu;
gpuNtrpgg; jw;fhd • gzf;nfhLg;gdT Kiw Gila epWtdq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
Maj;j j; ij fs; • Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfspd; xt;
ntspg;g Lj;jpf; • tq;fpahiz nthU re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJk; njhlu;GgLk;
fhl;Lthu;. • ehzaf;fbjk; epWtdq;fs;> mitfspdhy; gad;gLj;jg;
• ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg; gLk; Mtzq;fs;> mt;thtzq;fspd; Kf;fp
gdT Kiwfs; aj;Jtk; Nghd;w jfty;fis ml;ltizg;
gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ntspehl; L tpahghuj; j pd; N ghJ gzf;
nfhLg;gdT ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapid ntt;
Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.
11.6 ru;tNjr • tpahghur; rq;fq;fs;/ tpah • ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; 08

rq;fq;fs;> ghuf; $l;Lf;fs; (Trade Blocks) nra;Ak; tpahghur; rq;fq;fs;> tpahghu
tpahghu xg;ge; • INuhg;gpar; rq;fk; xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; vd;g
jq;fs;> mikg; • Mrpahd; mikg;G tw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; rku;gg ; pg;ghu;.
Gf;fs; vd;gd • vl;L ehLfspd; FO (G8) • tpahghur; rq;fq;fs; (tpahghu tyak;)
tw;wpd; nraw; • tpahghu xg;ge;jk; ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fr;
ghLfs; ntsp • tl mnkupf;fh Rje;jpu nrYj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
ehl;L tpahghuj; tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; • tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;
jpd; Nkk;ghl; (NAFTA) vd;gd ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
bw;Fg; gq;fspg; • njw;fhrpa Rje;jpu tpah jhf;fj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
Gr; nra;Ak; ghu xg;ge;jk; (SAFTA) • ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;Ffisj;
Kiwapidj; • Mrpah gRgpf; tpahghu Njbawpthu;.
Njbawpthu;. xg;ge;jk; (APTA)
41
• ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;
• cyf tpahghu mikg;G
(WTO)
• rhu;f; mikg;G (SAARC)
(njw;fhrpa tya
xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd rq;fk;)
• Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
(ADB)
• Gduikg;G mgptpUj;jp
njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp
(IBRD - cyf tq;fp)
• ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;
(IMF)
• tpahghur; rq;fq;fs;> tpah
ghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr
mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;wp
dhy; ru;tNjr tpahghuj;
jpw;F Vw;gLk; mOj;jq;fs;
• ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd;
Nghf;Ffs;
42
11.7 ,yj; j pudpay; • ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; • ,yj; j pudpay; tzpfk; > ,yj; j pudpay; 06
tzpfkhdJ • ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk; tu;j;jfk; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
tpahghuj;jpd; • ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; • ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
Nkk;ghl;bw;Fg; • tpsf; F jy; • ,yj;j pudpay; tpahghuj; jpd; eilKiw
gq;fspg;Gr; • eilKiwfs; fis tpsf;Fthu;.
nra;Ak; Kiw • mD$yq;fSk;> tiu • ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpd; mD$yq;fs;>
apidr; Rl;bf; aiwfSk; tiuaiwfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
fhl;Lthu;. • ,yj; j pudpay; tpahghuk; • ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; eilngWk; Kiw
eilngWk; Kiwfs; apid ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.
• tzpfuplkpUe;J tzpf
Uf;F (B2B)
• tzpfuplkpUe;J Efu;
NthUf;F (B2C)
• Efu;NthdplkpUe;J Efu;
NthDf;F (C2C)
• murplkpUe;J Fbkf;f
Sf;F (G2C)
• tzpfuplkpUe;J murpw;F
(B2G)
• murplkpUe;J tzpfUf;F
(G2B)
300
43
6.2 juk; - 13w;fhd ghlj;jpll
; k;
1 2 . 0 jdpe gu; 45
fspdJk; >
mikg; G f; 12.1 Kfhikj; J tj; • Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fU • Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; 03
fspdJk; jpd; Njitg; • Kfhikj;JtKk;> mjd; fw;gjd; %yk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d
Nehf; f q; ghl;bidAk; Njitg;ghLk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
fis Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • tpidjpwDk;> gaDWjpAk; • K f h i k j ; J t k h d J j d p e g u ; f S f ; F
epiwNtw; Ak; cWjpg; • Kfhikj;J tj;jpd; kl; Lkd; w p mikg; G fspd; Nehf; f q; f is
wpf; nfhs; gLj;Jthu;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mile; J nfhs; t jw; F k; mtrpakhdJ
tjw; f hf vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Kfhikj; • tpidjpwd;> gaDWjp Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;
Jtj; j pd; fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
N ji tg; • Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspT
ghl; b id gLj;Jthu;.
Ak; Kf; f p
aj; J tj; ;
ijA k; 12.2 Kfhikj;Jtr; • Kfhikj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfs; • Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ nrad;Kiwnahd;wh 03
Rl; b f; nrad;Kiw • Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiw Fk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhl; L thu; . fisj; Njb apd; fUkq;fs;. • Kfhikj;Jtj;Jr; nrad;Kiwapid gha;r;
awpthu;. • jpl;lkply; ry; Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
• xOq;fikj;jy; • Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU
• newpg;gLj;jy; fUkq;fisAk; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;J
• fl;Lg;gLj;jy; thu;.
;
12.3 Kfhikhahs • Kfhikahsu; • Kfhikahsu; vd;why; ahu; vd;gij mwpe;j 04

nuhUtupd; • Kfhikahsupd; tfpghfq;fs; nfhs;thu;.
gy;NtWgl;l • Mspil tfpghfk; • KfhikahsnuhUtupd; gy;NtW tfpghfq;
tfpghfq;fisj; • jfty; tfpghfk; fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Njbawpthu;. • jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tfpghfk; • xt;nthU Kfhikj;Jt tfpghfj;jpw;FKupa
fUkq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
44
• toq;fg;gLk; epWtdnkhd;wpd; Kfhikahs

nuhUtupd; gy; N tW tfpghfq; f Sf; F upa
fUkq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;jthu;.
• KfhikahsnuhUtupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gL
fpd; w fUkq; f s; vt; t fpghfj; j pw; F upaJ
vd;gijj; njspthfr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
12.4 gy;NtW • gy;NtW Kfhikj;Jt • epWtdnkhd; w pd; gy;N tW Kfhikj; J t 04

Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fs; kl;lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
kl;lq;fSf;Fj; • cau;epiy Kfhikj;Jt • gy;NtW epWtdq;fspy; xt;nthU Kfhikj;
Njitahd kl;lk; Jt kl;lq;fspYk; nraw;gLfpd;w Kfhik
Kfhikj;J tj; • ,ilepiy Kfhikj;Jt ahsu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpgg ; pL
jpwd;fis kl;lk; thu;.
mwpe;J • Kjy; tupir Kfhikj;Jt • xt;nthU Kfhikj;Jt kl;lj;jpw;FNkw;g
nfhs;thu;. kl;lk; Kfhikhahsu; f Sf; F j; Njitg; g Lfpd; w
• KfhikahsnuhUtuplk; jpwd;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
,Uf;fNtz;ba jpwd;fs;. • epWtdnkhd;wpy; KfhikahsnuhUtuplk;
• vz;zf; fUthf;fj;jpwd; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fis
• khdplj; njhlu;G rk;ge;j ntt;Ntwhfr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
khd jpwd;fs; (Mspilj; • gy;NtW Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fisAk;> mk;
njhlu;Gfs;) kl;lq;fspYs;s Kfhikahsu;fsplk; ,Uf;f
• njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs; Ntz;ba jpwd;fSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
• gy;NtW Kfhikj;Jt fisAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
kl;lq;fSf;F k; Kfhikj;
Jtj;jpwd;fSf;Fkpilapyhd
njhlu;G
45
12.5 jPu;khdnkLg;g • jP u;khdnkLj;jy;. • “jPu;khdnkLj;jy;” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpidj; 04

jw;F xOq;fhd • jP u ; k hdnkLj; j Yk; > gpur; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
K i w n a h d ; w p rpid jPu;j;jYk;. • jPu;khdnkLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiw
idg; gpd; g w; W • jPuk; hdnkLj;jy; nrad;Kiw fis xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
thu;. • gpur;rpidapid ,dq; • jPu;khdnkLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU
fhzy; . gbKiwapidAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T • jPuk
; hdnkLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapidg; gpdg; w;wp
nra;jy;. VjhtJ gpur;rpidnahd;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
• khw;Wj; jPu;Tfisf; fl;b jPu;khdj;ij vLg;ghu;.
naOg;gy;.
• khw;W topfis kjpg;gpl
Yk; rpwe;j khw;W top
apidj; njupT nra;jYk;
• nraw;gLj;jy;
• kjpg;gLP k; kPstYt+l;lYk;
12.6 Nehf;fj;jpidr; • jpl;lkply; • Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fsp 04

rpwg;ghf mile;J • jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiw D}lhfj; jpl;lkplYf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
nfhs;tjw;fhd • jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; • jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis
jpl;lq;fis gbKiwfs; xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
cUthf;F thu;. • #oy; gFg;gha;T • jpl; l kply; nrad; K iwapd; xt; n thU
• gyk;> gytPdk;> tha;g;Gf; gbKiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
fs;> mr;RWj;jy; vd;gd • rpwe; j jpl; l kpln yhd; w pd; gz; G fis
tw;iw ,dq;fhzy;. tpgupg;ghu;.
• J}uNehf;F> ,yl;rpa • jpl; l kplypd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jr; Rl; b f;
Nehf;F> ,yf;F vd;g fhl;Lthu;.
tw;iw epWTjy;. • jpll
; kplypdN ; ghJ cUthfpdw ; gpur;rpidfs;>
tiuaiwfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
46
• cgha topKiwfis • fhzg;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidnahd;wpw;F jpl;l

mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. kply; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfisg; gpd;
• jpl;lj;jpidr; nraw; gw;wpj; jpl;lnkhd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
gLj;j y; .
• ntw;wpapid mstplYk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;
• rpwe; j jpl; l kplnyhd; w pd;
gz;Gfs;
• jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• jpl;lkplypd;NghJ cUth
fpd;w gpur;rpidfSk; tiu
aiwfSk;
12.7 ntw;wpfukhd • xOq;fikj;jy; • xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;. 04

Kfhikj;J tj; • xOq;fikj;jypd; gbKiw • xOq;fikj;jypd; gbKiwfis xOq;F
jpw;F xOq; fs; gLj;Jthu;.
fikg;gpd; • njhopw;ghLfis (nraw; • xOq;fikj;jypd; xt;nthU gbKiwfis
Njitg;ghl; ghLfs;) ,dq;fhzy;. Ak; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
bid cWjpg; • Ntiyg;gfpu;T • nraw;gLk; epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff;
gLj;Jthu;. • jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy; nfhz;L xOq;fikj;jypd; xt;nthU gb
• mjpfhuq;fisAk;> nghWg; KiwfisAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Gf;fisAk; xg;gilj;jy;. • epWtdnkhd;wpd; ntw;wpf;F xOq;fikj;j
• Ntiy nra;Ak; epakq; ypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fis cUthf;fy;.
• tsq;fisg; gfpue
; j
; spj;jy;
• ,izg;ghf;fk; / gpujpepjpj;
Jtk;
• xOq;fikj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtk;
47
12.8 n t w ; w p f u k h d • epWtdf; (mikg;G) fl;likg;G • epWtdf; fl;likg;igj; njspTgLj;Jthu;. 04

xOq;fikj;jyp;d; • xOq;fikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghL • fl;lisaplypd; xOq;FKiwapid njspT
N g h J f t d k ; • fl;lisaply; xOq;F gLj;Jthu;.
nrYj; j Ntz; b a Kiw • fl;lisaply; rq;fpyp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
vz;zf;fUf;fisg; • fl;lisaply; rq;fpyp • fl;Lg;ghl;;L xOq;FKiwapidj; njspT
gFj;jha;thu;. • fl;Lg;ghl;L xOq;FKiw gLj;Jthu;.
•mjpfhuKk;> nghWg;Gf; • mjpfhuk;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> xg;gilf;fg;gLfpd;w
fSk; Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ikag;gLj;jy; • ikag;gLj;jy;> gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w
• gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUf;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• mikg;G tiuglk; • tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpd; epWtdf; fl;likg;gpid>
mikg;G tiuglnkhd;wpd; %yk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
• mikg;G tiuglnkhd;wpid Kd;itf;ff;
$ba Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il mikg;G tiu
glk; %yk; ntspg; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w Kiw
apidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
12.9 newpg;gLj;jy; • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw • newpg;g Lj;j y; nrad; Kiwf;F upa fUkq; 04
nrad;Kiwapidf; • jiyikj;Jtk; fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nfl;lwpe;J • Cf;fkspj;jy; • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;l fUk
mjw;F ,Uf;f • njhlu;ghly; nkhd;whfj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
Ntz;ba • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw • jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bid Rl;bf;
jiyikj;Jtg; apy; cs;slq;Ffpd;w fUk fhl;Lthu;.
gz;Gfis nkhd;whf jiyikj;Jtk;. • gy; N tW jiyikj; J tg; ghq; F fisj;
tpgupg;ghu;. • tpsf; F jy; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs; • jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
(Styles) • toq; f g; g l; l epfo; n thd; w pd; cjtpAld;
• jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;FfisAk;> jiyikj;
Jtg; gz;GfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
48
12.10 newpg;gLj;jy; • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;l fUk 04

nrad;Kiw apy; cs; s lq; F k; fUk nkhd;whd Cf;Ftpg;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
apid ntw;wp nkhd;whf Cf;Ftpg;G. • Cf;Ftpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fukhf;f pf; • tpsf; F jy; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs; tjw;F • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • epjprhu;e;j Cf;Ftpg;G KiwfSf;F cjhu
Cf;Ftpg;G • Cf;Ftpg;G ,lk;ngWk; zq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
cjTfpd; w Kiwfs; • epjprhuhj Cf;Ftpg;G Kiwfisj; njspT
Kiwapidr; • epjprhu;e;j gLj;Jthu;.
Rl;bf; • epjprhuhj • njupT nra;j tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpy; gpd;
fhl;Lthu;. gw;wg;gLfpd;w Cf;Ftpg;G Kiwfisj; Njbg;
ghu;g;ghu;.
• toq; f g; g l; l epfo; n thd; w pd; cjtpAld;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w Cf;Ftpg;G Kiwfisr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
12.11 newpg;gLj;jy; • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw • newpg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk; 03

nrad;Kiw apy; cs; s lq; F k; fUk fUknkhd;whfj; njhlu;ghliy tpsf;Fthu;.
apid ntw;wp nkhd;whfj; njhlu;ghly;. • njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspT
fukhf Nkw; • tpsf; F jy; gLj;Jthu;.
nfhs;tjw;Fr; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • mikg;nghd;wpDs; njhlu;ghly; ,lk; ngW
rpwe;j njhlu; • njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; fpd;w gy;NtW Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
ghly; cjT Kiwfs; • toq; f g; g l; l epfo; n thd; w pd; cjtpAld;
fpd; w Kiw • epiyf;Fj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW KiwfSf;
apidr; Rl;bf; • NkypUe;J fPohf fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
fhl;Lthu;. • fPopUe;J Nkyhf • Kiwikahd> Kiwikaw;w njhlu;ghly;
• fpilj; njhlu;ghly; fs; tzpfj;jpd; njhlu;ghlypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• Kiwikahd> Kiwik ngWfpd;w Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
aw;w njhlu;ghly;
49
12.12 cj;Njr Nehf; • fl;Lg;ghL • fl;Lg;ghL vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

fj;jpid epiw • tpsf; F jy; • fl;Lg;ghl;L nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis
Ntw;wpf; nfhs; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
tjw;Ff; fl;Lg; • fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; nrad; • fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU
ghl;bd; Njitg; Kiwfs; gbKiwfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
ghl;bidAk; • epakq;fis epWTjy; • fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj; • nraw;ghl;L tpisTfis • fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; njspTgLj;Jtjw;
ijAk; Njb msj; jy; fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
awpthu;. • khwpfis ,dq;fhzy; • toq; fg; gl; l epfo;n thd;w pd; cjtpAld;
• jpUj;J tjw; fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;
• fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;
• jLj;jy; (Kd;D}l;ly;
fl;Lg;ghL)
• eilKiwf; (nrad;Kiw)
fl;Lg;ghL
• tOf;fisj; jpUj;Jjy;
(gpd;D}l;ly; fl;Lg;ghL)
50
1 3 . 0 tzpfq; 45
fspd;
ntw; w pf; F 13.1 nraw;ghl;L Kfh • nraw;ghl;L vz;zf;fU • nraw; g hl; L vz; z f; f Utpid mwpe; J 03
nraw; i k j ; J t j ; j p d ; • nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; nfhs;thu;.
ghl; L Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • tpsf; F jy; • nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
Kfhikj; Ak; njhopw;ghL • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • nraw; g hl; L Kfhikj; J tj; j pd; Kf; f paj;
Jtj; j pd; f i s A k ; N j b • fUkq;fs;/ njhopw;ghLfs; Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
gq; f spg; awpthu; • nraw; g hl; L Kfhikj; J tf; fUkq; f is
gpid kjpg; xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
ghu; . • nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fUkq;fis
ntt;Ntwhfr; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
13.2 nghUs; cw;gj;jp • cw;gj;jp Kiwfs; • cw;gj;jp Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;. 08

Kiwfisf; • tpsf; F jy; • cw;gj;jp Kiwfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nfl;lwpe;J • tifg;gLj;Jjy; • xt;nthU cw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; njspT
nghUj;jkhd • fl;lis cw;gj;jp gLj;Jthu;.
cw;gj; jp • tpsf; F jy; • xt; n thU cw; g j; j p Kiwfs pYKs ; s
Kiwfis • mD$ykhd> gpujp$y mD$ykhd> gpujp$ykhd gz; G fisr;
Kd;nkhopthu;. khd gz;Gfs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• njhFjp cw;gj;jp • eilKiwapYs; s cw; g j; j pnahd; w pw; F g;
• tpsf; F jy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w cw;gj;jp Kiwapidr;
• mD$ykhd> gpujp Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
$ykhd gz;Gfs; • cw;gj;jp Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;
• gha;r;ry; cw;gj;jp NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;
• tpsf; F jy; fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• mD$ykhd> gpujp$y • toq;fg;gLk; nghUs; cw;gj;jp Kiwnahd;wpw;
khd gz;Gfs; Fg; nghUj;jkhd cw;gj;jp Kiwnahd;iw
Kd;nkhopthu;.
51
• cw;gj;jp Kiwnahd;wpidj; • njhopw;rhiy nghwp ,l mikg;Gj; jpl;l

njupT nra;jy;. nkhd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;L
• cw;gj;jp Kiwnahd;wpidj; thu;.
njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj; • njhopw;rhiy nghwp ,l mikg;Gj; jpl;l
jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tiffisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
tplaq;fs;
• njhopw;rhiy nghwp ,l
mikg;Gj;jpl;lk;
13.3 nkhj;j tUkhdj; • nkhj;jf; fpuak; • nkhj;jf; fpuaj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;. 06

jpidAk; nkhj;jf; • epiyahd fpuak; • fpuaj;jpid epiyahd fpuak;> khWk; fpuak;
fpuaj;ijAk; • khWk; fpuak; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
xg;gpl;Lr; rkg;ghl; • nkhj;j tUkhdk; • xt;nthU fpua tiff;Fk; cjhuzq;fisj;
Lg; Gs; s piaf; • rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spg; jUthu;.
fzpg;ghu;. gFg;gha;T • nkhj;j tUkhdk; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• rkd;ghl;bD}lhf • rkg;ghl;Lg;Gs;sp vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• tiugpd; %ykhf • rkd; ghl; b D}lhf rkg; g hl; Lg; Gs; spapidf;
• rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spg; gFg;gha; fzpg;gpLthu;.
tpd; ed;ikfs; • toq;f g;gLfpd;w jfty;fspd; cjtpAld;
• rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spg; gFg;gha; rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;sp tiuglj;jpid tiuthu;.
tpd; tiuaiwfs; • tiuglj;jpd; cjtpAld; rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;sp
apidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• toq;fg;gLk; jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; my
nfhd;wpw;fhd gq;fspg;G> rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;sp
myFfspd; vz;zpf;if> ngWkjp vd;gtw;
iwf; fzpg;ghu;.
• rkg;ghl;Lg;Gs;spg; gFg;gha;tpd; ed;ikfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• rkg;ghl;Lg;Gs;spg; gFg;gha;tpd; tiuaiw
fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
52
13.4 nghUs; nfhs; • nfhs;tdT nra;jy; • epWtdnkhd; W nghUl; f s; > Nritfis 04

tdit ntw;wp • nghUl;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;a Ntz;bajd; Njitg;
fukhf Nkw; • Nritfs; ghl;bidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
nfhs;tjw;Ff; • nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; • nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs;> Nrit
ftdj; j py; eilKiwfs; fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nfhs;s Ntz; • nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ • nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nrad;Kiwapd; gb
ba fhuzpfisr; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kiwfis xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;. tplaq;fs; • nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nrad;Kiwapd; xt;
nthU gbKiwapidAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
• nfhs; t dT nra; A k; N ghJ ftdj; j py;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
13.5 ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg; • ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL • ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;. 05

ghl;bw;Fg; • tpsf; F jy; • ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj;
nghUj;jkhd • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kiwfisj; • ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL • gy;NtW ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis
Njbawpthu;. Kiwfs; ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
• ,Ug;G kl;lj;jpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
• ABC gFg;gha;T Kiw
• ,ul;ilg; ghj;jpu nfhs;
fyd; Kiw
• njhlu; ,Ug;G mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jk; Kiw
• fzpdp Ntiyj;jpl;lk;
• JIT Kiw
53
13.6 cj;jk ,Ug; • ,Ug;G kl;lq;fs; • cj;jk ,Ug;gpidg; NgZtjw;Fj; Njit 05

gpidg; NgZt • kWfl;lis kl;lk; ahd gy;NtW ,Ug;G kl;lq;fis ntt;
jw;Fj; Njit • ,opT ,Ug;G kl;lk; Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
ahd ,Ug;G • cr;r ,Ug;G kl;lk; • ,Ug;G kl;lq;fisf; fzpg;gpLk; nghOJ
kl;lj; jpidj; • ,Ug;G kl;lq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj;
Jzpthu;. fzpj; j y; . njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ,Ug;G kl;lq;fis tiuG • toq; f g; g l; l jfty; f spd; cjtpAld;
%yk; fhl;Ljy;. gy;NtW ,Ug;G kl;lq;fisf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
• ,Ug;G kl;lq;fis tiughf Kd;itg;ghu;.
13.7 ,Ug;Gf; fpuak; • nkhj;j ,Ug;Gf; fpuak; • ,Ug;Gj; njhlu;ghd fpuaj;ij tifg;gLj;jpf; 05
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; • ,Ug;Gf; fl;lisapLk; fhl;Lthu;.
nrYj;jp nghUsh fpuak; • ,Ug;Gf; fpua tiffis cjhuzq;fSld;
jhuf; fl;lisf; • ,Ug;Gg; NgZjy; fpuak; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fzpaj;i jf; • nghUshjhuf; fl;lisf; • nghUshjhuf; fl;lisf; fzpak; vd;gijj;
fzpg;ghu;. fzpak; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• fzpj; j y; • #j;jpu Kiwf;Nfw;g nghUshjhuf; fl;lisf;
• #j;jpu / rkd;ghl;L Kiw fzpaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
• tiuG Kiw • ,Ug;G njhlu;ghd fpua tiffis tiuG
uPjpahff; fhl;b> nghUshjhuf; fl;lis
fzpaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
13.8 ntspaPLfspd; • juk; • ntspaPl;bd; juk; vd;gjid njspT 04

juj; jpid • juf; fl;Lg;ghL gLj;Jthu;.
cWjpg;gLj;J • juf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; • juf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gjid njspTgLj;Jthu;.
tjw; f hf juf; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • juf; fl; L g; g hl; b d; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
fl;Lg;ghl;L • juf; fl;Lg;ghl;L El;g kjpg;ghu;.
Kiwfisj; Kiwfs; • juf; fl;Lg;ghl;L El;gKiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
Njbawpthu;. • jutl;lk;
• g+r;rpa tO
54
• jug;ghJfhg;G
• ju epakk;
• Gs;sp tpgu uPjpahd juf;
fl;Lg;ghL
13.9 nraw;ghl;L • tpisjpwd; (gaDWjp) • tpisjpwid tpsf;Fthu;. 05

tpisjpwid • tpsf; F jy; • tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$ba
Nkk;gLj;J • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
tjw; f hd • tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; • nghUspd; tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf;
Kiwfisj; nfhs;sy;. nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
Njbawpthu;. • gz;lq;fspd; tpis fhl;Lthu;.
jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. • ,ae;jpu tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;
• ,ae;jpu tpisjpwid $ba Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. • Copa tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;
• Copa tpisjpwid $ba Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
55
14.0 tzpfj; j pd; 45

ntw; w pf; F
re; i jg; 14.1 re;ijg;gLj;j • re;ijg;gLj;jy; • tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; cjtpAld; re;ijg; 06
gLj; j y; Yf;F mbg;gil • tpsf; F jy; gLj;jiy tpsf;Fthu;.
Kfhikj; ahfTs;s mbg; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • re;ijg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspT
J t j; j p d ; gil vz; zf; • re; i jg; g Lj; j Yf; F r; rhu; gLj;Jthu;.
gq; f spg; fUf;fisj; Njb ghd vz;zf;fUf;fs; • re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;
gpid kjpg; awpthu;. • Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
ghu; . Nfs; tp • Njit> tpUg;gk;> Nfs;tp Nghd;w vz;zf;
• cw;gj; jp fUf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w njhlu;
• ngWkjpAk; jpUg;jpAk; gpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• gupkhw;wk;> nfhLf;fy; • cw;gj;jpapid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
thq;fy;> njhlu;G • ngWkjp> jpUg;jp Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fSf;
• re;ij fpilapyhd njhlu;G> NtWghL vd;gtw;iwj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• gupkhw; wk;> nfhLf;f y; thq;f y; > njhlu; G
Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• re;ij vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;
fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
14.2 re; i jg; g Lj; j y; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jj;Jtq;fs; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU vd;why; vd;d 04
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; (vz;zf;fUf;fs;) vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
guk;giyj; Njb • re; i jg; g Lj; j y; vz; z f; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU xt;nthd;iwAk;
awpe;J gy;NtW fUf;fspd; guk;gy; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
re; i jg; g Lj; j y; • cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fU • re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUf;fis xg;gPl;L
vz;zf;fUf;fis • cw;gj;jpgn ; ghUs; vz;zf;fU uPjpapy; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
xg;gpLthu;. • tpw;gid vz;zf;fU
56
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU • fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU

• r%f re;ijg;gLj;jy; khw;wkile;j Kiwapid tpgupg;ghu;.
vz;zf; fU • eilKiwapy; nraw;gLfpd;w epWtdnkhd;W
• thbf;ifahsu; vz;zf;fU gpd;gw;Wfpd;w re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU/
• KOikahd (Holistic) vz;zf;fUf;fisj; Njbaha;thu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU
14.3 ,yf;Fr; re;ijg; • re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fy; • re;ij Jz;lkhf;fy; vd;g jw;F tpsf;fk; 04
gLj;jy; eil • re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fypd; $Wthu;.
Kiwapidj; ed;ikfs; • Efu;Nthu; re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fYf;F gad;
Njb awpthu;. • Efu;Nthu; re;ijj; Jz;l gLj;Jfpdw; mbg;gilapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
khf;fypd; mbg;gilfs; • re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fypd; ed;ikfisr; Rl;bf;
• ,yf;Fr; re;ij fhl;Lthu;.
• re; i japDs; epiyj;j pUj; • ,yf;Fr; re;ij vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
jy; • njupT nra;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpw;fhd
re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fiyr; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
• re;ijapy; epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba Kiwfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
14.4 re; i jg; g Lj; j y; • nghUl; fspd; re; ijg; gLj; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 06
fyitapidAk; jy; fyit - tzpfupd; • nghUl;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit khwp
mjd; khwpfis ghu;itapy; (4Ps) fis tzpfupd; ghu;itapy; mwpeJ; nfhs;thu;.
Ak; tzpfupdJk; • cw;gj;jp (Product) • Nritf;fhd re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; khwp
thbf;ifahsupd • tpiy (Price) fis tzpfupd; ghu;itapy; mwpe;J nfhs;
Jk; ghu; itapy; • ,lk; (Place) thu;.
Njbawpthu;. • Nkk;gLj;jy; (Promotion) • re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapid thbf;ifahs
upd; ghu;itapy; tpgupg;ghu;.
57
• NritfSf; f hd re; i jg; • ntw;wpfukhd re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fr; re;ijg;

gLj;jy; fyit - tzpfupd; gLj; j y; fyitapd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jr;
ghu;itapy; (7Ps = 4Ps + 3Ps) Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• Copau;FO (People)
• nrad;Kiw (Process)
• ngsjPfr; Rw;WGwr;#oy;
(Physical Evidence)
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit -
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; ghu;it
apy; (4Cs)
• Efu;Nthu; NjitfSk;
tpUg;gq;fSk; (Consumer
needs & wants)
• fpuak; (Cost)
• trjp (Convenience)
• njhlu;ghly; (Communication)
14.5 re; i jg; g Lj; j f; • cw;gj;jpfs; • cw;gj;jpapid tpsf;Fthu;. 04

$ba gy; N tW • nghUl;fs; • cw;gj;jpia tpupthf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
c w ; g j ; j p f s ; • Nritfs; • xt;nthU cw;gj;jp tifapidAk; njspT
fhzg;gLfpd;wd • vz;zq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
vd;gijr; Rl;bf; • Jiwfs; • xt;nthU cw;gj;jp tiff;Fkhd cjhu
fhl;Lthu;. • jdpegu;fs; zq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• nraw;ghLfs; • jw;NghJs;s cw;gj;jpfis cjhuzkhf
• mDgtq;fs; vLj;J mit vt;Tw;gj;jp tifiar; rhu;e;
• ,lk; jJ vd;gijr; rupahff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• xOq;fikg;G
• jfty; fs;
58
14.6 cw;gj;jpg; nghU • rpd;dKk;> tpahghuf; • rpdd

; j;ijAk;> tpahghuf; FwpiaAk; mwpKfg; 04
nshd;wpw;Fg; FwpaPLk; gLj;Jthu;.
nghUj;jkhd • rpd; dk; • rpd;dnkhd;wpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfisr;
rpd; dj;i j • tpahghuf;Fwp Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
cUthf;F thu;. • rpd;dj;jpw;Fk;> tpahghuf; • gy;NtW rpd;d tiffSf;fhd cjhuzq;
FwpaPl;bw;Fkpilapyhd fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
NtWghLfSk; njhlu;G • tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpf; F rpd;dnkhd;wpdhy;
fSk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• rpd;dnkhd;wpy; ,Uf;f • cw;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpd;dnkhd;iw
Ntz;ba gz;Gfs; cUthf;F thu;.
• rpd;dq;fspd; tiffs;
• rpd;dq;fspdhy; fpilf;Fk;
gad;fs;
• cw;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
rpdd; nkhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.
14.7 cw; gj;j pf;F f; • nghjpaply; • nghjpaply;> nghjp vd;gtw;wpw;F tpsf;fk; 06

ftu;r;rpfukhd • nghjp $Wthu;.
nghjpapl • nghjpaply; tiffs; • nghjpaplypd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
nyhd;iwAk; • Muk;g (%yg;) nghjpaply; • nghjpaplnyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ftdj;
tpguj;Jz; • ,uz;lhk; epiyg; jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisr; Rl;bf;
nlhd;iwAk; nghjpaply; fhl;Lthu;.
(Label) • Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghjpaply; • tpguj;Jz;il mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
jpl;lkpLthu;. • nghjpaplnyhd;iwj; jpl;l • tpguj;Jz;nlhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
kpLk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; tplaq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;sNtz;ba • cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpw;fhd nghjpaply;
tplaq;fs; xd;iwAk;> tpguj;Jz;nlhd;iwAk; cUthf;F
thu;.
59
• tpguj;Jz;L (Rl;Lj;Jz;L)
,Ljy;
• tpguj;J z;L
• tpguj;Jz;by; cs;slq;Fk;
tplaq;fs;
14.8 cw;gj;jpf;Fg; • tpiy • “tpiy” vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;;. 03

nghUj;jkhd • tpiyaplypd; Nehf;fq;fs; • tpiyaplypd; Nehf;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
tpiyapidj; • re;ijapy; epiyj;jpUj;jy; • tpiyaplypd; N ghJ ftdj; j py; nfhs; s
jPu;khdpf;Fk; • ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy; Ntz;ba fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Kiwapidj; • re;ijg;gq;fpid tpUj;jp
Njbawpthu;. nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• re;ijg; gq;fpid ifafg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;
• cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; juj;
jpy; Kd;Dupik ngwy;.
• tpiyaplypd;NghJ ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;
14.9 cw;gj;jpfs; • tpepNahfk; • tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fk; $Wthu;. 04

Efu;Nthiur; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • tpepNahfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
nrd;wilaf; • tpepNahf topKiwfs; • Efu;Tg; nghUl;fs;> ifj;njhopy; nghUl;
$ba nghUj;j • nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfk; fSf;fhd tpepNahf topKiwfis tpsf;F
khd tpepNahf • Efu;Tg;nghUl;fspd; thu;.
topKiwfis tpepNahf topKiwfs; • nghUj; j khd tpepNahf topnahd; i wj;
Kd;nkhopthu;. • ifj;njhopy; nghUl; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;
fspd; tpepNahf top ba fhuzpfis ,dk; fhz;ghu;.
Kiwfs;
60
• nghUj;jkhd tpepNahf • toq;fg;gl;l cw;g j;jpf;F g; nghUj;jkhd

topKiwnahd;iwj; tpepNahf topKiwnahd;iw / topKiw
jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ fis Kd;nkhopthu;.
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;
14.10 cw;gj;jpfisr; • Nkk;gLj; jy; • Nkk;gLj;jYf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;. 04

re;ijg;gLj;J • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • Nkk;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
tjw; Fg; • Nkk;gLj;jy; fyit • tzpfnkhd; w pw; F Nkk; g Lj; jy; Kf;f paj;
nghUj;jkhd • tpsk;guk; Jtk; ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; njspTgLj;J
Nkk;gLj; jy; • tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; thu;.
cj; jpfis • jdpg;gl;l tpw;gidfs; • Nkk;gLj;jy; fyitapd; gpupTfisj;
Kd;nkhopthu;. • kf;fs; njhlu;G njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Neub tpw;gid • cw;gj;jpnahd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nkk;
• JiwfSk; mDgtq; gLj;jy; Kiw / Kiwfis Kd;nkhopthu;.
fSk;
61
1 5 . 0 tzpfj; j pd; 45
ntw; w pf; F
epjp Kfh 15.1 tzpfnkhd; wpd; • epjp Kfhikj;Jtk; • epjp Kfhikia mwpKfk; nra;thu;. 05
ikj; J tj; epjp Kfhikj; • epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; • epjp Kfhikapd; Nehf;fq;fisj; njspT
jpi dg; Jtj;jpd; njhopw; Nehf;fk; gLj;Jthu;.
gad; g Lj; J ghLfisf; • epjp Kfhikj;Jtj; • epjp Kfhikapd; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;
fpd;w Kiw Nfl;lwpthu;. jPu;khdq;fs; wpf; nfhs; tjw;F vLf;f g;g Lfpd;w epjpj;
a pidj; • KjyPl;Lj; jPu;khdq;fs; jPu;khdq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
N j b a wp • epjpj; jPu;khdq;fs; • epjpj; jpl;lkplypdJk; fl;Lg;gLj;jypdJk;
thu; . • tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpj; jpl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
kplYk;> fl;Lg;ghLk; • epjpj; jpl;lkply; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;F
• tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w fUtpfshf tuT
• fhR tuT nryTj;jpl;l nryTj;jpl;lk;> fhRg;gha;r;ry; $w;W vd;g
ml;ltiz - mwpKfKk; tw;iwj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
mjd; gad;fSk;
• %yjd tuT nryTj;
jpll
; ml;ltiz - mwpKf
Kk; mjd; gad;fSk;
• fhRg;gha;rr; y; $w;W mwpKf
Kk; mjd; gad;fSk;
15.2 tzpfnkhd; w pd; • tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpj; • tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpaP l ; l y; Njitg; g hl; 05
epjpj; Njitapid Njitfs; bidg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
epiwT nra;tjw; • ePz;lfhy epjpj;Njit • tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpj; Njitfis tifg;
fhfTs;s khw;W • FWq;fhy epjpj;Njit gLj;Jthu;.
epjpaPl;ly; Kiw • epjpaPl;ly; topKiwfs; • epjpaPl;ly; topKiwfisg; gy;NtW mbg;
fis kjpgg; pLthu;. gilfspD}lhf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
62
• epjpaPl;ly; topKiwfis • khw;W epjpaPl;ly; topKiwfspYs;s mD

tifg;gLj;Jjy; $yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; tpsf;F
• cs;sf - ntspaf thu;.
• Neu; - Neupy; • gy; N tW epjpaP l ; l y; topKiwfSf; f hd
• ePz;lfhy - FWq;fhy cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• epjpj;Njitapid epiwT • epjpj; Njitfis epiwT nra;A k; NghJ
nra; A k; N ghJ ftdj; j py; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisg;
nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• khw;W epjpaPl;ly; topKiw • toq;fg;gLfpd;w tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpw;Fg;
fspd; ed;ikfSk; tiuaiw nghUj; j khd epjpaP l ; l y; topKiwfis
fSk; Kd;nkhopthu;.
15.3 khw; W KjyP l ; L • KjyPL mwpKfk; • KjyPl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 05

t o p K i w f i s • KjyPl;L topKiwfs; / • KjyPl;Lj; jPu;khdk; vd;gij njspT
mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;. jPu;khdq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
• ePz;lfhy KjyPl;L top • KjyPl;L jPu;khdq;fis FWq;fhyk;> ePz;l
Kiwfs; fhyk; vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• eilKiw my;yhj • tzpf ntw;wpf;F KjyPl;Lj; jPu;khdq;fspd;
nrhj;Jf;fspy; KjyPL Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• %yjdr; re;ijf;fUtp
fspy; KjyPL
• FWq;fhy KjyPl;L
topfs;
63
15.4 epjp tpfpjq;fisg; • epjpg; gFg;gha;T • epjpg; gFg;gha;tpw;F epjpf;$w;W cjTfpd;w 06

gad;gLj;jp • epjpf; $w;Wf;fs; Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
tzpfj;jpd; epjp • epjp tpfpjq;fs; • epjp KfhikahsUf; F Kf; fpaj; Jtkhf
epiyikapidg; • ,yhgj;jd;ik tpfpjk; mikAk; epjpf;$w;Wf;fs; njhlu;gpy; njspT
gFg;gha;T • jputj;jd;ik tpfpjk; gLj;Jthu;.
nra;thu;. • epjp epiyg;Gj; jd;ik • epjpg; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
tpfpjk; gpujhd Kiwnahd;whfpa tpfpjg; gFg;gha;
• tpisT (nraw;ghl;L) tpid tpgupg;ghu;.
tpfpjk; • toq;fg;gl;l juTfspd; cjtpAld; epjp tpfp
• KjyPl;L tpfpjk; jq;fisf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
• rupahd epjpj; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F
epjp tpfpjg; gFg;gha;tpidg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
15.5 epjp Kfhikj; • ,yq;ifapd; epjp Kiwik • ,yq;ifapd; epjp Kiwikapid mwpe;J 03
Jtj;Jld; njhlu; • tpsf; F jy; nfhs;thu;.
Gila epjprr; e;ij • fl;likg;G • ,yq;ifapd; epjp Kiwikapd; fl;likg;
apd; gq;fspgg; pid • epjp epWtdq;fs; gpid tpgupg;ghu;.
mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;. • epjpf; fUtpfs;
• epjp cl;fl;likg;G trjp
• epjpr; re;ij
• kj;jpa tq;fp
15.6 ,yq; ifapd; • epjpr; re;ij • epjpr; re;ijapid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 06

epjpr; re;ijapd; • gzr; re;ij • epjpf;fUtpfspd; fhyhtjpahFk; (Kjpu;T)
nraw;ghLfis • %yjdr; re;ij fhyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epjpr;
mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;. • epjpr; re;ijf; fl;likg;G re;ijapid tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• tq; fpfSf;fpilapyhd • epjpr; re;ijapd; fl;likg;gpidr; Rl;bf;
,ize;j fld; re;ij fhl;Lthu;.
• cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L • gzr; re; i japd; Jizr; re; i jfis
nryhtzpr; re;ij ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
64
• murpd; gpizg;gj;jpu • %yjdr; re;ijapd; Jizr; re;ijfis

re;ij ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
• $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fld; • epjpr; re;ijapy; gupkhw;wg;gLfpd;w epjpf;fUtp
gpizg;gj;jpu re;ij fis tpgupg;ghu;.
(njhFjpf;fld; re;ij)
• gq;Fr; re;ij
• epjpr; re;ijapy; gupkhw;wg;
gLfpd;w epjpf;fUtpfs;
15.7 nfhOk;Gg; gq;F • nfhOk;Gg; gq;F gupkhw;wfk; • n f hOk; Gg; gq; F g; g upkh w; w f j; j p i d 05
gupkhw;wfj;Jld; • tpsf; F jy; tpsf;Fthu;.
,ize;j • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F nfhOk;Gg;
fUkq;fisj; • Kjyhk; jur;re;ijAk; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;w
Njbawpthu;. ,uz;lhk; jur;re;ijAk; Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
• fk;gdpnahd;W nfhOk;Gg; • Kjyhk; epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gq;Fr;
gq;F gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gjpT re; i jfSf; f pilapyhd NtWghLfisj;
nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kiwfs; • tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg;
• nghJkf;fSf;fhd ntsp gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gjpT nra;af;$ba Kiw
aPLfs; %yk; apidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• tpwg
; id %ykhd toq;
fy; %yk;
• mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; %yk;
65
15.8 gq;Fr; re;ij • nfhOk;Gg; gq;F gupkhw;wfj; • nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gupkhwg;gL 06
apy; gupkhw;wk; jpy; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; fpd; w gpi zg; g j; j puq; f i s g; gl; b a y ;
nra;ag;gLk; gpizg;gj;jpuq;fs;. gLj;Jthu;.
gpizg; gj;jpuq; • rhjhuz gq;Ffs; • nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gupkhwg;gL
fisAk; mtw; • Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs; fpd; w xt; n thU gpizg; g j; j puq; f isAk;
wpd; ed;ikfis • gq;F cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; tpgupg;ghu;.
Ak; mwpe;J • fk;gdpj; njhFjpf;fld;fs; • gpizg;gj;jpu KjyPLfspd; Neu;> Neupy; mD
nfhs;thu;. • mur gpizg; gj;jpuq;fs; $yq; f isj; jdpj; j dpahf njspTgLj; J
• gpizg;gj;jpuq;fspy; thu;.
KjyP L nra; t jd; mD
$yq;fs;
• Neu; mD$yq;fs;
• gq;fpyhgk;
• tl;b
• xJf;fq;fis %yjd
khf;fy;
• cupik toq;fy;
• %yjd ,yhgk;
• gfpuT
; (Spliting)
• Neupy; mD$yq;fs;
15.9 nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; • gq;Fr; re;ijapd; Rl;bfs; • gq;Fr; re;ijapd; nraw;ghl;L miltpid 04
gupkhw;wfj;jpd; • midj;Jg; gq;F tpiyr; msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tpiyr;
nrayiltpid Rl;b (ASPI) Rl;bfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
kjpg;gPl;Lf;F • S&P - rpwpyq;fh 20 tpiyr; • gq;Fr; re;ijapd; xt;nthU tpiyr;Rl;bfis
cl;gLj;Jthu;. Rl;b Ak; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• nkhj;j tUkhdr;Rl;b (TRI) • gq;Fr; re;ij tpiyr;Rl;bfspd; Kf;fpaj;
• gq;Fr; re;ijr; Rl;bfspd; Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
66
16.0tzpfj; j pd; 45
ntw; w pf; F
kdpj 16.1 kdpjts • kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; • kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;ij mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;. 04
ts j; i j Kfhikj;J tj; • tpsf; F jy; • Vida tsq;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ kdpj
tpidj;jpwdhf jpd; Kf;fpaj; • Vida tsq;fSld; tsj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpwg;Gj;jd;ik
gad; g Lj; J Jtj;ijAk; xg;gpLk;NghJ kdpj apidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fpd;w Kiw mjd; fUkq; tsj;jpd; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik • kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ijj;
apidj; Njb fisAk; Njb • kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
awpthu; . awpthu;. jpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Kf;fp • kdpjts Kfhikj; J tj; j pd; Kf; f paj;
aj;JtKk; Jtj;ij Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj; • kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fUkq;fisg;
jpd; fUkq;fs; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
16.2 njhopy; cUthf; • njhopy; cUthf;fk; • njhopy; cUthf;fj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 06

fj;j pdJk;> • njhopy; gFg;gha;T • njhopy; gFg;gha;tpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
njhopy; gFg; • njhopy; tpguk; • njhopy; tpguj;jpYk; njhopy; epakj;jpYk;
gha;tpdJk; (Job discription) cs;slq;Fk; jfty;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • njhopy; epakk; • njupT nra;j njhopnyhd;Wf;fhd njhopy;
kjpg;ghu;. (Job specification) tpguj;ijAk; njhopy; epakj;ijAk; jahupg;
ghu;.
16.3 mikg;nghd;wpd; • kdpj tsj; jpl;lkply; • kdpjtsj; jpl;lkpliy mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 05

tho; jd;ikf;Fj; • kdpj tsj; jpl; l kplypd; • kdpjtsj; jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr;
Njitahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
kdpj tsj; • kdpj tsj;jpidj; jpl;l • kdpj tsj; jpl;lkplypy; ftdk; nrYj;j
jpl;lj;ijj; kpLk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj; Njbawpthu;.
jahupg;ghu;. nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq; • kdpj tsj; jpl; l kplypd; gbKiwfis
fs;. xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
67
• kdpj tsj; jpl;lkplypd; • toq;fg;gLfpd;w epWtdnkhd;wpd; vjpu;fhy

gbKiwfs; kdpj tsj; Njitfis vjpu;T $Wthu;.
• kdpjtsj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp
apid vjpuT; $Wjy;.
• jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w
kdpj tsj;jpidg; gFg;
gha;T nra;jy;.
• mf Copau; toq;fisj;
jpl;lkpLjy;.
• Gw Copau; toq;fisj;
jpl;lkpLjy;.
16.4 mikg;nghd;wpd; • Copau; <u;g;G • Copau; <u;g;G vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 05

Ntiyf;F g; • Copau;fis <u;f;ff;$ba • Copau;fis <u;ff ; f;$ba topfisj; njspT
nghUj;jkhd topfs; gLj;Jthu;.
egu;fis <u;j; • cs;sf (mf) <u;g;G Kiw • cs;sf (mf) <u;g;G topfSf;fhd cjhu
njLf;ff;$ ba fs; zq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
topfis mwpe;J • ntspaf (Gw) <u;g;G Kiw • ntspaf (Gw) <u;g;G topfSf;fhd cjhu
nfhs;thu;. fs; zq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• mf> Gw <u;g ;G Kiwfsp • cs;sf> ntspaf <u;g;GKiwfspd;
Ys;s mD$yq;fSk; gpujp mD$yq; f isAk; gpujp$yq; f isAk;
$yq;fSk; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;W Copau; <u;gg
; pwF
;
vLf;ff;$ba eilKiwfis Kd;nkhopthu;.
68
16.5 Copau;fis • njhopy; mwptpj;jy; • njhopy; mwptpj;jnyhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; 05

<u;j;njLg;gjw;Fj; • njhopy; mwptpj;jnyhd;wpy; jfty;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
njhopy; mwptpj; cs;slq;Fk; jfty;fs; • njhopy; mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gLk; Clfq;
jiyj; j a h u p g ; • njhopy; mwptpj; j y; f s; fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghu;. ntspaplg;gLk; ,lq;fs; • toq;fg;gLfpd;w gjtpnahd;wpw;F njhopy;
• mwptpj;jy; gyif mwptpj;jnyhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
• gj;jpupiffs;
• ,izak;
• njhiyf;fhl;rp
• Vidait
16.6 <u;g;Gr; nra;j • njupT nra;jy; • njupT nra;jiy mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 05

tpz;zg;gjhup • njupT nra;Ak;NghJ • Copau;fisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;
fspy; jFjpahd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz; jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisj; njspT
tpz; zjhup ba tplaq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
fisj; njupT • mwpT • njupT nra;Ak; gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gl;bay;
nra;tjw;Fg; • jpwd; gLj;Jthu;.
nghUj;jkhd • kdg;ghq;F • njupT nra; t jw; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J fpd; w
Kiwfis • cly;> cs uPjpahd xt;nthU KiwfisAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kd;nkhopthu;. nghUj;jg;ghL
• njupT nra;Ak; Kiwfs;
• tpz;zg;gq;fis kjpg;
gply;
• Neu;Kfg;guPl;ir
• csr;rhu;g;Gg; guPl;ir
• MSikg; guPl;ir
• nraw;ghl;Lg; guPl;ir
• itj;jpa Nrhjid
• gpd;dzpr; Nrhjid
69
16.7 ,izj;J f; • Copau; f is ,izj; J f; • Copau;fs; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;Ak; Kiwfis 05

nfhs;Sk; nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilfs; tpsf;F thu;.
(Ml;Nru;f;Fk;) • epiyahd mbg;gil • Copau; f is ,izj; J f; nfhs; t Jld;
eilKiwfis • jw;fhypf mbg;gil njhlu;Gila epakdf; fbjj;ijj; njspT
mwpeJ
; nfhs;thu;. • epakdf; fbjk; / njhopy; gLj;Jthu;.
xg;ge;jk; • epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;
• epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpd; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;
• epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpy; tplaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
cs;slq;Fk; tplaq;fs; • epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpd; khjpupapidj;
• epakdf; fbjnkhd;wpd; jahupg;ghu;.
khjpup • Ntiyapy; mku;j;Jjy; vd;gijj; njspT
• jifik fhZk; fhy gLj;Jthu;.
tiuaiw • jifik fhZk; fhyk; vd;gij tpgupg;ghu;.
• Ntiyapy; mku;j;Jjy;
16.8 mikg;nghd;wpd; • nrayilT kjpg;gL P • nrayilT kjpg; g P L vd; g ijj; njspT 05

kdpj tsj;jpd; • gapw;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk; gLj;Jthu;.
mgptpUj; jpf; Fk; • gapw;rpaspf;Fk; Kiwfs; • gapw;rpf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;
mjidj; njhlu;eJ ; • tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwfs; gLk; NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; • gapw;rpaspj;jy;> tpUj;jp • gapw;rpaspj;jy;> mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; Kiw
vLf;f Ntz;ba nra;jypd; mD$yq;fs; fis ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
eilKiwfis • Copau;fSf;F • gapw;rpaspj;jy;> mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; %yk;
Kd;nkhopthu;. • Ntiy toq;Fdu;fSf;F Copau;fSf;Fk; Ntiy toq;Feu;fSf;Fk;
• Copau; mirT fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fis ntt;Ntwhff;
• gjtp cau;T Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,lkhw;wk; • Copau; mirtpid tpgupg;ghu;.
• gjtpePf;fk;
• Ntiyia KbTWj;jy;
70
16.9 kdpj ts • kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj; • kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L 05

Kfhikj;J tj; jpd; fUkq;fis kjpg;gpLk; miltpid kjpg;gpLk; epajpfisg; gl;baw;
jpd; ntw;wpia epajpfs; gLj;Jthu;.
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd • Copau; Gus;T • me; j xt; n thU epajpfisAk; njspT
epajpfisj; • Copau; tutPdk; gLj;Jthu;.
Njbawpthu;. • Copau; tpisjpwd; • njhopy; cwTfs; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;
• njhopy; cwTfs; thu;.
• rpwe;j njhopy; cwT • rpwe;j Copau; njhlu;gpd; mD$yq;fisg;
fspd; mD$yq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• ghjfkhd njhopy; cwT • ghjfkhd Copau; njhlu;gpd; gpujp$yq;fis
fspd; gpujp$yq;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
71
17.0tzpfq; f spd; 35
ntw; w pf; F
jfty; 17.1 juTfis • juTfs; • juTf; F k; jftYf; F k; tiutpyf; f zk; 05
Kiwikapd; cUthf; Ffpd; w • jfty; fs; $Wthu;.
gq;fspg;gpidg; Kiwfis • juTf; F k; jftYf; Fkpil • juT> jfty; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtW
ngw; W f; Nfl;lwpe;J apyhd NtWghL ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nfhs; f pd; w jfty; fis • juT cUthf;fk; • juT cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwapidj; njspT
Kiwapidj; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. • fUkq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
Njbawpthu; . • njhopy;El;gk; • jfty;fspd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs; • jfty;fisg; gy;NtW epajpfspd; mbg;gil
• jfty;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; apy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• toq;fg;gl;l juTfspd; cjtpAld; Njit
ahd jfty;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
17.2 tzpfnkhd;w pd; • jfty; Kiwik • jfty; Kiwik vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 05
jfty; Kiwik • jfty; Kiwikapd; Njitg; • jfty; Kiwiknahd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;ilAk;
apy; fhzg;gLk; ghLk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij • jfty; Kiwiknahd;wpd; • jfty; Kiwiknahd; w pd; njhopw; g hL
Ak; njhopw;ghL njhopw;ghLfs; fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fi s A k; N jb
awpthu;.
72
17.3 jfty; Kiwik • jfty; Kiwikfspd; • jfty; Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; 05

apid tifg; tifg;gLj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epajpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;L
gLj;Jk; Kiw • gad;ghl;L kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g thu;.
fisf; Nfl;lwpeJ
; • gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g • ghtid kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g jfty; Kiwik
gad;ghl;L • Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghl; apid tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
(gpuNahf) kl;lj; bw;Nfw;g • ghtid kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g jfty; Kiwik
jpw;Nfw;g> jfty; • ghtid kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g apid guprPypf;Fk; jdpegu;fSf;fhd cjhu
Kiwikapid jfty; Kiwik zq;fis toq;Fthu;.
tifg;gLj;J • je;jpNuhgha kl;lk;
thu;. • Kfhikj;Jt kl;lk;
• mwpT kl;lk;
• nraw;ghl;L kl;lk;
17.4 gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g • gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g jfty; • gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g jfty; Kiwikapid 05

jfty; Kiwik Kiwik tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
apid tifg; • nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; cU • gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g xt;nthU jfty; Kiwik
gLj;Jthu;. thf;fy; Kiwik (TPS) apdJk; gz;Gfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• mwpTr;nraw;ghl;L Kiwik • gad;ghl;bw;Nfw;g xt;nthU jfty; Kiwik
(KWS) apYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w fUkq;fisj;
• mYtyf jd;dpaf;f njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kiwik (OAS)
• tzpf Ez;zwpT Kiwik
(BTS)
• Kfhikj;Jt jfty;
Kiwik (MIS)
• jPu;khd cjtp Kiwik
(DSS)
• epiwNtw;W cjtp Kiwik
(ESS)
73
17.5 Kfhikj;J tj; • njhopwg ; hl;bd; mbg;gilapy; • Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; 05

njhopw;ghl;bd; jfty; Kiwik jfty; Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
mbg;gilapy; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jfty; • njhopw; g hl; b d; mbg; g ilapy; xt; n thU
jfty; Kiwik Kiwik jfty; KiwikfspdJk; gz; G fis
apid tifg; • epjp Kfhikj;Jtj; jfty; ntspg; gLj;Jthu;.
gLj;Jthu;. Kiwik • gy;NtW jfty; KiwikfSf;fpilapyhd
• nraw;ghl;L jfty; Kiwik njhlu;gpid njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt
jfty; Kiwik
• Ma;Tk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
jfty; Kiwik
• gy;NtW jfty; Kiwik
fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
17.6 jfty; njhopy; • jfty; njhopy;El;gk; • jfty; njhopy; El;gj;ij mwpeJ

; nfhs;thu;. 05
El;gj;ijf; Nfl; • tpsf;fk; • jfty; njhopy; El;gj;Jld; ,ize;j NtW
l w p e ; J m j d ; • jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jld; njhopy; El;gq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
mD$yq; f is ,ize;j Vida njhopy; • jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
ntspgg ; Lj;Jthu;. El;gq;fs; ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
• fzpj;jy; Kiwapyhd • jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mD$yq;fisg;
njhopy; El;gk; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;
• jfty; Kfhikj;Jt
njhopy;El;gk;
• jfty; njhopy; E l; g j; j pd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• jfty; njhopy; E l; g j; j pd;
mD$yq;fs;
74
17.7 jfty; njhlu;ghl • ,iza tiyaikg; g pd; • ,iza tiyaikg;gpid mwpe;J nfhs; 05
Yf;fhf ,iza gad;ghL thu;.
tiyaikg;gpidg; • ,iza tiyaikg;gpdhy; • ,iza tiyaikg;gpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; Nritfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G • md;whl jdpegu; fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;jpf;
(www) nfhs; t jw; F ,iza tiyaikg; g pd;
• ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiw
(E-mail) apidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Nfhg;G khw;W ngau;g; • epWtdr; nraw; g hLfis ,yFgLj; j pf;
gj;jpuk; (File Trans fer nfhs;tjw;F ,iza tiyaikg;G cjT
Protocol) fpd;w Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ciuahLk; trjp (Chat) • tzpf epWtdnkhd;W r%f tiyaikg;
• nra;jpf;FO (News groups) gpid Jizahff; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapidr;
• njhiyf;fzpdp (Tele Com Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
puting)
• r%f tiyaikg;G
• KfE}y; (Face book)
• l;tpl;lu; (Twitter)
75
1 8 . 0 tzpfq ; 40
fis Muk;
gpg; g jw; F k; 18.1 tzpfj; jpl;l • tzpf vz;zk; (fUj;J) • tzpf vz;zj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;. 04
tpupTgLj; nkhd;wpd; mbg; • tzpf vz;znkhd;wpidj; • nghUj; j khd tzpf vz; z nkhd; i wj;
Jtjw; F k; gil mk;rq; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
tzpfj; fisf; Nfl; jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba Ntz; b a Ngupd> rpw; w pd fhuzpfis
jpl; l j; lwpe;J tzpf fhuzpfs; tpsf;F thu;.
i j j; jah vz; z j; j pw; F g; • Ngupdf; fhuzpfs; • tzpf vz;zq;fis Ngupd> rpw;wpd gFg;
upg; g hu; . nghUj;jkhd • rpw;wpdf; fhuzpfs; gha;tpw;F cl;gLj;jp> nghUj;jkhd tzpf
tzpfj; jpl;lj; • tzpfj; jpl;lk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.
jpidj; jahupg; • tpsf;fk; • tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
gjw;fhd Maj; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
jj;ij ntspg; • jahupf;Fk;NghJ ftdj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
gLj;Jthu;. jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba • tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisr;
• tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba • tzpfj; jpl; l nkhd; w py; cs; s lf; f g; g l
gFjpfs; Ntz;ba gFjpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• Kd;gf;fk;
• epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;
• tzpf tpguk;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;
• nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
• kdpj tsj; jpl;lk;
• epjpj; jpl;lk;
• ,izg;Gf;fs;
76
18.2 tzpf vz;zj; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpw;F tpsf;fk; 06

jpw;Fg; nghUj;j • tpsf; F jy; $Wthu;.
kh d re ; i jg ; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
gLj;jy; jpl; lj; • cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ijj; jahupgg
; hu;. tplaq;fs; • re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;
• njhopYk; re;ijg; gFg; gLfpd;w tplaq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
gha;Tk; • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhfr; re;ijg;
• cw;gj;jp (nghUl;fs; gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
my;yJ Nritfs;)
• ,yf;Fr; re;ij
• Nghl;bahsu;fspd; gFg;
gha;T
• Nghl;bahsu;fspd; re;ijg;
gLj;jy; cgha topKiw
fs;
• cj;Njr re;ijg;gLj;jy;
cgha topKiwfs;
• cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;>
rpd;dk; vd;git
njhlu;ghd cgha
topKiwfs;
• tpiy cgha
topKiwfs;
• tpepNahf cgha
topKiwfs;
• Nkk;gLj;jy; cgha
topKiwfs;
• tUlhe;j tpw;gid vjpu;T
$wy;
• re;ijg;gLj;jy; nryTfs;
77
18.3 re; i jg; g Lj; j y; • nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; • nraw;ghl;Lj; jpll; j;jpid mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;. 06
jpl; l j; j pw; N fw; g • tpsf; F jy; • nraw; g hl; L j; jpl; l nkhd; w pd; Kf; f paj;
nraw;ghl;Lj; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
jpl;lj;ijj; • cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba • nraw; g hl; Lj; jpl; lnkhd; w py; cs; s lf; f
jahupg;ghu;. tplaq;fs; Ntz;ba tplaq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
• cw;gj;jp ,aysT • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhfr; nraw;ghl;Lj;
• eilKiway;yhr; nrhj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
Jf;fspd; Njit
• %yg;nghUl;fspd; Njit
• Copau; Njit
• tUlhe;j cw;gj;jp nghJ
Nke;jiyf; fpuak;
• njhopw;rhiy epy
mikTj; jpl;lk;
• fopTg; nghUl;fis
mfw;wy;
• r%f #oy; jhf;fk;
• nkhj;j cw;gj;jpff
; puaKk;
myFf;f puaKk;
• tzpfj;jpid Muk;gpg;g
jw;F Kd;duhd nraw;
ghl;Lf; fUkq;fSk;
mjw;fhd nryTfSk;
78
18.4 tzpfj; j pd; • kdpj tsj; jpl;lk; • kdpj tsj; jpl;lj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 06
kdpj tsj; • tpsf;fk; • kdpj tsj; jpl; lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjd;
jpl;lj;ijj; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
jahupg;ghu;. • cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba • kdpj tsj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl
tplaq;fs; Ntz;ba tplaq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
• Kaw;rpahsu;fs; / • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf kdpj tsj;
gq;fhsu; njhlu;ghd jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
tpguq;fs;
• Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;
• mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd;
mbg;gilg; gjtpfSk;
nghWg;Gf;fSk;
• mikg;G tiuglk;
• tUlhe;j nryT
18.5 tzpfj; j pd; • epjpj;jpl;lk; • epjpj; jpl;lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 08

epjpj; • tpsf; F jy; • epjpj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;
jpl;lj;ijj; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
jahupg;ghu;. • cs;slf;f Ntz;ba • epjpj; j pl; l j; j py; cs; s lf; f g; g l Ntz; b a
tplaq;fs; Mtzq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
• nraw; jpl;lf; fpuak; • epjpj; j pl; l j; j py; xt; n thU $WfisAk;
• nkhj;j epiyahd njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fpuak; • epjpjj
; pll; j;jpy; xt;nthU $Wfspd; fPOk; fhl;l
• nkhj;j nraw;ghl;Lf;F Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Kd;duhd nryTfs; • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf epjpj; jpl;lj;
• nkhj;j njhopw;gL jpy; cs; s lf; f Ntz; b a nraw; w pl; l
%yjdk; fpuaj;ij kjpg;gpLthu;.
• kjpg;gplg;gl;l tUkhdf; • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf epjpj;jpl;lj;jpy;
$w;W cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w kjpg;gplg;gl;l tUkhdf;
• tpsf; F jy; $w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
79
• cs;slf;f Ntz;ba • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf epjpj;jpl;lj;

tplaq;fs; jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w kjpg;gplg;gl;l fhRg;
• tpw;gid tUkhdk; gha;r;ry; $w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
• tpw;gidf;fpuak; • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf epjpj;jpl;lj;
• nkhj;j ,yhgk; jpy; cs; s lf; f g; g Lfpd; w epjpepiyikf;
• nraw;ghl;L ,yhgk; $w;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
• tupf;Fg; gpd;duhd • toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf epjpj;jpl;lj;
,yhgk; jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpdw ; kjpgg; plg;gl;l flid
• kjpg;gplg;gl;l fhRg;gha;rr
; y; kPsr; nrYj;Jk; ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.
$w;W
• tpsf; F jy;
• cs;slf;f Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs;
•nkhj;jf; fhR cl;gha;rr ; y;
•nkhj;jf; fhR ntspg;
gha;r;ry;
• kjpg;gplg;gl;l epjpepiyikf;
$w;W
• tpsf; F jy;
• cs;slf;f Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs;
•eilKiw my;yhj
nrhj;Jf;fs;
•eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs;
•eilKiw my;yhj
nghWg;Gf;fs;
•eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
•nkhj;j cupik
• flid kPsr; nrYj;Jk;
ml;ltiz
80
18.6 tzpfj; jpll ; j;jpw; • epjp mwpf;if> epjpay;yhj • epjp mwpfi

; fg; gFg;gha;tpid mwpeJ ; nfhs; 05
Nfw;g tzpf mwpf;iffspd; gFg;gha;T thu;.
vz; zj; j pd; • epjpay;yhj mstPl;Lf; • epjp mwpf;ifg; gFg;gha;tpd;NghJ gad;gLj;
nghUj;jg;ghl; fUtpfs; jg;gLfpd;w epjpay;yhj mstPl;Lf; fUtp
bid kjpg;ghu;. • %yg;nghUs; fhzg;gL fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fpd; wjh? • epjp mwpf;ifg; gFg;gha;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;
• eilKiwg;gLj;j gLfpdw; epjp mstPlL; f; fUtpfisg; gl;bay;
KbAkh? gLj;Jthu;.
• r%fj;jpw;F toq;Fk; • epjp> epjpay; y hj mstP l ; L f; fUtpfsp
gq;fspg;G D}lhf tzpfk; njhlu;gpyhd jPu;khdq;
• #oy; Nerpg;Gj; jd;ik fSf;F tUthu;.
nfhz;lJ
• njhlu;r;rpahf eil
Kiwg;gLj;j KbAkh?
• epjp mstPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
• rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spg;
gFg;gha;T
18.7 epiwNtw;Wr; • epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; • epiwNtw; Wr; RUf;f k; vd; g ij mwpe; J 05

RUf;fj;ijj; • tpsf; F jy; nfhs;thu;.
jahupg;ghu;. • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr;
• cs;slf;f Ntz;ba Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
tplaq;fs; • epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fj;jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;s
• tzpfupd; ngaUk;> tplaq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
KftupAk;
• tzpfj;jpd; tuyhW
• tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
81
• cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
nghUl;fs; my;yJ
Nritfs;
• Nghl;bapl Ntz;ba re;ij
• tzpfk; ntw;wpailtjw;
Fk;> Nghl;bj;jd;ikapd;
mD$yq;fs; fpilf;fg;
ngWtjw;Fkhd fhuzq;fs;
• gpujhd Kfhikj;Jtf;
FO
• nkhj;j KjyPL
•tzpfu; <LgLj;jpa
msT
•cj;Njr fld; msT
300
82
7.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj; jpl;lKk;
tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lk; 18 Nju;r;rpfisAk;> 117 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,r; rfy Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fis> khztu;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwfspd; %yk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r; rfy Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> mj;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; mile;J
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fw;wy; NgWfs; jdpj;jdpahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJthf ghlrhiy Neu ml;ltizfspy; tUlj;jpw;F ,g;ghlj;jpw;fhf 420 ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> ,g;ghl
cs;slf;fj;jpy; tUlj;jpwF
; 300 ghlNtisfSf;F khj;jpuNk jpll
; kplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika juk; 12> 13f;fhf 600 ghlNtisfis
g+uzkhf;ff;$bathW ghl cs;slf;fkhdJ jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g ,g;ghlj; jpl;lkhdJ tUlj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l
ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifia tplf; Fiwthd ghlNtisfis cs;slf;fpajhfNt jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k; Nkyjpfg; ghl
Ntisfs;> ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlL ; r; nrad;Kiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd; %yk; khztu;
fSf;Fj; jkJ fw;wy; mDgtq;fis NkYk; tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; k; fpilf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xt;nthU Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;jpd; fPOk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; tpisTfis mile;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd mDgtq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fspDs; vz;zf;fU uPjpahd miltpid mile;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwf;Nfw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;KiwahdJ jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;NghJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpapy; $Ljy; rhu;gpidf; nfhz;ljhd ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfisAk; ghl
uPjpahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd; %yk; khztu;fsplk; ,ay;ghff;
fhzg;gLfpd;w jpwikfis ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;Fk;> Mf;fg+u;tkhd rpe;jidfSf;Fk; re;ju;gg ; kspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfg;
ghlrhiyapy; ,yFthf gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffs;> Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 re;ijf; fzpg;gPLk;> Ma;Tfis xOq;fikj;jYk;

 tzpf re;ju;gg
; q;fis ,dk; fhz;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jjy;.
 cz;ikahd tzpf tha;gG
; f;fSf;fhf tzpfj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 nghUj;jkhdJk;> vspikahdJkhd nraw;ghnlhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jp mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
83
 tzpfr; rq;fnkhd;iw my;yJ fofnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;yy;.
 tzpftpay; jpdnkhd;iw elhj;Jjy;.
 gpuNjr tzpfr; r%fj;Jld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
 tzpfj;Jiwapd; cz;ik mDgtq;fis tFg;giwf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhff; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;juq;Ffis Vw;ghL
nra;jy;.
 cz;ikahd tzpf cyfj;jpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fis khztu;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
 ghlrhiyapd; rpw;Wz;br;rhiy> ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;> ghlrhiy tq;fp Nghd;wtw;iw elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;F
tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jjy;.
 tzpfj; JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fisj; juprpg;gjw;fhfr; fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp mjd;
JizAld; mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
 tzpfj; Jiwapd; Nghf;Ffisr; Rtu;g; gj;jpupifnahd;wpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp my;yJ rQ;rpifnahd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;tjpy;
khztu;fis <LgLj;Jjy;.
 re;ijnahd;iw xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;Jtjd; %yk; tpiyaply;> tpw;gid> fzf;F itj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis
xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;j tifapy; Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
 tzpf r%f nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa ehlfnkhd;iw cUthf;fp mij ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;.
 ,sk; Kaw;rpahz;ik mikg;Gf;fSld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jp> Nghl;bfs;> ciuahly;fs;> tpthjq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
elhj;Jjy;.
 tiyaikg;igg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tzpf cyfj;jpd; etPd Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
Nkw;fhl;bathW tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpw;F tpNrl nraw;ghLfs;> Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwg; ghlrhiyapy; Vw;ghL
nra;tjd; %yk; ,g;ghlj;ijf; $ba nraw;ghL nfhz;l ghlnkhd;whf khztu;fSf;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk; ifaspg;gJ kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fhfg; ghlrhiyf;F tpNrlkhd nfhs;ifnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gp eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F f.ngh.j.
(cau;juk;) tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fisAk;> mg;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
FOnthd;iw cUthf;FtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;.
84
8.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kjpg;gl P ;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; xt;nthU jtizf;FKupa Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpiaAk;>

Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijAk; cs;slf;ff;$bathW fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gl
P ;Lf; fUtpfis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhfr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; f.ngh.j. (cau;ju) guPl;irf;F ,g;ghltpjhdk; mDkjpff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;ghltpjhdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpyhd
guPl;ir Kjyhtjhf 2019 Mk; Mz;by; eilngWk;. ,g;guPl;irapd; tpdhg;gj;jpuq;fspd; khjpup> mjd; jd;ik vd;gd
njhlu;ghfj; Njitahd tpguq;fs; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;.
85

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tzpff;fy;tp

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuk;

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1.0 mwpKfk; ................................................................................................................................................................................ i

2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; ................................................................................................................................................................. iii

3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ........................................................................................................................................................... iv-v

4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ............................................................................................................................................... vi

5.0 Njrpa nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; ghlj;jpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G ........................................................... vii

6.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................................................................................................................................................... viii-ix

6.1 juk; 12 ghlj;jpl;lk; ...................................................................................................................................................... 1-43

6.2 juk; 13 ghlj;jpl;lk; ...................................................................................................................................................... 44-82

7.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; .............................................................................................................. 83-84

8.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gL

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpu (cau;ju)j;jpwF

tzpfj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w khw;wq;fSf;F ,iaghf;fkiltjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;iw

cau;fy;tpapy; <Lglhjtu;fSf;F njhopnyhd;wpy; my;yJ Ranjhopnyhd;wpy; <LgLtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpapidAk;>

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;Nfw;g cUthf;fg;gl;L ,yq;ifapYs;s gy;NtW r%fq;fspd;

Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003) - khu;fop

(iv) Ntiy cyfpwF ; j; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;rr ; pfs;

(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy”; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr ; pfs;

Nju;r;rpfs; ghlNtisfspd; Nju;r;rpfs; ghlNtisfspd;

1.0 tzpf mbg;gilfisAk;> mt;tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;w 50 12.0 jdpegu;fspdJk; mikg;Gf;fspd 45

juk; jtizfs; Nju;r;rpAk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; ghlNtisfspd; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd;

1.3 gy; N tW epajp • tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;J • tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW 06

1.4 tzpfq; fs; • tzpf cs;sl P L

1.6 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ • tzpfr; #oy; • tzpfr; #oiy mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;. 02

• Ntiyr;#oy; / • tzpfr; #oypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; gy;

• mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfS • njupT nra; j tzpfnkhd; w py; mz; k pa

2.2 #oiy Nerpf;ff; • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d 06

• tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; • tzpf xOf;f tpOkpa vz;zf;fUtpid 06

3.2 murpd; nghUsh • munrhd;wpd; nghUshjhu • munrhd;wpd; nghUshjhu Nehf; fq;f is 04

• murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf; • muRf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

• murpd; ,iwf; n fhs; i f • tupfis tifg; g Lj; j p xt; n thU tup

3.4 murpd; epjpf; • murpd; epjpf;nfhs;if • murpd; epjpf;nfhs;iffis tpsf;Fthu;. 06

3.5 Efu;Nthu; • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G • Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid 05

3.6 E f u ; N t h u p d ; • Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; • ,yq;ifapy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu; 05

4.2 jdpahSupik • jdpahSupik tzpfq;fs; • jdpahSupik tzpfnkd; w hy; vd; d 04

4.3 gq;Filik • gq;Filik tzpfk; • gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;fika 08

• 1890 Mk; Mz;L • gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;

4.4 gy;NtW tif • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; • $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tpsf;Fthu;. 10

• $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp • epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L $l;

4.5 $l;LwT tzpfq; • $l;LwT tzpfq;fs; • $l;LwT tzpfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

4.6 tpNrl tzpfq; • mq;fPfhu tzpfk; • mq;fPfhu tzpfj;ij mwpe;J tpsf;Fthu;. 08

5.2 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiw • Kaw;rpahz; ikahdJ nray;Kiwnahd; 06

5.3 Kaw;rpahz;ikg; • Kaw;rpahsd; • Kaw;rpahsd; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 08

• rpwg;G (tpNrl) epjp

7.6 fhNrhiyfisg; • fhNrhiy • fhNrhiyapid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;. 08

7.7 ,yj; j pudpay; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; • ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. 06

8.2 fhg;GWjpapd; • fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs; • fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. 06

• kW fhg;GWjp • fhg; G Wjp nra; a g; g l; l Mjdnkhd; w pw; F

8.3 tzpfq; fis • fhg;GWjpapid tifg; • tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba 05

• nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp • Nkhl; l hu; thfd fhg; G Wjpapy; ngw; Wf;

9.2 gy;NtW njhlu; • njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; • njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis mwpe;J nfhs; 05

10.2 re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; • Nghf;Ftuj; J Clfnkhd; • Nghf; F tuj; J Clfnkhd; i wj; njupT 04

• Neuk; / fhyk; • Nghf; F tuj; J Clfnkhd; i wj; njupT

10.3 tzpfq; f spd; • fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; • fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid 08

• fsQ; r parhiynahd; w py; • nghjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; jd;ikf;

10.4 Nghf;Ftuj;J> • Nghf; F tuj; J k; toq; f y; • Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; toq;fy; NritiaAk; 04

11.2 rpy;yiw • rpy;yiw tpahghuk; • rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

• rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; • rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid ntspg;

11.3 nkhj; j • nkhj;j tpahghuk; • nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04