Name ………………………………… Form …………….

Forces and Motion Booklet 2

Prep details and comments Date

Specification:

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Newton’s Laws https://goo.gl/3tyFRi

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Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s 1st Law

When the forces acting on an object are _________ there is no effect on the motion of the object.
 An object which is at rest will remain at rest.
 An object which is moving will continue to move in the same direction at the same speed.

When the forces on an object are ___________ there will be an ___________ (or a deceleration).
 The ________ the force the larger the acceleration.
 A ____________ object will start to move in the __________ of the unbalanced force
 An object moving in the direction of the force will _________.
 An object moving in the ________ direction to the force will slow down.

If moving If stationary

With no external forces

With balanced forces

Unbalanced forces

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Newton’s 2nd Law
When the forces on an object are ___________ there is a __________ __________ and this will cause an
_______________ (or a deceleration).
 The ________ the force the larger the acceleration.
 A ____________ object will start to move in the __________ of the unbalanced force
 An object moving in the direction of the force will _________.
 An object moving in the ________ direction to the force will slow down.
 The resultant force (F) needed to accelerate an object of mass (m) with acceleration (a) is given by

Force = mass x acceleration

F = ___ x ___
Units ( ) ( ) ( )

Force is measured in _________.

1 N is the force needed to accelerate 1kg at 1m/s2.
Common mistakes:

Newton’s 3rd Law

When two objects interact they exert __________ on each other which are ________ and opposite.

More precisely:
The facts on this sheet are known as
Newton’s Laws of Motion. They
date back to Isaac Newton (1643-
1727). They were published in his
treatise on motion, known by the
first word of its Latin title: The
Principia.

Isaac Newton by Kellner

National Portrait Gallery

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Question
When a hockey ball, which has a mass of 0.2kg, is hit there is a
force between the hockey ball and the hockey stick. What
force will give a hockey ball an acceleration of 6 m/s 2?

Equation: F = m a
m = ………………… kg
a = ………………… m/s2

F
F = …………………………………………………
R
The force is ……………………… N Picture from
athens2004.com

The force acting on the hockey ball is shown in the picture as F.

What is the force labelled as R?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Force, Mass and Acceleration Questions
1. What equation can you use to find the force on an object if you know the mass of the object and the
acceleration caused by the force?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Find the force acting on the following objects causing the acceleration.

a) A ball of mass 1 kg accelerating at 3 m/s2.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) A box of mass 3 kg accelerating at 0.5 m/s2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) A motorbike of mass 150kg accelerating at 5 m/s2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What equation can you use to find the acceleration of an object if you know the mass of the object
and the force causing the acceleration?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Find the acceleration in the following cases.

d) A book of mass 2 kg pushed with a force of 4N.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) A ball of mass 1 kg kicked with force of 7N.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) A car of mass 500kg driven with a force of 3000N.
……………………………………………………………………………

3. A boat of mass 1000kg is driven by a driving force of

3000N provided by the engine. The drag force acting
on the boat is 500N.

(a) What is the resultant force acting on the boat? Driving Force Drag
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the acceleration of the boat?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4. A trailer of mass 200kg is pulled with a force of
500N. The friction force acting on the trailer is
100N. Pull
Friction
(a) What is the resultant force acting on the
trailer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the acceleration of the trailer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) If the trailer continues to accelerate at the rate what will its speed be after 3s, if it starts at rest?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. A book is falling through the air, the weight of the books is 5N. The air resistance is 2N.

(a) What is the resultant force on the book?

…………………………………………………………………
(b) The mass of the book can be found using
mass (in kg)= Weight (in N)/10 m/s2.
What is the mass?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the acceleration of the book?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Extensions:
6. An F 18Hornet aircraft sits motionless on a runway. State the type and relative sizes of the forces
acting on it.

7. Which force causes the F18 to move along the runway?

8. Which force causes the F18 to become airborne?

9. What are the four forces acting on the F18 when it’s airborne?

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10. Whilst travelling at constant altitude, which two forces are equal?

11. Whilst travelling at constant speed, which two forces are equal?

12. Consider the situations below. Indicate whether the forces on the F18 are balanced or not.
(a) It is flying at 200 mph at a height of 30,000 ft.

(b) It turns northeast at 200 mph and a height of 30,000 ft.

(c) It increases its speed to 200 mph at the same height.

(d) It continues flying at 220 mph at 30,000 ft.

(e) It drops to a height of 28,000 ft.

(f) It heads due east maintaining its speed and height.

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Investigating the relationship between force,
mass and acceleration https://goo.gl/5qqyFZ

Aim: To demonstrate how the force acting on a body affects its acceleration.

Apparatus and Method:

You will need 5x 10g

slotted masses. You
should start with
one 10g mass tied
to the string and the
other four placed
on top of the
trolley.

The light gate is connected to the motion QED. You must programme the QED to measure the acceleration of the
trolley. The mask size should be set as 5cm and the number of readings as 1. The overall mass of the system (ie the
trolley and the masses dangling from the string) will be kept constant during the experiment. This overall mass is
0.55kg.

You will be investigating the effect increasing the unbalanced force acting on the trolley has on the acceleration of
the trolley. You change the unbalanced force by removing masses 10g at a time from the top of the trolley and tying
them to the end of the string. The unbalanced force exerted by these masses on the trolley can be calculated using
mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) ie W=mg

Make sure you set up the apparatus so that the mass only hits the ground after the trolley has completely passed
through the light gate. Try to friction compensate the track before you start (ask your teacher to explain how this is
done).

Results:

Overall Mass Unbalanced Acceleration / m/s2

/ kg Force / N Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3 Average
0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

Graph: Plot a suitable graph to illustrate your results, and prove Newton correct, on the next page.

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Terminal Velocity

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Terminal Velocity
Plot the graph of velocity (y) against time (x) showing the motion of a human sky-diver after jumping out of
an aeroplane at a height of 1000 m. Then answer the questions.
Time Velocity (m/s)
1. What is the velocity of the skydiver after 1 second? (s)
0 0.0
2 17.0
2. What is the acceleration of the skydiver after 1 second?
4 27.0
Explain the significance of this value. 6 36.0
8 40.0
10 43.0
3. What happens to the acceleration of the skydiver during 12 45.0
the first thirty seconds? Explain how you can tell this 14 47.0
16 48.0
from the graph. 18 49.0
20 50.0
22 50.0
4. Explain in terms of forces why this happens. 24 50.0
26 50.0
28 50.0
30 50.0
32 50.0
5. Use your graph to determine the terminal velocity of 34 50.0
the skydiver. 36 50.0
38 50.0
40 50.0
6. At what time does the skydiver reach terminal velocity? 42 14.0
44 11.0
46 10.0
7. What happens at 40 seconds? 48 10.0
50 10.0
52 10.0
8. Explain in terms of forces what happens to the 54 10.0
56 10.0
skydiver’s velocity.
58 10.0
60 10.0

9. Use your graph to determine the new terminal velocity of the skydiver.

10. Add the following labels to your graph: accelerating, constant speed, decelerating, constant
speed
11. What factors determine the size of each terminal velocity?

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Stopping Distance https://vimeo.com/67681243

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Friction, Terminal Velocity and
Braking Distance
Friction and Terminal Velocity
A force of friction acts:
 when an object moves through a _______________(e.g. air or water);
 when _______________ surfaces slide (or tend to slide) across each other.

The direction of this force of friction is always _______________the direction in

which the object or surface is moving. The _______________ an object moves
through a gas or a liquid (a fluid) the greater the force of friction that acts on it.
When a body falls:
 initially it _______________ due to the force of gravity;
 _______________ forces increase until they balance the gravitational forces;
 the resultant force eventually reaches ___________ and the body falls at its

terminal velocity.
When a vehicle has a steady speed, the frictional forces _______________ the driving force.

Friction and Stopping Distances

Friction causes objects to _______________up and to wear away at their surfaces. Without friction, the
_______________ of a car would not grip the road. The friction between solid surfaces is used in brakes
which slow down and stop moving _______________.
The greater the speed of a vehicle:
 the greater the _______________needed to stop it in a certain distance;
 the greater the _______________ needed to stop it with a certain braking force.

If too great a braking force is applied, friction between a vehicle's tyres and the
road surface may not be great enough to prevent _______________.

The stopping distance of a vehicle depends on:

 the distance the vehicle travels during the driver's _______________
time;
 the distance the vehicle travels under the braking force.

The overall stopping distance is greater if:

 the vehicle is initially travelling faster;
 the driver's reactions are slower (due to tiredness, _______________, alcohol);
 there are adverse _______________ conditions (wet/icy roads, poor visibility);
 the vehicle is poorly maintained (e.g. worn brakes/tyres);
 the vehicle is _______________.
reaction accelerates solid balance Braking force weather
heat skidding fluid tyres zero faster
vehicles heavier frictional distance drugs opposite to

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Stopping Distances Questions
Below is a table of stopping distances based on the Highway Code.

Speed / mph Thinking Braking distance / Total Distance / m Speed2 / mph2

distance / m m
20
30
40
50
60
70
1. Complete the table below. Then complete the rest of the questions in your books.

2. Plot a graph of speed (x) against distance (y). Plot thinking distance, braking distance and total
stopping distance on your axes. Draw a smooth curve or straight best fit line, whichever is most
appropriate.
3. State and explain the relationship between speed and thinking distance? Use data from your graph
to support your answer.

4. Use your graph to determine how far you would travel before applying the brakes, if you were
travelling at 10 m/s (22 mph).

5. Now plot a graph of speed2 (x) against braking distance (y).

6. What is the relationship between braking distance and speed2?

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7. Use your graph to estimate the braking distance for a car travelling at 100 mph (hint: what is v 2).

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 8. If you were travelling at 5 mph over the speed limit in a 30 mph zone, how much further does it
take to stop?

9. Gary is driving along at 30 mph, a badger runs out onto the road 22 m ahead, is he likely to be able
to stop in time?

10. Another man is speeding, he is travelling at 60 mph, how far does he travel after knocking the
badger down?

11. These graphs are what might be reasonably expected for an alert driver, in a well-maintained car
traveling on a dry road. How might the values for the thinking and braking distance change if the
driver had been drinking, the road was wet of the brakes were worn?

Extension
12. A car of mass 1200kg is travelling along a road at a speed of 20m/s. The driver sees a small child
run into the road in front of the car 60m away. It takes the driver 0.5 seconds to react and apply
the brakes, whereupon he decelerates steadily in order to come to a halt 4 seconds after applying
the brakes.
a. Determine the distance the driver travels whilst reacting to seeing the child (the thinking
distance), showing all your working. [4]
b. Define acceleration. [1]
c. Determine the acceleration of the car whilst braking, showing all your working. [3]
d. State the relationship between acceleration, force and mass. [1]
e. Calculate the force applied by the brakes during the deceleration, showing all working.[3]
f. Sketch, giving values on both axes, a velocity-time graph for the motion of the car from the
moment the driver sees the child to the moment he stops. [4]
g. Define braking distance. [2]
h. Use your sketch graph to determine the braking distance of the car. [3]
i. Calculate the stopping distance of the car, and determine whether the driver stops in time
to avoid hitting the child. [3]

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Stopping Distance and Energy
The graph below shows the motion of a car (of mass 750kg) from the moment when the driver sees a
pedestrian step out in front of him, to the moment he stops. Answer on this sheet.

a. What is the driver’s reaction time? (1)

b. Use the graph to calculate his thinking distance. (3)

c. Use the graph to calculate his braking distance. (3)

d. What is the overall stopping distance? (1)

e. Use the graph to calculate the deceleration of the car whilst braking. (4)

f. Hence find the force applied by the brakes. (4)

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g. Find the initial kinetic energy of the car. (Hint: ke = ½ mv2) (3)

h. Show that the work done by the brakes in slowing the car down is equal to the kinetic energy. (Hint:
Work done = Force applied x distance moved in direction of force while it is applied) (3)

i. If the work done by the brakes is equal to the kinetic energy of the car, show theoretically that doubling
the speed of the car will quadruple the braking distance if all other factors remain constant. (3)

j. If the car had been travelling at only 6m/s, draw on the axes what the graph would have looked like.
(Assume the brakes apply the same force). What is the braking distance in this case? (5)

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The Theory of Car Crashes
A ‘shunt’ is when a car bumps into another from behind, and often this leads to further ‘shunts’.
Look at the following scenario and consider whether the cars are likely to be involved in an accident like
this.

Car 2 follows Car 1 by 20m. Car 1 sees an accident up ahead and slows down as quickly as possible. Car 2
reacts to Car 1 slowing down by doing the same thing. Both cars have been travelling at 30m/s (about
60mph) and the drivers have reaction times of 0.5s each. The cars have identical braking accelerations of
10m/s2. So will Car 2 bump into Car 1, or has he left enough space?

1. Using graph paper, draw lines to show how the two cars move. Consider that Car 1 is travelling for
10 seconds before seeing the accident.

2. Work out the distance that Car 1 travels as soon as he sees the accident.

3. Work out the distance Car 2 travels from the time that Car 1 sees the accident.

4. Work out the difference in distance between these two answers.

5. Did Car 2 shunt Car 1?

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Can you do these: Yes Need
help
Use and understand the equation average speed = total distance / total time
Recall the unit of speed is the metre per second
Recall that distance-time graphs for objects moving at constant speed are straight lines
Understand that the gradient of a distance-time graph gives the speed
Recall that distance travelled in a specified direction is displacement, which is a vector
Understand that velocity is speed in a specified direction. It is also a vector
Understand and use the equation acceleration a = change in velocity (v-u)/time taken t
Recall that the units of acceleration are metres per second squared
Understand that acceleration is a vector
Understand that velocity-time graphs of objects moving with constant velocity are
horizontal straight lines
Understand that the gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration; a negative
gradient indicates deceleration
Work out the distance travelled from the area under a velocity time graph
Understand and use the equation average velocity = (initial velocity + final velocity)/2
Explain how to use a ticker tape to measure speed
Recall that when an unbalanced force acts along the line of movement of an object, the
object will accelerate (or decelerate if force in opposite direction)
Recall that for a particular object, the bigger the unbalanced force, the bigger the
acceleration
Recall that if the same force is applied to objects of different mass then the more
massive the object, the smaller its acceleration will be
Recall and use force = mass x acceleration and rearrange if necessary
Understand that the stopping distance is the sum of the thinking and braking distances
Explain that thinking distance is the time before the brakes are applied and that it can
be affected by tiredness, drugs and poor visibility
Recall that the distance travelled while thinking depends on the speed of the vehicle
Recall that the braking distance is the distance travelled by the vehicle after the brakes
have been applied
Explain that the braking distance (and therefore the stopping distance) is affected by
brake and tyre condition and the condition of the road surface
Appreciate that the mass of a vehicle will also affect its braking distance
Recall that weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (W = m x g)
Recall that all objects fall with the same acceleration in the absence of air resistance
Explain that objects falling through liquids and gases experience a drag force that
increases with their speed
Understand that a falling object reaches terminal velocity because the drag force on the
object balances its weight
Understand that the drag force also depends on the shape of the falling object; objects
must be smooth or streamlined to reduce drag
Well done for reaching the end of the year 10 Forces and Motion module

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