Carbon – Carbon Equivalent

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Concepts of cracking

Preheat

No Cracks

Cracks

C , Ceq , Q , HD , d , σ

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C - equivalent

Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
Ceq. = C + + +
6 5 15

IIW – Lloyds 1940

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General accepted in the Industry

C  0. 23
Ceq.  0. 45

Welding without preheat if there is no special

requirement for hardness.

Thickness  32 / 40mm

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C  0. 22
Mn  1. 0 Good weldable

Ceq. 0. 22 - 0. 29
Mn 1. 0 - 1. 6 Take care

C  0. 30 Bad weldability

Ceq.  0. 40 Preheat not necessary

Ceq. = 0. 40 - 0. 60 Preheat

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 Carbon

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 Hv = 802 C + 305 (martensite)

Carbon

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Cooling Rate

3D

2D

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Martensite

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 Properties versus carbon content

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C- equivalent

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Temperature

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Ms =521 – 353 C – 22 Si - 24.3 Mn - 7.7 Cu - 17.3 Ni -17.7 Cr - 25.8

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Temp.
Liquid

Austenite  eutectic

 + Carbides
+

Ferrite eutectoid

 + Carbides

Steels Cast Irons

Carbon

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 Austenite

Slow Cooling Moderate Cooling Fast Cooling

Ferrite – Perlite Bainite Martensite

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 Tranformation during welding

Hardness
T peak

Δ t 800 ºC – 500 ºC

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 Carbon equivalent ??

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The CET formula is based on similar elements to the CE IIW
formula with the exception of Vanadium, although carbon is
considered to have more significance than the other
elements:

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 On the basis of the published results of extensive cracking tests
and also taking Into account the large scatter of the cracking
results maybe it’s better to reduce the CE to

Ceq = C + Rest / 20

The use of the formula is valid for the following ranges of chemical
compositions:

C: 0-0.25% Mn: 0.7-2.0% Si: 0-0.5% Cr: 0-0.5% Ni: 0-0.4%

Mo: 0-0.5% Cu: 0-0.4% Nb: 0-0.1% V: 0-0.15% Ti: 0-0.15%

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Preheat Calculations ???

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Some translations Dutch - English

Scheuren cracks

Hf hydrogen molten weldmetal

Hd hydrogen content weldpool
Hc hydrogen critical
Rf stress intensity

Basische elektrode basic stick electrodes

Ongeschikt voor not valid for

Gehele range total range

Per cm plaatdikte per cm. thickness

Per ml waterstof per ml. hydrogen
Samenstelling composition

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Ceq. IIW Ito-Bessyo Yurioka

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