4UTHMA.

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AYAN WU .-B AL-IDJRA

'ALA 'L 'IBAD

Edited and translated

r' by
F. H. E · MASRI

KHARTOUM U IVERSITY PR.ESS:OXFORD U NERSJTY PRESS

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PrUuild i:Q&be:Sljdaa
IC.HAR.TOUMUNIVEIlSIlY 'PRESS
F. 0 ,. Be:. 311. Kbartowl::I
Tha Dcmoc:n.tia Rcpubli;:of dJc SU'dlu
 this i that what is meant by htj'ra is the panieular hljTtJ from Meeea to McdiD4. But as (or
a believer wbo Is it!.. pace: wh=re h~ is a.fft.id to display his tcligio because of the unbe-
lievers. &hen b~ ha$. to cmigra.te to place wbcR he can practise it fr=dy.' AI-QastaUini
said in . lrskU: If 'So long as a land of unbelieCc-ust$ in. the wodd emigration from it
is ob1igatmy~ lor w,applies {whacv=] C RleY30t dJcumstu:lCCS exist.'
That is further proved by the Prophet's saying, iEmj lion 'W11J DOC: cease until repcD-
tam:lC ccueos; aDd ~ win Dot ceue until tItc rixs i:ft the t . This is re1ate4

by Abli DlwQd on the authority or M~wfya. And acmrdiQg to Ibn cAW al.salim ~
°fmip ' (;1 be obligalOry at the end or· just as it W3.S obliptory at the bc.giaoiDg
of lslam.!
If you wen= to ask iftbc profca:i orkJ.a:m of IeDJcbody who embraced it fa the abode
of unbelief but did _Oi c:migraCewu valid, would lay that th aJIA'er is as Pven byal-
NafJi:wi ' bis FQW4kih; 'Tbc aatbCK rLC. al-Qa)'l&.wiJ;d in b' 1lJsQ1a ] did not.make clear
c.law 4;Onc:taing dW'Cllm ill the abode of war (harhiyy{ln) becoming. Mu.sllms ; Wi e-
ther they are aIlo to n:maio iD the abode of war or whether they should emigrate'
10 the d of Islam. But it has been made c1C8l by.someoneelse ho saicl:" Ifwbelievtf&,
bccoD)C Muslims they haw to emigrate if tbcy ate in B plA.ei': where they come under the
jlU'isdiction of the IU1bclievetS. for it they do DOC anigrate,. they will be disobedient to
God aI1d lib M~ . although their Islam will still be valid.-
12A SimDarly no one disputes that boever remajns:. y choice. in tlIe Jaod of /I war b.
disobedient to Ood aDd. is Messenget', or thU such man's lemmony is mfilict It bas.
bea Aid in Q/-M/Cy4r: 'Ihe' tcstUnony of tJl.dajIn 1 is pot "ialid, Dor is that of thrit
to
jud~ boca:u!C they :'Ie bccnconte.nt n:main UDder the .sowreip ty of the- Christians.'
In tzl· M"yb; also . °AJ.Mlmri was. asked wbcthcr clcciSiiODS urivcd at in Sicily: by 113-
qjj1 or by upright wi (Csuh/)J could be accepted or DOt. asm:rniDg """= do BOt
bow wllether their stay tbete was by cboic:cor by necessity. He n:pUe4. 1bm is 0
doubt that the t£Stimony ot a maa
mnaiDiag ill the bind of \lIB[' by DeCa:!ity is Ya:1id. Like-
wise:- if bis reasons tar s:t.aj'in,. there "'eR rol.tlld-iC, for cgmple" e hoped to guide the
peep in the abode of war [to Islam}. But if Ite chose to stay tbctc liviag i:o the:: manner
or polytbeisU (bi luUtm 4l-j4JdJiY)lIl) · d witho'lllt uy SQuad I'QSOD,. thea tJJere .
no dou t Ihat bit iDCcgrity ' questionable; md be whose inteBritr is evideot t whose
401111:Stkstcei' car CJ.iIecn. Of • dcc) b!D:e OIIC ..bo bu
beccaIc - ted. 10 11-&11 . .. a:ruiII - of eicCWlCS1IiIc:I:t;. bcR it mam Uo ' I.Q "" land r
tll!bdid filii' ~ round: nuoa. M ~ (SII. Mudqtsr ) • EQ"IIIIPflIic4 to' M~ 1iIas alliclMd by the ~
~( spam WI .. • ~~~ u. ~ , 0iCI c;oaUiicm ..,. I'iIi4 - lI:, (See Him. RlsIlIr7 "f
tM .Ar= •]I. 55 L, II., I.}
1. ~ ~ .." dle A,pl.w.q of Qa~ . kI UIe aImb CI:l:lmty. In . . tIS' hI.lr of the- ~I " Cl:II*
CIlZ)'. ~, isUod by &hi! ~ ButChc: MuIII1m I:Ofttin " to li,'& ~ vnd~ 0Irii1lu
nPt. (I bid, W. 602-9)
.1. UdfJ"fJi 'lIIil'ot "UJI _ .tabIit. bWnclca. udJ m!Il MUSt poaiep- .rmjrutf; or ChaJ ac=i HlId mo~
ilIlqril)'. !l444 IISCd 10 keep ~ of lucI1 witnesses qll&1iro l t o li vekpllCS1iJ'Dot\y.
4. 11Je 'saUlld R:UO '1liiY be ~ ill so ft - .l\itId ·~dua.l . . ti~ lD conri llC;lll hImsetf lhae the- "'ijra' c:alle.:l.
ror is u' and bas It) ~ undaUlc.m. M '1 0( !he Prophet's l:DmPlnioM jo I in M ' ]n
Dag Fodico"$ C&$C iii ._weR ~ Fului tCI'JO.Ian; wbo ~ helCi otfic:e Il:nQtr r~ (io • Jqime d\iriQr rare arty
tm~ Qf Ut.JiJlU an41aIet d=scncd Yun ~ to 'am Dan. Faodio. AnCQJll plc ~r is is t!lc G.lladinla In AIk.:lIaw-.
Dostle:ro•• Kawoa PulW wh.o had boon J)'fi'l{atlictic 10· Dul Fodit.I Ulf!a.f. p. 84) ",hUe·in rtl e ~ of G ober ~
He ~ j orned 11K j ilWf (on;l;'S , Sharif JWli w, g 'WaS abo & ooabJe ~Dt)' 1ft Yunfa' s o:Icrl't, tl.avin.a fall ed
10 1ICTS1J1Id ~ YUl\fa 10 co me ·10 IcnN 'Lt! DI n fg4 iCl, Iat~ joined tl'll! /iJ iii!.

54

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 CHAPJE.R6
o THE OBUGAnO OF APPO NO AN IMAM ANDnlEOBUGATION OF
OBEDIENcETOHIM AND"IHEUNLAWFULNESS OJ: REBELLINGAOAINST
HIM AND DEPOSING HIM FOR ANY REASON SHORT OF lJNBELJEF

I uY. and successi$ from God.: Be it bOWD that there is consensus the poim; t
it is th duty of the Mudi to a.ppoint aa imlm .~ 0 tbc 1&,..,Witb regard to
the words or
dJ vmmct:
"I.t is an 0 igatioa to appoint a just imAm;Know that this by divibe preccp~ DOt the
jwlgcmtDt of human JaSOmng.·
AJ.LaqqiDia.ic1 JUs. mIIMj, ' rrut is.,to appoint Itld iDstaIanIm4m.This taw is addres$ed
to the ""hOJecotllJIumity (JI1TU1UI) J as from the death or £be Prophet umiI the Day of
Resunedion: ut when the influential IbCQ .( 4JUtJl.ltdll!WJ 1-eaqd) Z perform . task.
it mffi= lor an..
,
llomatUf etherit be ill times ot civil mite or othe:nri.se.'Ibis is
_ccord1.a g to tbt Swmls, and.when [the tmn] imamltc is UICd.lmRStric:lt;dly.4 it means
u an
the Caliphate, which aD. over.illieadmbip embrac:iD.g religiousaDd temporal aIt~
(ua<lc::r!akcDl OD beha1Cof the Prophet.' Expowlding the me:.aDing of ~by divin prco:pt"
al-LaqqbJ ;aid: 1t IDe8.1ISthat the obligation of ppo' i1iDgan im6m over D comm-
18A uaityis:based on diviD law, a=o iDg to the S~ 1/ tOT a numberof reasons.
,chief of 'Vi •ell is the fjm~ of 1 Comjwdom who SO emphasised it that thsy CO_ • c:red
it the 1I10st + polUDt of duties and wen=distradcd by it trom bwyiD . _- PropheL A
similar (situalioDhas oc:c:uned]foUowmg the death 0 everyim4m up to tile pn:stDtday.
Howcvu. . d~t on who is suilablt for the 0 ce of Caliph does no detract
from theiragreement on the obligatio of :lp~ti:Dg 0 _ Thus DODe: of the:m Aid that
tbere was 0 need for aD Imim.·
. Al-Sl1b~ said : "Acco1'diDs: to tile CCDSQlSUS of the Compqi01li after tbe death or
.e Prophet" men S oUldappoint im4tnwho will QO after their inwau. They P\l'C
this precedcoce0... d other ObliptiODS and peoplehave b!en abidi g by this ever the

PPOUUiD8
Even if the appoiDI:edimbrt is Dot die most II itablCtneYcrth
him is sufficieQtto disclwge the (religious}obligation. . ..
=
the _ere act of
,
As to the obtigatiOD of cbedience to him, ~Laqqaw. cxpolmding the wonk of the
• Elid iDhis .ltlt4!: f']'bat
0
vcn:i6cr, "Do BOt dm.afe from _His plain c:omma.cd mQOS (a
COfDJDa-nd which ilJ elear aDdiDa:er:ordaDc:e with ·the rules of La t nor ls ould you de\'i-
J. The phrue ""nal~ '11' ~ il U= . ill moa:
tqlc - ' c;cf bl1m 1o UJead of tile 'a'OfId. •
2. AM #l-lrJHf~ '/- '4tpJ: Le, lir.endty "tho$I; who ~ qllali&d co bote UJd blnd' , aicnJF>ia'those W11i1CD'
. amc I:
thr Mwlimswh R:fI~~ them lD a~cirlland d~"UlIm6m. T1:lc·QWIlbtroftbea men Q DOt ~;
at ~ CftII an .ppoiQuneoc IIIlld~ I),. one IMn in UK pn!sefIt"!! of ~ ,.;~ -*S RCQpSd owN ftfcrmcn:
Ii modcmcisu. idC1l1rry
ch=n ""ith Of lbe bodrol the IcitDed ~ IlIhe hislor,y cf Wam.<Ih/
whole naUo!lo
.../~N _ ·~·. Wfte lboKmen.in II-; Cl'pital ho wteldec1po1i~ powa . havill. OOIVo=I of ·thc a:!)oI&n
&JIlllllenoUh men. see~ (l>.I1\.AlrJaJ.O;2JJw#
.,••••
J. cleai of an imalll or alipb is a '~¥e. dilly (fiw! Id!a;o) ",. - y tle pcI'1ortlll:l try oDeII'WI. 0
beJt~U()f lbeelll:in:eommur.ily.U~IO a 'pen.oaafduly ([41'; .~. Gdlas !hi: _ormanOl: crthoJ 1i
caily pR~n, hlcll mU5l be carrlcd out by nay adult mIim.
4. See~. 81 D. 1
j; . J:llh r T It; ·I-Dtn or hi$ $On j'jj a l-Din.Thc- qUl:Ju.tioahas pmvul uaua;:eablc .