TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol.

II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,

Shantidev Mohanty

MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Jiang Xie
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Shantidev Mohanty
Intel Corporation, USA

Keywords: Mobility management, location management, paging, handoff management,

inter-system roaming, intra-system roaming.

Contents

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1. Introduction
2. Importance of Mobility Management

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3. Location Management

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3.1. Location Management in Stand-Alone Cellular Networks

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3.2. Location Management in Non-IP-Based Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
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3.3. Location Management in IP-Based Wireless Networks
4. Handoff Management
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4.1. Handoff Process in Stand-Alone Cellular Networks
4.2. Handoff Process in IP-Based Wireless Networks
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4.2.1. Network-Layer Handoff Management

4.2.2. Transport-Layer Handoff Management
4.2.3. Application-Layer Handoff Management
4.2.4. Different Steps for Handoff Process of the Existing Mobility Management
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Protocols
5. Research in Mobility Management
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5.1. Research in Location Management

5.1.1. Research in Location Registration
5.1.2. Research in Paging
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5.2. Research in Handoff Management

5.2.1. Single-Layer Handoff Management
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5.2.2. Cross-Layer Handoff Management

5.2.3. Application Adaptive Handoff Management
6. Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Biographical Sketches

Summary

First and second generation of wireless networks are based on non-IP based
infrastructure. On the other hand, next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to
have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies.
Efficient mobility management techniques are critical to the success of both current (i.e.,
first and second generation wireless networks) and next-generation wireless systems.
Mobility management enables mobile wireless networks to locate roaming terminals for

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

wireless services and to maintain connections as the terminal moves into a new service
area. It contains two components: location management and handoff management. In
this article, different aspects of mobility management are discussed. Location
management and handoff management in non-IP-based and IP-based wireless networks
are described in detail and state-of-the-art technologies for efficient mobility
management are presented.

1. Introduction

First and second generation of wireless networks are based on circuit switched
infrastructure. These networks support voice and low data rate services such as short
message service (SMS). However, the air interface technologies of such networks are
inadequate to support high data rate services such as multimedia, streaming services,

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file transfer, and gaming. Next-generation wireless systems are designed to support
these high data rate services. These networks are envisioned to have an IP-based

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infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies. IP-based wireless

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networks are better suited for supporting the rapidly growing mobile data and

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multimedia services, since they can bring the successful Internet service paradigm to
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mobile providers and users. In addition, IP-based wireless networks can integrate
seamlessly with the Internet to allow mobile users to access the information,
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applications, and services available over the Internet. Moreover, IP technologies provide
a better solution to integrate different radio technologies transparently in such a way that
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users perceive them as one communication network. Currently, several IP-based

architectures are proposed for integrating heterogeneous wireless networks to provide
ubiquitous communications [1].
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One of the research challenges for next-generation wireless systems is the design of
intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantages of IP-based
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technologies to achieve global roaming among various wireless networks. Mobility

management enables mobile wireless networks to locate roaming terminals for call
delivery and to maintain connections as the terminal is moving into a new service area.
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Thus, mobility management supports mobile terminals (MTs), allowing users to roam
while simultaneously offering them incoming calls and supporting calls in progress [2].
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Mobility management contains two components: location management and handoff

management. Location management enables the system to track the attachment points of
MTs between consecutive communications. Handoff (or handover) management enables
the network to maintain a user’s connection as the MT continues to move and change its
access point to the network. Moreover, when a user is in the coverage area of multiple
wireless networks, for example, in heterogeneous wireless environments, handoff
management provides always best connectivity [27] to the user by connecting the user to
the best available network [26]. In next-generation wireless systems, there are two types
of mobility for MTs: intra-system (intra-domain) and inter-system (inter-domain)
mobility. Intra-system mobility refers to mobility between different cells of the same
system. Intra-system mobility management techniques are based on similar network
interfaces and protocols. Inter-system mobility refers to mobility between different
backbones, protocols, technologies, or service providers. Based on intra- and inter-
system mobility, the corresponding location management and handoff management can

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

be further classified into intra- and inter-system location management and handoff
management.

Efficient mobility management techniques are critical to the success of next-generation

wireless systems. Efficient location management design implies minimized signaling
overhead for location update and paging as well as minimized update and paging delay.
Similarly, efficient handoff management support implies minimum latency and packet
loss during handoff. In particular, handoff latency is critical for real-time applications
such as voice, real-time video, and streaming services and packet loss during handoff is
important for both real-time and non real-time applications. Hence, handoff
management has become more critical in fourth generation (4G) wireless networks
which support multi-media services. For instance, services such as FTP require zero
packet loss during handoff. Similarly, Internet-based gaming services require very low

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handoff latency. Therefore, efficient handoff management design implies minimized
handoff failure rate, packet dropping rate, and handoff latency. In addition, Quality-of-

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Service (QoS) requirements, scalability, and robustness are also important.

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2. Importance of Mobility Management
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Mobility in wireless networks can take different forms [2], such as:
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ƒ Terminal mobility: the ability for a user terminal to continue to access the
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network when the terminal moves;

ƒ User mobility: the ability for a user to continue to access network services from
different terminals under the same user identity when the user moves;
ƒ Service mobility: the ability for a user to access the same services regardless of
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where the user is.

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In addition, a terminal or a user may be considered by a network to have “moved” even

if the terminal or the user has not changed its physical location. This may occur when
the terminal switched its connection from one type of wireless network to another, e.g.,
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from a wireless local area network to a cellular network.

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Mobility management is the fundamental technology to enable the seamless access to

next-generation wireless networks and mobile services. Future IP-based wireless
networks support all types of multimedia services including real-time services such as
voice and video streaming as well as non-real-time services such as email, web-
browsing, and FTP. Basic requirements of mobility management in next-generation
wireless networks should include: first, the support of all forms of mobility; second, the
support of mobility for both real-time and non-real-time applications; third, the support
of users seamlessly moving across heterogeneous wireless networks in the same or
different administrative domains; fourth, the support of an on-going user application
session to continue without significant interruptions as the user moves. This session
continuity should be maintained when a user changes its network attachment points or
moves from one type of wireless network to another; and last, the support of global
roaming, i.e., the ability for a user to move into and use different operators’ networks.
Finally, location management in next-generation wireless networks is critical to provide
location based services.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

In order to satisfy the above requirements, next-generation wireless systems with

mobility management should have two basic functional capabilities:

ƒ Location management: a process that enables the system to determine a mobile

device’s current location, i.e., the current network attachment point where the
mobile device can receive traffic from the system.
ƒ Handoff management: a process that enables a mobile device to change its
network attachment point while keeping its on-going traffic uninterrupted. If the
network attachment point change involves the roaming into another network
with a different operator, then network access control is also involved in the
handoff process. Network access control includes authentication (verify the
identity of a user), authorization (determine whether a user should use the

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network service), and accounting (collect information on the resources used by a
user).

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In the following sections, technical details of location management and handoff

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management are explained. Research challenges and the current research work on
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mobility management are also introduced.
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3. Location Management
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Location management enables the system to track the attachment points of MTs
between consecutive communications [3]. It includes two major tasks. The first is
location registration or location update, where the MT periodically informs the system
to update relevant location databases with its up-to-date location information. The
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second is call delivery, where the system determines the current location of the MT
based on the information available at the system location databases when a
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communication for the MT is initiated. Two major steps are involved in call delivery:
determining the serving database of the called MT and locating the visiting cell/subnet
of the called MT. The latter is also called paging, where polling messages are sent to all
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the cells/subnets within the residing registration area of the called MT.
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3.1. Location Management in Stand-Alone Cellular Networks

There are two standards for location management in stand-alone cellular networks:
Electronic / Telecommunications Industry Associations (EIA/TIA) Interim Standard 41
(IS-41) and the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile application
part (MAP). The IS-41 standard is adopted in North America, while the GSM MAP is
commonly used in Europe. Both standards are based on a centralized two-level
management hierarchy. Two types of location databases, home location register (HLR)
and visitor location register (VLR), are used to store the location information of MTs.
Each user is permanently associated with an HLR in his/her subscribed network. A user
profile which includes the subscribed services, billing information, and location
information is stored at the HLR for each user. Each VLR stores a copy of a user profile
(downloaded from the HLR) for the MT visiting its associated area.

Cells in cellular networks are partitioned into registration areas (RAs) in IS-41

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

(location area in GSM). All the base station controllers (BSCs) in an RA are connected
to a mobile switching center (MSC), as shown in Figure 1, which provides switching
functions and coordinates location registration and call delivery. Each MSC has a co-
located VLR for location tracking. All the MSCs are connected through the backbone
wireline network. An RA is usually under the control of one MSC. When an MT moves
from one RA to another, it performs a location update by sending a registration message
to the new VLR through the new base station (step 1 and 2 in Figure 1). The new VLR
sends a location registration message to the HLR (step 3). The HLR performs the
required authentication procedures and records the ID of the new serving VLR of the
MT. The HLR then sends a registration acknowledgment message to the new VLR
together with a copy of the user profile of the MT (step 4). The HLR also sends a
registration cancellation message to the old VLR serving the old RA (step 5). The old
VLR removes the record of the MT and returns a cancellation acknowledgment message

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to the HLR (step 6).

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When initiating a call in cellular networks, the calling MT first sends a call initiation

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signal to the serving MSC through a nearby base station (step 1 in Figure 2). The MSC

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sends a location request message to the HLR of the called MT (step 2). The HLR
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determines the serving VLR of the called MT and sends a route request message to the
VLR (step 3). The MSC serving the called MT allocates a temporary identifier called
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temporary local directory number (TLDN) to the MT and sends a reply to the HLR
together with the TLDN (step 4). The HLR forwards the TLDN to the MSC of the
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calling MT (step 5). The network then set up a connection from the serving MSC of the
calling MT to the serving MSC of the called MT (step 6). After receiving the call, the
serving MSC of the called MT broadcasts polling signals to all cells within the
associated RA. The called MT sends a reply to the polling signal which allows the MSC
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to determine its current residing cell. This procedure is called paging.

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Figure 1: Location registration in stand-alone cellular networks

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

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Figure 2: Call delivery in stand-alone cellular networks

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3.2. Location Management in Non-IP-Based Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

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H O
When multiple heterogeneous cellular networks are co-located, it is suggested that the
interworking/interoperating (I&I) function should be provided to accommodate roaming
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between dissimilar networks [9]. Intra-system roaming can be handled by the legacy
location management mechanisms from stand-alone cellular networks. However,
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additional gateways are needed to handle the interworking and interoperating issues
when roaming among heterogeneous cellular networks. For existing practical systems,
several solutions are proposed for some specific pairs of interworking systems. Under
the proposed solutions, the I&I function is implemented in either some additional
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interworking unit with the help of dual-mode handsets or a dual-mode HLR to take care
of the transformation of signaling formats, authentication, and retrieval of user profiles.
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Research activities are conducted to design general location management mechanisms

for inter-system roaming of heterogeneous networks. The research activities can be
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grouped into two categories: location management for adjacent dissimilar systems with
partially overlapping coverage at the boundaries and location management in multitier
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systems where service areas of heterogeneous networks are fully overlapped. All these
solutions propose additional entities that take care of interworking issues between
different wireless access networks.

A Boundary Location Register (BLR) is proposed in [10] to facilitate location

management for inter-system roaming between two adjacent wireless systems with
partially overlapping area, as shown in Figure 3. The BLR is located inside the
boundary area of the two systems and maintains the roaming information of MTs
crossing the boundary. A dynamic inter-system location update policy is developed. An
MT reports its location when its distance from the boundary is less than an update
distance. The update distance is variable over time depending on the network load and
the mobility patterns of each MT.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

Figure 3: Boundary location register proposed for inter-system roaming

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When the service areas of heterogeneous cellular networks are fully overlapped, an MT

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is reachable via multiple networks. Multitier wireless systems are recognized as an
efficient way to improve the capacity and quality of mobile services. The objective is to

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integrate the higher- and lower-tier systems into a single system to provide the
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advantages of all tiers in an integrated manner. The multitier HLR (MHLR) approach is
introduced in [11]. Inside the MHLR, a tier manager connects all heterogeneous HLRs.
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Based on this MHLR approach, two location registration strategies are proposed, single
registration (SR) and multiple registration (MR). Under the SR method, an MT is
allowed to register with the MHLR on only one tier, the lowest, at any given time. The
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MT always receives services from the lowest tier because of low cost and high
bandwidth. Under the MR method, an MT is allowed to register with the MHLR on
multiple tiers concurrently at any given time. The individual tiers perform their own
roaming management as if they are not integrated. The tier manager of the MHLR keeps
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track of the currently visited high-tier and low-tier VLRs of an MT.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES – Vol. II - Mobility Management in Wireless Systems - Jiang Xie,
Shantidev Mohanty

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Biographical Sketches

Jiang Xie received her Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,
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in 1997, Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) degree from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
in 1999, and Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Ph.D. degrees from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2002
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and 2004, respectively, all in electrical engineering. She is currently an assistant professor with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of North Carolina-Charlotte. Her
current research interests include resource and mobility management of wireless networks, Quality-of-
Service (QoS) provisioning, and next-generation Internet. She is an area editor of Computer Networks
SA N

(Elsevier Science). She has served on the organizing and program committees of various international
conferences on computer networks and mobile computing. She is the Vice Chair of the Interest Group on
U

Autonomic Communications (ACIG) of IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on

Multimedia Communications (MMTC). She is a member of IEEE and ACM.

Shantidev Mohanty received the BTech (Hons.) degree from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India, in 2000. He received the MS and PhD degrees from the Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, in 2003 and 2005, respectively, both in electrical engineering. He is
currently working with Intel Corporation, Portland, Oregon. His current research interests include
wireless networks, mobile communications, mobility management, WiMAX networks, and cross-layer
protocol design.
From 2000 to 2001, he worked as a mixed signal design engineer for Texas Instruments, Bangalore, India.
He worked as a summer intern for Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, New Jersey, during the
summers of 2002 and 2003 and for Applied Research, Telcordia Technologies, Piscataway, New Jersey,
during the summer of 2004.

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