Marko Dizdar*

La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica

Summary : A chance find of an iron sword, attributable to Late La Tène on the basis of typological features, comes from
the village of Gaćište in the proximity of Virovitica. A large number of lowland settlements in the Podravina area is known
from that period of development of the La Tène culture, while information regarding contemporary cemeteries is missing.
The sword most probably comes from a destroyed warrior grave, for which analogies are found in the cemeteries of the
Taurisci and the Scordisci as well as in the wider area of the Carpathian basin.

Keywords : Late La Tène, sword, Podravina, cemeteries, Taurisci, Scordisci

* Marko Dizdar
Institut za arheologiju
Ul. Divka Budaka 1D
HR–10 000 Zagreb
E-mail : marko.dizdar@iarh.hr
 Marko Dizdar

A long double-edged iron sword, found in 1962 in the sur-

roundings of the village of Gaćište near Suhopolje, in the
proximity of Virovitica, is kept in the Virovitica Municipal
Museum. On the basis of typological features it can be at-
tributed to the material legacy of Late La Tène1. The tang
of the sword has a rhombic cross-section and it runs into a
high campanulate shoulder, likewise with a rhombic cross-
section, which runs into a long blade of uniform width with
a narrow rhombic section, with two wide grooves along the
central rib and a further two narrow grooves running along
either side of its ridge. The point of the sword is rounded
(Fig. 1). The length of the sword is 97 cm : the blade is 82.4
cm long, while the tang with the shoulder is 14.6 cm long.
The blade is 6 cm wide, while the width of the tang is 1 cm.

The sword most probably comes from a destroyed war-

rior grave, into which it was deposited in bent condition,
as testified by the traces of straightening in the lower third
of the blade. The sword from Gaćište, considering the ty-
pological features, most probably lay in a scabbard, which
often had a reinforcement in the shape of two horizontal
letters S on the front, while the chape was shaped as a wide
letter „V”. Such swords, with a long and uniformly wide
blade, with the length often surpassing 1 m, were used in
battle exclusively for slashing enemies2. The swords in
scabbards of the same typological features in the territory
of the spread of the Mokronog group of the Taurisci are
dated to the earlier phase of Late La Tène, more precisely
to the Mokronog IIIa phase3, and in the Belgrade 3a phase
in the material legacy of the Scordisci4.

The excavations carried out in the cemeteries of the

Scordisci have shown that in the Late La Tène period
graves containing two or more spears appear more fre-
quently, while graves with a sword appear in smaller num-
bers with regard to the previous, Middle La Tène phase of
development5.

In terms of space, the closest find to the sword from

Gaćište comes from Mali Bilač, situated in the eastern
part of the Požega valley, on the northeastern slopes of the
Dilj. Pieces of weaponry, fragments of bronze and ceramic
vessels and parts of costume were collected in Mali Bilač.
As regards offensive weaponry, two swords with parts of
scabbards were preserved, showing traces of bending, so it
can be assumed that the finds came from incinerary buri-
als, perhaps from a double warrior burial. The swords have
campanulate hilt-ends with straightened tips. One hilt-end
lies on a tang of a rhombic cross-section, while the tang of
the other sword has an oval cross-section in the upper part
and a rhombic one in the lower part. The swords have long

1
I thank the director of the Virovitica Municipal Museum, Dubravka
Sabolić, for permission to publish the sword and for the information about
the spot of discovery. The drawing was made by Miljenka Galić.
2
Božić 1984, 80.
3
Božič 1987, 876 Fig. 46, 1; Pl. LXXXVIII, 1; Božič 1999, 210.
4
Božič 1981, 319 Pl. 3, 30. Fig. 1 : The sword from Gaćište.
5
Božič 1981, 319, 322; Božič 1984, 80; Guštin 1984, 327.

— 156 —
 La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica
blades with pronounced central ribs, or it can be of a three-
rhombic cross-section. The upper part of the scabbard with
an „S”-reinforcement was preserved on one sword, with a
suspension-loop with elongated loop-plates is on the back.
Fragments of wide „V”-chapes with pointed clamps on ei-
ther side were also collected on the site. The finds from
Mali Bilač are dated to Lt D1, that is to the end of the 2nd
and the beginning of the 1st century BC on the basis of ty-
pological comparisons6.
In the area of spread of the Scordisci, swords in scab-
bards of older Late La Tène typological features were
found mostly in closed grave assemblages in Karaburma.
In addition to the fact that they contained swords, these
graves stand out also by the number and quality of the re-
maining goods. Grave 13 contained a straightly deposited
sword with a tang of a rhombic cross-section and a wide
blade with a pronounced central rib. The sword lay in a
scabbard with an „S”-reinforcement on the upper part of
its front, and which ended with a wide „V”-chape with a
pointed clamp on either side of its end7. Only the upper
portion of a bent blade with a three-rhombic cross-section
was preserved of the sword from grave 92, in addition to
the remains of a scabbard8. Poorly preserved remains of a
sword and scabbard were found also in grave 979. Grave
222 contained a bent sword in a scabbard with a tang of
a rhombic cross-section and a blade with a three-rhombic
cross-section. There was an „S”-reinforcement on the
scabbard, which ended with a wide „V”-chape, which had
two pointed clamps on either side of its lower part10. The
mentioned graves, based on the analysis of the inventory,
belong to the earlier phase of Late La Tène (Lt D1), that
is Belgrade 3a phase. Karaburma also yielded the find of
a short sword in a scabbard, 49.1 cm long, exhibiting ty-
pological features identical to the previously mentioned
swords, only it stands out for its lesser length. The sword
likewise has a three-rhombic cross-section of the blade, a
rhombic cross-section of the tang, a high campanulate hilt-
end and a rounded blade point. Decoration consisting of
five concentric circles adorns the upper portion of the front
of the scabbard, while a suspension-loop with elongated
loop-plates is on the back. The scabbard ends with a wide
„V”-chape11.
The swords in scabbards of Late La Tène features were
documented in several other sites of the Scordisci and they
most probably come from destroyed graves. For instance,
a sword with a blade of a three-rhombic cross-section, lay-
ing in a scabbard with an „S”-reinforcement, comes from
Ritopek. The suspension-loop consists of wide oval loop-
plates, decorated with zigzag lines toward the central hol-
6 13
Dizdar – Potrebica 2002, 113–114, 116 Fig. 2.
7 14
Todorović 1972, 14 Pl. V, 1–2.
8 15
Todorović 1972, 30-31 Pl. XXVII, 8–9.
9 16
Todorović 1972, 32 Pl. XXX, 12.
10
Todorović 1972, 39 Pl. XXXVIII, 1.
11
Todorović 1971, 115 Pl. LIII, 4.
— 157 —
low12. Two Late La Tène swords in scabbards come from
destroyed graves from the site of Jendek near the village of
Zvečka, not far from Obrenovac. The swords have a pro-
nounced central rib on the blade and a straightened point of
the campanulate scabbard mouth. One scabbard has three
transverse striped reinforcements on the upper portion of
the front, and a wide „V”-chape, while on the back there
is a suspension-loop with oval loop-plates, which likewise
have two striped reinforcements running across them,
while a further two reinforcements are located in the lower
third of the scabbard13. The other scabbard has an „S”-rein-
forcement on the top of the front, while on the back there is
a suspension-loop with elongated loop-plates. On the top,
there are circular chape-clamps on the front of the chape
and a straight chape-bridge on the back. The chape-ends in
the form of a wide letter „V” with two pointed clamps on
either side14.
The lack of knowledge about the cemeteries belonging to
the inhabitants of the fortified settlements of the Scordisci,
which are well-known owing to a large number of system-
atic and test excavations, had as the consequence that Late
La Tène forms of items of weaponry, costume and jewel-
lery, most often found in graves, were less well known than
those from Early or Middle La Tène. Nevertheless, a Late
La Tène cemetery with numerous finds of weaponry, horse
equipment, wagon pieces and bronze vessels was discov-
ered in 2003 in Hrtkovci, that might be connected with
the fortified settlement at Gomolava. Three swords with
parts of scabbards stand out among the collected finds. The
swords have high campanulate hilt-ends and a pronounced
central rib on a blade with a rounded end. All the finds,
including the swords, are too generally dated to the 1st cen-
tury BC – 1st century AD15, even though by their typologi-
cal features they can be attributed to Lt D1.
From the destroyed cemeteries of the Scordisci in Syr-
mia, the Late La Tène swords, with rarely preserved scab-
bards, are known also from Boljevci, Kupinovo, Novi Ba-
novci and Beška. From a destroyed cemetery in Boljevci
comes the find of the upper portion of a sword with a pro-
nounced central rib with a wide parallel groove on either
side of it, giving the blade a three-rhombic cross-section16.
Likewise, the find of a Late La Tène sword with a blade of
a three-rhombic cross-section with a rounded end comes
from the cemetery in Kupinovo17, while Novi Banovci, in
addition to a sword with a pronounced central rib, yielded
the end of a scabbard with a „V”-chape with two pointed
clamps and a suspension-loop with wide oval loop-plates18.
The lower portion of a bent sword with a blade with a gen-
tly pronounced central rib is known from Beška. The lower
12
Todorović 1967, 156 Pl. V, 16.
Todorović 1966, 61 Pl. IX, 3–4; Todorović 1971, 31 Pl. XXI, 3–4.
Todorović 1966, 61 T. IX, 5–6; Todorović 1971, 32 T. XXI, 5–6.
Dautova Ruševljan – Vujović 2006, 50, 86 Fig. 24.
Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 16 Pl. II, 3.
17
Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 29 Pl. XI, 1.
18
Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 37–38 Pl. XXIX, 6.
 Marko Dizdar
part of the scabbard with a „V”-chape-end and two point-
ed clamps on either side was also preserved19. The same
chape, with two pointed clamps on either side, is found on
the scabbard of a sword from Ostrovo near Vršac, which
has also a crescent-shaped stamp on the upper part of the
blade20.
All the mentioned swords in scabbards can be dated to
the earlier part of the Belgrade 3 phase, that is to Lt D121,
when they appear in warrior graves with one or several
spears22.
Late La Tène swords in scabbards of identical typo-
logical features were found also in the cemeteries of the
Taurisci. Several Late La Tène swords are known from the
eponymous cemetery in Mokronog, from closed grave as-
semblages as well as outside of those. Grave 1 contained
a bent sword with a tang of a rhombic cross-section and
a pronounced rib on the blade with a rounded end. There
is an „S”-reinforcement on the top of the front, while a
suspension-loop with cordate loop-plates is on the back.
A transitional phase 4 that unites late Middle La Tène (a
fibula, an umbo) and early Late La Tène forms (a sword)
was distinguished on the basis of this grave23. A bent sword
with a rhombic cross-section of the blade was found also in
grave 3, together with a fragment of a rounds shield boss,
a Late La Tène fibula and a ceramic vessel. A scabbard
with a wide „V”-chape, on which one pointed clamp has
remained, were partly preserved on the sword24. It is stated
that the scabbard possibly belongs to group 7B with two
clamps, which are dated to the late phase of the Middle
and the transition to Late La Tène25. A sword in a scab-
bard with a subtriangular mouth, below which is an „S”-
reinforcement on the front and a suspension-loop with
elongated triangular loop-plates on the back, comes from
outside of the grave assemblage26. A sword with a tang of
a rhombic cross-section and a high campanulate hilt-end,
in a scabbard with an identically shaped mouth that are
straightened on the top, is also of Late La Tène date. There
are circular chape-clamps on top of the front of the long
chape in the shape of the letter „V”, while at the end there
are two clamps on either side27. A rhombic cross-section
of the tang is found also on a sword in a scabbard with
an „S”-reinforcement which have wide oval loop-plates on
the suspension-loop28.
A large number of Late La Tène swords in scabbards is
known from the cemetery in Mihovo, but these are in most
19
Knežević-Jovanović 2003, 290 Pl. V, 2.
20
Todorović 1974, 157 Fig. 112, Fig. 95 (stamp).
21
Božič 1981, 319 Pl. 3, 30.
22
Guštin 1984, 326–327 Fig. 15, 12.
23
Guštin 1977, 72 Pl. 9, 2; Guštin 1984, 331–333 Fig. 22, 3.
24
Guštin 1977, 72 Pl. 10, 3.
25
Lejars 1994, 53.
26
Gabrovec 1966, Pl. 2, 1a–b.
27
Gabrovec 1966, Pl. 3, 1.
28
Gabrovec 1966, Pl. 4, 2.
— 158 —
cases quite poorly preserved29. A 7B type scabbard with
two pointed clamps and semicircular chape-clamps on top
of the chape are recognized in grave 1656/1930.
In Novo mesto, Late La Tène graves were discovered in
Beletov vrt and Kapiteljska njiva. In grave 169 at Beletov
vrt were found two fragments of a sword whose blade has
a pronounced central rib. An „S”-reinforcement lies on the
scabbard with a straightened top of the mouth, while there
is a suspension-loop with oval loop-plates on the back.
A chape with two pointed clamps and the remains of a
horizontal transverse reinforcement were partly preserved
toward the end of the scabbard. Other parts of weaponry
were found in the grave as well, including fragments of
an iron helmet of the Novo mesto type. Grave 169 ranks
among the earliest grave assemblages at Beletov vrt and it
is dated to Lt D1. This is the only grave in the necropolis
that yielded a sword as a grave good, while only spears
were found in the remaining ones31.
The recent excavations at Kapiteljska njiva led to the
discovery of graves that can likewise be dated to the begin-
ning of Late La Tène. Grave 144, together with a circular
shield boss and a long spear, contained a bent sword in
a scabbard with a horizontal reinforcement on the upper
part of the front, while a suspension-loop with narrower
oval loop-plates is on the back32. A sword with a blade of
a lentil-shaped cross-section and a tang of a rectangular
cross-section was found in grave 150. The sword lay in
a scabbard with an asymmetrical suspension-loop. The
grave also contained a spear and a shield boss of the Ar-
qua Petrarca type, characteristic for Lt D133. An „S”-rein-
forcement is attached to the bent scabbard of the sword
from grave 521. The blade of the sword has a lentil-shaped
cross-section. On the back of the scabbard is a suspension-
loop with wide oval loop-plates. The end of the chape is
cordate. There are round chape-clamps on the top of the
front of the chape, while a straight chape-bridge is on the
back. The grave contained also a spear with a narrow leaf
with a pronounced central rib, a shield boss with strap
wings of type VI and ceramic vessels that date the grave
to the end of the younger phase of Middle La Tène34. The
mentioned grave thus testifies to the appearance of the
„S”-reinforcement already towards the end of the younger
phase of Middle La Tène.
A large number of swords in scabbards of Late La Tène
typological features were found at the Roje cemetery near
Moravče. For instance, grave I contained a bent sword in a
scabbard with a tang of a rhombic cross-section. A suspen-
sion-loop with cordate loop-plates is located on the upper
29
Windl 1975, Pl. XVIII, 8; XLI, 1.
30
Windl 1975, Pl. XXIII, 1.
31
Schaaff 1980, 400–401 Fig. 4; Knez 1992, 60 Pl. 60, 4.
32
Križ 2005, 61 Pl. 28.
33
Križ 2005, 64 Pl. 31–32.
34
Križ 2005, 96 Pl. 82, 6.
 La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica
part of the back of the scabbard. On the end is a chape end-
ing in a widely set letter „V”, with two pointed clamps on
either side35. Grave II also contained a bent sword in a scab-
bard with a tang of a rhombic cross-section with a plaque
on top. The blade of the sword has a pronounced central
rib. There is an „S”-reinforcement on top of the front of
the scabbard, which has a subtriangular mouth, while on
the back is a suspension-loop with cordate loop-plates. A
straight chape-bridge is also preserved on the chape36. Sev-
eral more Late La Tène swords in scabbards are known
from outside of graves from the 1907 excavations. The
swords have tangs with a rhombic cross-section and a pro-
nounced central rib on the blade. The upper portions of the
scabbards have „S”- or straight transverse reinforcements,
while on the back are suspension-loops with oval, cordate
or narrow elongated loop-plates. A wide „V”-chape with
two pointed clamps on either side is located at the end of
the scabbard. A straight chape-bridge is preserved on top
of the chape, on the back37. The same typological features
are shared by a bent sword in a scabbard from grave 45,
which has a tang of a rhombic cross-section with a plaque
on top. A suspension-loop has cordate loop-plates, while
on the end is a wide „V”-chape with two pointed clamps.
The chape has a straight chape-bridge on the top and one
more transverse reinforcement38.
A bent Late La Tène sword in a scabbard was found also
in grave 42 of tumulus V at Magdalenska gora. An „S”-
reinforcement is located on the front of the scabbard, while
on the back there is a wide lateral reinforcement as well
as elongated narrow loop-plates of a suspension-loop39. A
bent Late La Tène sword with a high campanulate hilt-end,
with a pronounced rib and a tang of a rhombic cross-sec-
tion comes from one of the destroyed graves in Metlika40.
The mentioned swords in scabbards from the cemeter-
ies of the Mokronog group of the Taurisci, similar to the
finds from the cemeteries of the Scordisci, on the basis of
the finds from closed grave assemblages, are dated to the
Mokronog IIIa phase, that is to Lt D141.
The analogies for the mentioned Late La Tène swords
in scabbards from the cemeteries of the Scordisci and the
Taurisci are found in the area south and east of the Alps, or
in the sites in the Carpathian basin. This primarily applies
to the finds from the area of distribution of the Scordisci,
while in case of individual finds from the cemeteries of the
Mokronog group of the Taurisci, on the basis of typologi-
cal comparisons of the scabbards, the analogies are found
also on the Celtic cemeteries in northern Italy, dated to the
35
Knez 1977, Pl. 2, 1.
36
Knez 1977, Pl. 3, 8.
37
Knez 1977, Pl. 7, 1–4. 6.
38
Knez 1977, Pl. 14, 1.
39
Hencken 1978, 40 Fig. 163, c.
40
Šribar, 1976, 328 T. XII, 2.
41
Božič 1987, 876 Fig. 46, 1; Božič 1993, 143; Božič 1999, 210.
— 159 —
transition from the Middle to Late La Tène and to the very
beginning of Late La Tène.
As they are quite prone to decay, in most cases, particu-
larly when it comes to the finds from the end of the 19th and
the beginning of the 20th century, swords were preserved
with only very few parts of the scabbards, most often a
chape. The swords in scabbards were in most cases depos-
ited into graves in bent condition, which further advanced
the damage to the scabbard. The swords measure around 1
m in length, and the mentioned tendency toward their elon-
gation can be followed from the end of Lt C1. The swords
have wide blades that can be of a rhombic cross-section,
with a pronounced central rib, or have a three-rhombic
cross-section with a groove on either side along the cen-
tral rib, which appears on the swords at the beginning of
Late La Tène42. Sword blades with such cross-sections
are known in large numbers from the sites of the Scordisci
(Karaburma 92 and 222, Boljevci, Kupinovo, Ritopek) and
from the cemeteries in Romania and northwestern Bulgaria
in the context of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group. The
tang has a rhombic cross-section with a plaque on top.
On its lower part is a high campanulate hilt-end, of
the kind find also on the swords from the previous phase,
which could be straightened on the top similar to the
swords from Mali Bilač. The appearance of a straight hilt-
end with the corresponding shape of the scabbard mouth
is documented at the beginning of Late La Tène on sites
north of the Alps43. The end of the wide sword blade with
parallel edges was rounded, a trait appearing from the end
of Lt C2, together with an increase of the length of the
swords, which can also end triangularly starting with the
beginning of Late La Tène44. A crescent-shaped stamp has
been documented on the sword from Ostrovo near Vršac
only. Incidentally, stamps appear on the cemeteries of the
Scordisci and the Taurisci much more frequently on the
blades of swords dated to Lt C245.
The scabbards of Late La Tène swords from the cem-
eteries of the Scordisci and the Taurisci are mostly incom-
pletely preserved, with only the lower parts remaining,
with a triangular or „V”-shaped chape with pointed clamps
on it. The top of the scabbard was also preserved on many
occasions, mostly with a high campanulate mouth, rarely
subtriangular, while on the back remained a suspension-
loop. The only decorated scabbard was that from the short
sword from Karaburma, with motifs of concentric circles46.
Incidentally, the scabbards of Late La Tène swords were
rarely decorated47.
42
Lejars 1996a, 90.
43
Pernet 2006, 36.
44
Lejars 1996a, 90 Fig. 6.
45
Tomičić – Dizdar 2005, 76 Map 2.
46
Todorović 1971, 115 Pl. LIII, 4.
47
Lejars 2003, 35.
 Marko Dizdar
Fig. 2 : Findspots of the swords in scabbards of Lt D1 phase in the area of spread of the Scordisci and Taurisci.
It can be concluded on the basis of the sword length that
the scabbards were sometimes more than 1 metre long,
with parallel sides, which represents a continuation of the
traditions of the previous group 6, characteristic for Lt
C2. Likewise, the front of the scabbard can contain plas-
tic reinforcements, mostly in the form of two connected
and horizontally positioned letters „S” (the so called „S”-
reinforcement) of type 9 and 12 (Karaburma 13, Kara-
burma 222, Ritopek, Obrenovac, Mali Bilač, Mokronog
1, Mokronog outside graves, Beletov vrt 169, Kapiteljska
njiva 521, Roje II, Roje outside graves, Magdalenska gora
V/42), or a horizontal strap reinforcement of type 1348, of
the kind found on the scabbard from Roje and from grave
144 from Kapiteljska njiva. At the Giubiasco cemetery,
the front strap reinforcements were distinguished as type
1, while those with an „S”- or a horizontal transverse re-
inforcement were marked as type 249. The „S”-reinforce-
ment is considered an aesthetic solution for the technical
problem of reinforcing the scabbard mouth that does not
survive the end of Lt C2, but transforms from the begin-
ning of Lt D1 into three or four identical motifs. The larger
clamps disappear also at the same time, while the „S”-re-
inforcement starts appearing on the chape50.
The appearance of a relief reinforcement of the scab-
bard top in the shape of an „S”, which sometimes appears
together with a Swiss-style scabbard decoration, is docu-
mented already on the scabbards of the swords of group 7,
dated to the transitional phase Lt C2/D1, as shown by the
sword from Acy-Romance. The origin is found in certain
models of decorated reinforcement located on the scab-
bards decorated in Hungarian style or with dragons of
type III. Thus the scabbards from Brestovik and Srijemski
48
Lejars 1994, 30, 38.
49
Pernet 2006, 36 Fig. 2, 5.
50
Lejars 1994, 86–87; Lejars 2003, 35 Fig. 21, 6.
— 160 —
Karlovci show the way in which the transformation was
carried out51, which is subsequently continued also at the
beginning of Lt D1, from when on the scabbard mouth can
also be straight, while the loop-plates of the suspension-
loop and the chapes become increasingly elongated52.
On the back of the scabbard is a suspension-loop with
narrower or wider oval or cordate loop-plates of type 9 or
type 1 after the finds from the Giubiasco cemetery (Mokro-
nog 1, Roje I, Roje II, Roje, Roje 45, Kapiteljska njiva 144
and 521, Beletov vrt 169, Obrenovac, Mokronog, Novi
Banovci, Ritopek); triangular of type 10 (Mokronog),
narrow and long triangular or oval of type 2 (Mali Bilač,
Magdalenska gora V/42, Roje, Karaburma)53. Wide oval
loop-plates from the scabbard of the sword from Ritopek
are decorated also with incised zigzag lines. On the back
of the scabbard, in addition to the suspension-loop, are
also lateral reinforcements of type 11 as the most frequent,
followed by those of type 10 (Kapiteljska njiva 150), or
horizontal ones of type 14 (Obrenovac)54. On the Giubi-
asco cemetery, the back reinforcements, such as those that
appear on the scabbards on the cemeteries of the Scordisci
and the Taurisci, are distinguished as reinforcements of
type 255.
The shape and length of the chape represent an impor-
tant part of the typological and chronological attribution
of the scabbards. Even though they are completely pre-
served only in a smaller number of cases, the preserva-
tion even of small parts in case of certain scabbards makes
possible their quite precise typological classification. The
51
Lejars 1996a, 84 Fig. 3A; Lejars 2003, 34–35.
52
Lejars 1996a, 92 Fig. 7.
53
Lejars 1994, 30; Pernet 2006, 36 Fig. 2, 5.
54
Lejars 1994, 30.
55
Pernet 2006, 36 Fig. 2, 5.
 La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica
completely preserved chapes, such as those from Obre-
novac or Mokronog show that on the top there are round
chape-clamps on the front and a straight chape-bridge on
the back. Horizontal straight reinforcements can some-
times be found below, while towards the end, shaped as a
triangle or a wide letter „V”, there are two pointed clamps
on either side. Such a shape of the chape-end is character-
istic precisely for the scabbards from the cemeteries of the
Scordisci and the Taurisci, from where it is known in the
largest number of cases.
The comparisons for Late La Tène sword scabbards
from the sites of the Scordisci and the Taurisci are very
limited, primarily to the few finds from the area of the Car-
pathian basin, from where, like in the case of the entire
Central Europe, only few Late La Tène grave finds are
known. There are somewhat more comparisons with the
finds from the cemeteries in Northern Italy, from where the
most finds belong to the end of Middle and the transition to
Late La Tène. The same is documented in the cemeteries
and sanctuaries in Northern Gallia.
The closest comparison for the finds from the cemeter-
ies of the Scordisci is that of a sword in a scabbard from a
destroyed grave from the site of Hird-Homokbánya in the
Hungarian part of Baranja. It has an „S”-reinforcement on
the top of the front of the scabbard, the scabbard has a high
campanulate mouth and it ends with a wide „V”-chape with
pointed clamps. The same site yielded a Late La Tène spear
and a battle knife, which likewise belong to Lt D156. From
the same area comes also the find of a incinerary grave
from Véménd, in which were found a bent sword in a scab-
bard, a bent spear and a bronze casserole. The scabbard has
a high campanulate mouth and a „S”-reinforcement, while
the blade of the sword has a pronounced central rib. The
grave is likewise dated to Lt D157.
The assemblage I/68 from the oppidum of Pohanska
near Plavecké Podhradie contains also a part of a sword
scabbard with a high campanulate mouth, with an „S”-
reinforcement below it on the front, and a suspension-
loop with elongated loop-plates on the back. In addition
to analogies from the oppida such as Staré Hradisko or
Velem-Szentvid, the scabbard, as well as the entire hoard,
were dated to Lt D158. Likewise, most probably from a
destroyed Late La Tène incinerary grave from Blatnica in
Slovakia comes a sword in a scabbard with elongated oval
loop-plates from a suspension-loop. The chape-ends in the
shape of the letter „V” with two clamps on either side and
a transverse reinforcement above59. The analogies for the
swords from the sites of the Scordisci, particularly those
with a three-rhombic blade, as well as for the scabbards
with “S”-reinforcements, are documented in large numbers
56
Petres 1979, 193.
57
Hunyady 1942, Pl. XVII, 3.
58
Zachar 1976, 90-93 Pl. I–II; Fig. 1; Fig. 5.
59
Pieta 2005, 50 Pl. VIII, 2.
— 161 —
in the context of Late La Tène graves of the Padea-Pana-
gjurski Kolonii group on Northern Bulgarian and Roma-
nian sites from Lt D160.
Good analogies for Late La Tène scabbards are found
on the Giubiasco cemetery, where the typological classi-
fication of swords in scabbards rests on the differences in
the shape of the scabbard chape, which served as the basis
for the distinction of three types. The second criterion was
the length of the chape and the scabbard itself. The typo-
logical features of type 1 place it to Lt C261. The Late La
Tène scabbards from the cemeteries of the Scordisci and
the Taurisci correspond to certain scabbards of type 2. This
is a heterogeneous scabbard group, on which various vari-
ables of front and back reinforcements are combined. Two
basic variants are distinguished on the basis of morpholog-
ical features of the chape. Our pieces belong to variant 2b,
most of all to the finds from graves 222 and 348, on whose
scabbards are also „S”-reinforcements and oval or cordate
loop-plates of the suspension-loop of type 1; further, round
chape-clamps on the top of the chape and a straight chape-
bridge on the back, below which is yet another transverse
horizontal reinforcement. The clamps on the scabbard from
grave 222 are double, same as in the case of our specimens,
and the sword itself has a three-rhombic blade. The sword
from grave 348 likewise has a three-rhombic blade in the
upper part and rhombic in the lower part, in addition to a
clamp on the chape, which also has round chape-clamps
and a straight chape-bridge62. Double clamps are, inci-
dentally, a typological feature from Late La Tène63. The
analogies for the scabbards of variant 2b from Giubiasco
are found in the cemeteries in Northern Italy, where they
are dated to the end of Lt C2 and the beginning of Lt D1,
and it presently seems that both variants – 2a and 2b – are
contemporary64.
If one looks at the scabbard from the Gournay sanctu-
ary, on which the ritual activity ends prior to the beginning
of Late La Tène, the mentioned chapes from the sites of the
Scordisci and the Taurisci find closest parallels in chapes
GSA 2790 and GSA 3100/3169, which belong to variant
7A2. This variant is characterized by round chape-clamps
and a straight chape-bridge on top of the chape, as well as
an additional transverse reinforcement and a pointed clamp
towards the end of the chape, which ends triangularly or in
the shape of a wide letter „V”. There is also an „S”-rein-
forcement on the upper portion of the scabbards of group
765. The scabbards of group 7 appear in the course of Lt C2,
when the length of the scabbards continues to be extended,
which reaches its climax at the beginning of Late La Tène.
Group 7 scabbards with chapes of variant 7A develop from
60
Todorović 1968, 94, 104 Fig. 24, 1–2. 6; 26, 2; 28, 13; 29, 1; Rustoiu
2002, 15 Fig. 2, 2.
61
Pernet 2006, 36.
62
Pernet 2006, 40 Fig. 2, 8.
63
Lejars 1994, 25.
64
Pernet 2006, 40.
65
Lejars 1994, 25.
 Marko Dizdar
the scabbards of the previous group 6B, which is charac-
teristic for Lt C2. Further development continues in Lt D1,
but the forms characteristic for that phase do not appear
in the Gournay sanctuary66. This is, therefore, a scabbard
group that stands on the very end of development of the
Middle La Tène scabbards, which perhaps includes also
the scabbard from grave 3 in Mokronog with a chape of
variant 7B67. Still, a difference is visible in the position of
the preserved clamps located towards the end of the chape
from Mokronog, while on those of variant 7B it is located
on the beginning of the lower third. In this way the pre-
served chapes from the scabbards of Late La Tène swords
from the sites of the Scordisci and the Taurisci are close to
the 7A2 variant of chapes with round chape-clamps and
a straight chape-bridge, from which they perhaps devel-
oped. The differences consist in the position of two pointed
clamps, located towards the end of the chape on either side,
and in a wide, „V”-shaped chape-end, of the kind that ap-
pears in the cemeteries of the Scordisci and the Taurisci
and on the other Late La Tène cemeteries in the Carpathian
basin. Likewise, the chape-clamps on the front are located
at level with the chape-bridge on the back, which is not the
case with the chapes of group 7A2.
A bent scabbard with a sword of a lentil-shaped cross-
section from grave 521 at Kapiteljska njiva would belong
to the Middle La Tène scabbard of group 7. The top of the
scabbard has a „S”-reinforcement, while the chape is close
to variant 7A2 with round chape-clamps and a straight
chape-bridge and with two clamps on either side in the
lower part, while the end itself is more rounded. The grave
contained also a spear with a short leaf with a pronounced
central rib, a shield boss with strap wings of type VI and
ceramic vessels that date the grave to the end of Lt C268.
The scabbard with the „S”-reinforcement from that grave
is likewise proof of the earlier appearance of such a method
of reinforcing the scabbard mouth already in Lt C2, which
is particularly well documented on sword scabbards found
in the cemeteries in Northern Italy or in the cemeteries and
sanctuaries in Gallia. For instance, the scabbard dated to
Lt C2 from the Ribemont sanctuary has below the mouth
a decoration with the motif of a triple coil, with a plas-
tic „S”-reinforcement below. The decoration below the
campanulate mouth in the combination of a plastic triple
coil, that is a Swiss-style decoration, with a plastic „S”-
reinforcement below, is found also on the GSA 1551 scab-
bard from Gournay, which is among the youngest in the
sanctuary and is dated to the first half of the 2nd century
BC69. The mentioned finds point to the early appearance of
„S”-reinforcements, which last partly contemporaneously
with the Swiss-style scabbard decoration in the course of
Lt C2, as corroborated also by the following finds on the
66
Lejars 1994, 53–54.
67
Lejars 1994, 53.
68
Križ 2005, 96 Pl. 82, 6.
69
Lejars 1996b, 618–619 Fig. 3; Lejars 2003, 34 Fig. 21, 4.
— 162 —
Celtic cemeteries in Northern Italy70.
Thus at the cemetery of S. Maria di Zevio, the closest
parallels can be found in grave 6, dated to phase II or Lt
D1, in which the remains of the lower part of the scabbard
with a „V”-shaped chape were found, with two clamps on
either side and a transverse reinforcement above them71. A
similar sword in a scabbard was found also in grave 104.
The sword has a tang of a rhombic cross-section and a pro-
nounced rib on the blade, which ends in the shape of a wid-
er triangle. The scabbard has a „V”-chape with two clamps
on either side, with a transverse reinforcement above, and
a straight chape-bridge, while there is another horizontal
transverse reinforcement on the top of the scabbard. The
grave is dated to phase I or Lt C2/Lt D72. The sword from
grave 135 has a rectangular cross-section of the tang and a
pronounced rib on the blade. An „S”-reinforcement and a
suspension-loop with cordate loop-plates are located near
the top of the scabbard, while the chape with a straight
chape-bridge and one clamp ends in the shape of the letter
„V”. The grave contained also a shield boss of the Arqua
Petrarca type, and it is dated to phase II, that is Lt D173. A
similar sword in a scabbard, with a lentil-shaped blade and
a tang with a rectangular cross-section, was found in grave
137 with a wavy and horizontal reinforcements on top of
the scabbard. The long chape has a straight chape-bridge
and another transverse reinforcement as well as a knob
near the end. This grave also contained a shield boss of the
Arqua Petrarca type, which dates it to Lt D174.
The Celtic cemeteries of Northern Italy yielded numer-
ous finds of group 7 swords with chapes of variant 7B of
a kind rarely documented on the sites of the Mokronog
group (Mihovo 1656/19, Mokronog 3?) and which are
dated to the very end of the Middle and the transition to
Late La Tène. The scabbards of those swords show certain
typological features that are later found also on Late La
Tène scabbards from the cemeteries of the Taurisci. For
instance, at the S. Maria di Zevio cemetery, the swords
in scabbards with the chape of variant 7B were found in
several graves (88, 90C, 131), which are dated to phase I,
that is the transition Lt C2/Lt D75, and they show a chrono-
logical contemporaneity or overlapping of a Swiss-style
decoration and the scabbard „S”-reinforcement, which will
later be found also on younger scabbards from Lt D1. An
„S”-reinforcement is found also on the top of the scabbard
of the sword from Gomoria, while the long chape of vari-
ant 7B with round chape-plates and a straight chape-bridge
ends in the shape of the letter „U”, with two clamps on
either side and the remains of a horizontal transverse rib
between them. The grave is likewise dated to the transition
Lt C2/Lt D, to the final decades of the 2nd century BC76.
70
Lejars 2003, 34 Fig. 21, 5–6.
71
Salzani 1996, Pl. VII, 12.
72
Salzani 1996, Pl. XLVI, 2.
73
Salzani 1996, Pl. LXIII, 7.
74
Salzani 1996, Pl. LXV, 1.
75
Salzani 1996, Pl. XXXV, 11; XXXIX, 3; LX, 10.
76
Vitali 1989, 18 Fig. 5, 15.
 La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica
A similar find was documented also in a incinerary grave
from Introbio, which contained a sword in the scabbard
with an „S”-reinforcement and an elongated suspension-
loop with elongated cordate loop-plates. The chape is of
variant 7A and still exhibits the late features of Middle
La Tène scabbards with bird-shaped chape-clamps on the
front. The „S”-reinforcement would represent a somewhat
younger typological determinant, but its appearance is thus
again documented at the end of Middle La Tène77.
Such forms of scabbards of variants 7A and 7B are
presently not known from the cemeteries of the Scordisci,
where during Lt C2 only scabbards of group 6 have been
documented so far, which appear also on the cemeteries
of the Mokronog group. Nevertheless, the appearance of
younger scabbards of group 7 was documented on the cem-
eteries of the Mokronog group, which are characteristic for
the end of Middle La Tène and the transition to Late La
Tène.
In the older phase of Late La Tène on the cemeteries of
the Scordisci and the Taurisci scabbards were document-
ed of the kind registered on rare known cemeteries in the
Carpathian basin and on numerous Northern Italian cem-
eteries dated to Lt D1. At the same time in the area north
of the Alps different forms of scabbards appear made of
bronze and iron of the Ludwigshafen type, which have so
far been known south of the Alps only from the cemeteries
of Ornavasso and Giubiasco78, and which have not been
documented until now by the Taurisci and the Scordisci.
The Ludwigshafen type scabbards were inspired precise-
ly by chapes of group 7B79. As a younger form, in Lt D2
scabbards appear with the end of the chape in the shape of
a spur, which are found from the Baltics, through north-
western Gallia, up until Verdun and Ajmana, which would
again testify to the same forms of offensive weaponry at
the very close of the development of the La Tène culture80.
In the area north of the Alps the cemeteries that would
belong to the period of the oppida, which reach the climax
of their development in Late La Tène, are likewise poorly
known81. In southern Bavaria Late La Tène swords are
mostly known as individual finds from the water. The only
sword from a closed grave assemblage is the one from a
incinerary grave in Kelheim, where it was accompanied by
a round shield boss, a long spear and a graphite pot deco-
rated with vertical combed decoration and a bronze jug of
the Kelheim type. The sword has a tang of a rhombic cross-
section, a high campanulate hilt-end and a blade of a three-
rhombic cross-section, with a rounded end82. Kelheim also
77
De Marinis 1977, 37 Pl. 10, 11.
78
Schaaff 1984, 623 Fig. 12; Perrin – Schönfelder 2003, 71–73 Fig.
39–40.
79
Lejars 1994, 54.
80
Schaaff 1984, 623 Fig. 15; Schaaff 1986, 833 Fig. 25.
81
Krämer 1985, 34.
82
Krämer 1985, 35 Pl. 70, 1.
— 163 —
yielded another sword of the same typological features83,
possessed also by a sword in a scabbard from the site of
München-Aubing. A frontal transverse reinforcement is
located on top of the scabbard, while on either side near
the end of the chape there are two clamps84, by which this
sword comes closest to the finds from the cemeteries of
the Scordisci and the Taurisci. Within the collective find
of Port, in which most of the finds of weapons have Late
La Tène typological features, an „S”-reinforcement is
found on the remains of a scabbard of a long sword with
a three-rhombic cross-section of the blade, which ends in
a rounded top and is decorated with punctation. The scab-
bard is dated to Lt D185. Likewise, similar to the scabbards
of the Scordisci and the Taurisci is also the scabbard of a
sword with a blade of a rhombic cross-section, on which
was preserved a long chape with a straight chape-bridge
on the top of the back and with two pointed clamps (Klam-
mern) on either side near the end of the chape, which ends
in the shape of the letter „V”86. Incidentally, the Late La
Tène swords from the Port find were found sheathed into
the scabbards of the Ludwigshafen and Ormes types87.
The presented comparisons have shown that the clos-
est parallels for the Late La Tène sword scabbards from
the cemeteries of the Scordisci and the Taurisci are found
among rare known finds from the area of the Carpathian
basin, from where in fact the finds of Late La Tène graves
are missing, just as in all of central Europe, where, on the
other hand, contemporary settlements are well known.
Nevertheless, even limited comparisons have enabled the
dating of those swords in scabbards to Lt D1, while their
workshop origin remains unknown at present, even though
it was also certainly situated in that area.
The Late La Tène swords in scabbards in the case of the
Scordisci are mostly known from the excavations of the
cemeteries and they are well dated to Lt D1. However, they
miss certain transitional forms dated to Lt C2/Lt D1, which
appear in the cemeteries in Northern Italy, where already
from Lt C2 certain new typological features are known,
which will be found also on younger scabbards from Lt
D1, such as the „S”-reinforcement, round chape-clamps
and a straight chape-bridge on top of the chape, or pointed
clamps. The reason perhaps lies in the lack of knowledge
about the graves of the Scordisci that could be dated to
the transition from Middle to Late La Tène. On the other
hand, in the case of the Taurisci, in certain grave assem-
blages dated to the Mokronog IIb phase or to the transition
to phase IIIa, the scabbards of the transitional group 7 ap-
pear with the chapes of variants 7A and 7B, such as e.g. in
graves 1656/19 from Mihovo, grave 3 from Mokronog or
grave 521 from Kapiteljska njiva. After that follow typical
83
Krämer 1985, 35 Pl. 70, 6.
84
Krämer 1985, 35 Pl. 54, A6.
85
Wyss 2002, 42 Pl. 5, 17.
86
Wyss 2002, 43 Pl. 17, 56.
87
Müller 2002, 34.
 Marko Dizdar

Mokronog IIIa forms, of the kind known also from the area
of the Scordisci, which are well represented by the finds
from Roje or by grave V/42 from Magdalenska gora.

Based on the mentioned comparisons from the sites of

the Mokronog group of the Taurisci and the grave finds
from the area of the distribution of the Scordisci, the sword
from Gaćište can be dated to Lt D1 and it points to the
existence of the cemeteries from that phase of develop-
ment of the La Tène culture in the Podravina area. This is
also the date for the majority of open lowland settlements,
which are somewhat better known from salvage and test
excavations.

— 164 —
 La Tène Sword from Gaćište near Virovitica
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