Life Cycle Cost Analysis of

Pavement With High

Volume Fly ash/Pond ash
As Base and Subbase Layer
Under the guidance of
Dr. Dipti Ranjan Biswal & Prof. Brundaban Beriha

Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh

2054004
CEM(Civil)
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
 Contents
❏ Introduction

❏ Literature Review

❏ Work So Far

❏ Further Works
 Introduction
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) :
❏ LCCA is an analytical tool to provide cost comparisons between
two or more competing alternatives on a project. Alternatives are
assumed to produce equivalent benefits.
❏ It only compares different costs among the alternatives. Common
costs cancel out
❏ For pavements, LCCA considers :

● Agency Costs

● User Costs
 LCCA
Process
 Develop maintenance, rehabilitation strategies for analysis period

Establish timing(Expected life) of various strategies

Estimate agency cost for construction, maintenance and rehabilitation

Estimate user cost

Develop expenditure stream

Compute Net Present Value

Analyze Results: Deterministic or Probabilistic approach

Evaluate Strategies, develop new ones if necessary

Pavement Rehabilitation
 Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies

Goals:
● Improve Pavement Condition
● Improve Ride Quality
● Improve Safety
● Extend Life
● Increase Structural Capacity
● Reduce Life Cycle Cost
● Increase Customer Satisfaction
Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies

Source:Arkansas Pavinars
Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies

Source:Arkansas Pavinars
 Literature Review

Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher

No. Paper
1 Dennis A. Techniques for ● Case studies of three rehabilitation Journal of the
Morian, Selecting projects constructed by the Pennsylvania Transportation
G. C. Department of Transportation are Research Board
Pavement
provided in this paper
Cumberledge Rehabilitation
Strategies:
Pennsylvania
Case Studies
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

2 Christopher Sustainable ● This study coupled traditional LCA with Bearing

DeCarlo, pavement dynamic pavement roughness predictions (in Capacity of
Weiwei Mo, rehabilitation form of International Roughness Index)
Eshan V. obtained from the AASHTO’s PavementME Roads, Railways
Dave, strategy using system and the vehicle fuel consumption and and Airfields
J Locore consequential emission factors calculated through the (BCRRA 2017)
life cycle calibrated Highway Design Manual-4 (HDM4)
assessment: to provide dynamic life cycle environmental
An example of and economic impact assessments of various
pavement designs.
interstate 95
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

3 Kang-Won Prediction of ● A test section is established with five full ELSEVIER

WayneLeeaK performance depth reclamation (FDR) strategies.
athleenWilso and ● Five FDR strategies (control, calcium chloride,
evaluation of Portland cement, asphalt emulsion, and
nbSyed
flexible geogrid) are introduced.
AmirHassan
pavement ● Prediction of FDR performance is made by
rehabilitation using AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design
strategies (Pavement ME).
● Evaluation of FDR performance is made with
different additives and strategies.
● Portland cement appears to be the best based
on limited prediction and evaluation.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

4 Wayne G. Evolving ● Cost differences between the new and the Taylor & Francis
Jensen, rehabilitation traditional strategies were evaluated and
Robert C. Rea strategies for conditions under which the new strategies are
& asphalt appropriate for use are discussed in this
Mick S. Syslo pavement paper. A comparison based upon cost of
rehabilitating a section of pavement using the
two conventional and three new strategies
found that the three recycling strategies
provide flexible pavement which costs more
than mill and overlay but less than complete
reconstruction.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

5 Eul-Bum Lee Computer ● The model balances project constraints such ASCE
and C. W. Simulation as scheduling interfaces, pavement materials
Ibbs Model: and design, contractor logistics and resources,
Construction and traffic operations. It has been successfully
Analysis for used on several urban freeway rehabilitation
projects with high traffic volume, including
Pavement
projects on I-10 and I-710. The CA4PRS helps
Rehabilitation
agencies and contractors plan highway
Strategies
rehabilitation strategies by taking into account
long-life pavement performance, construction
productivity, traffic delay, and total cost.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

6 W. James Cost-Effective ● This report presents a summary of Minnesota

Wilde Pavement pavement preservation activities and Department of
Preservation recommended uses, expected longevity, Transportation
Solutions for and expected pavement life extension. It
the Real also includes some basic information
World intended to be used by those less familiar
with pavement preservation, pavement
management, life cycle cost analysis, cost
estimating, contracting methods and
others to help inform and educate in this
important aspect of pavement engineering.
Seria Author Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Name Paper

6 W. James Cost-Effective ● Tools and techniques are presented to assist Minnesota

Wilde Pavement local agency engineers in evaluating costs, Department
Preservation benefits, timing, longevity, and the of
Solutions for decision-making process for developing an Transportatio
the Real World effective pavement preservation program on n
an individual pavement segment or over an
entire network. The report includes examples
using real pavement engineering data from
several cities and counties in Minnesota to
demonstrate topics such as activity timing and
the benefits of a preventive maintenance plan
rather than a reactive one. A set of guidelines
was developed as part of the associated
project intended to serve as reference
material and as a training program.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

7 Egemen Pavement ● This paper presents the benefits of pavement SAGE Journal
Okte, Preservation: preservation by considering the service life of
Imad L. A Solution for each treatment and calculating the associated
Al-Qadi, Sustainability energy consumption and GHG emissions per
Hasan Ozer service year. Results indicate that pavement
preservation strategies provide a significant
reduction in energy use and GHG emissions
when compared with traditional rehabilitation
and reconstruction treatments. Some of the
challenges and solutions as well as the
strategies to promote pavement preservation
for sustainability are presented in the paper.
Different Cost Components Involved in LCCA
Components of Agency Cost :

● Preparation for detailed project report

● Surveys and Investigation
● Initial Cost as main investment
● Land and property cost
● Routined maintenance cost over life
● Period rehabilitation costs
● Engineering and administration cost
● Traffic control costs
● Salvage value
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

8 Fajar Agency cost ● This study aims to evaluate the agency costs Journal of
estimation that must be incurred for flexible and rigid Transportation
Handayani,
on flexible pavement construction. Two alternatives of Engineering

Florentina and rigid design life are simulated for each type of
Pungky pavement pavement, namely design lives of 10+10 year
and 20 year for flexible pavement and design
Pramesti,
lives of 20+20 year and 40 year for rigid
Mochamad
pavement. The agency costs of those
Agung alternatives are analysed using Life Cycle Cost
Wibowo, Analysis (LCCA) program-RealCost 2.5.
Ary
Setyawan
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

9 Igor Peško, Estimation of ● The paper presents a research of precision that Hindawi
Vladimir Costs and can be achieved while using artificial intelligence
Mučenski, Durations of for estimation of cost and duration in construction
Miloš Construction projects. Both artificial neural networks (ANNs)
Šešlija, and support vector machines (SVM) are analysed
of Urban
Nebojša and compared.
Roads Using
Radović,
Aleksandra ANN and
Vujkov, SVM
Dragana
Bibić and
Milena
Krklješ
Different Cost Components Involved in LCCA
Components of User Cost :

● Vehicle Operating Cost

● Travel Time, delayed cost
● Accident cost due to fatal or nonfatal and property
damage
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

10 C.G. Vehicle ● India’s heterogeneous traffic condition is Journal of

Operating discussed. Transportation
Swaminatha
Cost Under ● In order to establish the relationship between Engineering
n, L.R.
Indian Road vehicle operating cost and various parameters
Kadiyali and Traffic related to traffic conditions it was found that
Conditions Indian traffic is heterogeneous consisting of
both swift and animal drawn vehicles. There is
an obtrusive variation of topography and
pavement quality.
● Road user cost itself has 3 main components :
Vehicle Operating Cost, Accident Cost and
Highway travel time cost.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

11 Eul-Bum Lee Effects of ● A case study is presented to illustrate the Journal of

and C. W. Pavement effect of user costs of normal operating Transportation
Ibbs Condition on conditions on LCCA analysis results. Case study Research Board
showed that vehicle operating costs that arise
LCCA User
during normal operation may greatly affect
Costs
the results of LCCA and should be considered,
especially for low-volume traffic projects.
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

12 Khaled Macroscopic ● A macroscopic pavement management system Journal of

Abaza, Optimum has been designed to yield optimum Transportation
Suleiman pavement conditions under constrained Engineering,
System for
December 2001
Ashur, Management budgets. The system can predict future
Sameer pavement conditions from performance
of Pavement
Abu-Eisheh curves generated using the serviceability
Rehabilitation
concept developed by the American
Association of State Highways and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
Continued...
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

12 Khaled Macroscopic ● It is assumed that the entire project will Journal of

Abaza, Optimum possess one performance curve with any Transportation
Suleiman estimated future performance value Engineering,
System for
representing the overall average pavement December 2001
Ashur, Management condition.
Sameer
of Pavement
Abu-Eisheh
Rehabilitation

.
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

13 Adelino Pavement ● Problems such as increased budgetary pressure Journal of

Ferreira, Design because of economic crisis along with Transportation
Optimization
increased demand for better quality, comfort Engineering
João Considering
Costs and
and safety in case of transportation
Santos
Preventive simultaneously.
Interventions ● A new optimization model OPTIPAV is
presented and it is effective solving LCCA
models for typical (20 years) and for longer(40
years or more) period.
● Capability of making LCCA with or without
optimization

Continued….
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

13 Adelino Pavement ● The model is adaptive. It can be used for rigid Journal of
Ferreira, Design pavement, other pavement performance Transportation
Optimization Engineering
models, other costs, as well as different types
João Considering
Costs and
of M&R operations.
Santos
Preventive
Interventions
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

14 Wesam Salah Systematic ● A systematic literature review was performed Journal of

Alaloul , Review of on 55 articles consist of research papers, Transportation
Life Cycle Engineering
Muhammad conference papers, and review papers. PRISMA
Assessment
Altaf , and Life
methodology was adopted for the evaluation
Muhammad Cycle Cost of the extracted data from four databases,
Ali Musarat , Analysis for namely, Scopus, Web of science, Emerald, and
Muhammad Pavement ScienceDirect
Faisal Javed and a Case ● It has been recommended that the cost of the
Study
and Amir impact associated with the life cycle of
Mosavi pavements must be included throughout the
life of the project which should be used to
overcome the negative consequences.

Continued...
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

14 Wesam Salah Systematic ● The study focuses on the influence of Journal of

Alaloul , Review of integrated LCA and LCCA in the enhancement Transportation
Life Cycle Engineering
Muhammad of pavement designing and management
Assessment
Altaf , and Life
strategies.
Muhammad Cycle Cost
Ali Musarat , Analysis for
Muhammad Pavement
Faisal Javed and a Case
Study
and Amir
Mosavi
Seria Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
l No. Paper

15 Audu Hap, Life Cycle Cost ● This study examined the Life-Cycle Cost Journal of Civil
Aniekwu An, Analysis Analysis (LCCA) model for flexible road and
(LCCA) pavement infrastructure delivery in a Environmental
Oghorodje Ee
Delivery developing economy using 1.9 km urban road Engineering
Model for an in Effurun Metropolis, Uvwie Local
Urban Flexible Government Area of Delta State of Nigeria as a
Pavement
case study.
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

16 Khaled A. Optimum ● The main objective of this paper is to come up Journal of

Flexible with an optimum maintenance and Transportation
Abaza
Pavement rehabilitation plan. A single life-cycle indicator Engineering
November 2002
Life-Cycle called ‘‘life-cycle disutility’’ has been
Analysis introduced and defined as the ratio of cost to
Model performance. The two major life-cycle
parameters considered in this model are
performance and cost. A third parameter that
relates the two together has been introduced
and called life-cycle disutility which is defined
as the cost in dollars of one unit area under the
pavement life-cycle performance curve.
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper

17 Mr.Shivraj Life Cycle ● Cost estimation for Life Cycle Cost Analysis is International
Ramakant Cost Analysis done. This research paper deals with the LCCA Journal of
Grade, of a Major of an existing flexible pavement to check if the Engineering
Science
Mr.AjinkyaVi Public money spent on maintenance and repairs is
Invention (IJESI)
kram Jadhav, Project justified. Further, a conclusion is drawn
Mr.NikhilDili whether to continue spending on maintenance
p Jadhav, or to entirely demolish the pavement and
Prof. Kalyani reconstruct a new one which is also an
Kulkarni important decision to make.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper
18 Ali Nahvia, Deterministic ● Stochastic and deterministic Life-Cycle Cost International
Yang Zhanga, and Stochastic Analysis (LCCA) approaches were employed Journal of
Ali Arabzadeha, Life-Cycle Cost to compare competing design alternatives. Pavement
Halil Ceylana, Analysis for The specific approach for this study utilizes
Research and
Sunghwan Otta Seal EUAC analysis, permitting elimination of
Technology
Kima, Douglas Surface many assumptions required when using the
D. Gransbergb, Treatment more common, and more problematic, net
Charles T. present worth LCCA.Deterministic EUAC,
Jahrena, Sharif the traditional method used for
Y. Goshgarian. decision-making in pavement management
involves using point estimates that result in
a single output value.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper
19 TingtingDing Optimal ● On the basis of what appear in the present COTA
Strategy of paper, following conclusions have been International
LijunSun
Pavement drawn. 1 Cost-benefit model based on Conference of
ZhangChen Preventive LCCA is summarized in order to get the PPM
Transportation
Maintenance optimal strategy. 2 is been drawed up to
Professionals
Considering calculate the PPM optimal strategy in 20
Life-cycle Cost years analysis period using Visual Basic. 3
Analysis A cost- benefit analysis of PPM optimal
strategy considering LCCA is been done
by the example of Guangshao Freeway,
which shows the superiority of it for the
long-term performance of pavement.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper
20 YuanyuanPan Cost-effective ● Parameters, RRDD and IAR, are proposed to COTA
ness evaluate the treatment effectiveness. International
YueShang
evaluation of ● Multiple regression analysis is employed to Conference of
GuoqiangLiua pavement investigate the effect of initial RD and AADT
Transportation
maintenance on effectiveness.
YichangXie Professionals
treatments ● LCCA is performed to evaluate the
using multiple treatment cost-effectiveness over a 50-year
ChenxinZhang
regression analysis period.
YongliZhao and life-cycle ● HIR outperforms other treatments in
cost analysis restoring pavement rutting resistance.
● Establishment of the rutting-based
maintenance decision-making system is
recommended.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper
21 Adelino LCCA System ● The results of a sensitivity analysis to the COTA
Ferreira for Pavement discount rate presented in this paper International
Management demonstrate the importance of a right choice Conference of
João Santos
: Sensitivity of the discount rate value in a LCCA
Transportation
Analysis to application
Professionals
the Discount ● The outcomes obtained with the sensitivity
Rate analysis to the discount rate value permit
us to draw the following conclusions: (1)
the construction costs are independent of the
discount rate value; (2) the M&R costs and
the residual value of pavements always
decrease with the increase of the discount
rate; (3) the agency costs (the sum of the
construction costs and the M&R costs
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper
22 YuanyuanPan An improved ● This study captured the EDC to enrich the COTA
pavement cost systems through an integrated LCA and International
YueShang LCCA model.
maintenance Conference of
GuoqiangLiua optimization ● We presented a case study of three overlay
Transportation
methodology: designs and found remarkable savings in
YichangXie terms of energy consumption/GHGs Professionals
Integrating
LCA and LCCA emissions as well as overall costs.
ChenxinZhang ● It is suggested that EDC is significant in the
YongliZhao cost constitutions.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

23 Sujeeva Whole of life ● Brief description of the rehabilitation Construction

Setunge, cycle cost alternative Innovation
analysis in ● Brief explanation reasoning why each
Arun Kumar,
bridge alternative is selected
Abe rehabilitation ● Description of the assumptions made during
Nezamian, the LCCA
● Conceptual or schematic documentation
Weena P. indicating the design intent of the
Lokuge alternative
● Detailed LCCA of project alternative
● A number for the risk ranking
● A summary table that compares the total life
cycle costs of all the alternatives
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

24 João Santosa, Environmental ● A comprehensive and integrated pavement

and economic LCC-LCA model was developed.
Gerardo
assessment of ● The economic and environmental behavior of
Flintsch,
pavement several paving solutions was assessed.
Adelino
construction ● The perspectives of highway agencies, road
Ferreira users and environment were considered.
and
management ● Recycling-based solutions suit the interests of
practices for the stakeholders as a whole.
enhancing ● The outcomes are robust when different
pavement mixtures performance are considered.
sustainability
Serial Author Title of The Description Publisher
No. Name Paper
25 Peyman Sustainable ● Various assessment methods and MDPI
Babashamsi, Development techniques were discussed in this research
Nur Izzi Md Factors in to shed light on different pavement
Yusoff , Halil Pavement management projects and determining the
Ceylan , Nor Life-Cycle: sustainability assessment of the pavement
Ghani Md Highway/Airport life-cycle. However, the fact is that projects
Nor and Review are examined in accordance with their
business utility and determined by factors
Hashem
like the cost and expenditure involved,
Salarzadeh
whereas the sustainability factor is not
Jenatabadi
usually an integral part of the standard
assessment process.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

26 MengyuHuan LCA and LCCA ● An integrated methodology unifying ELSEVIER

g based life-cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost
multi-objective assessment (LCCA) and multi-objective
QiaoDong
optimization of optimization is proposed to establish
FujianNi
pavement maintenance decision-making system,
LiyuanWang
maintenance considering performance, economic as well
as environmental dimensions.
● Assessment models and parameters are
determined to establish the inventory. Then,
LCCA is adopted to convert environmental
footprint into an economically measurable
unit - environmental damage cost (EDC).
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

27 Shirole Pratik Life Cycle Cost ● The paper calculates the total cost of International
Ashok, Analysis of bituminous and concrete pavements by Journal of
Flexible using life cycle lost analysis (LCCA) Innovative
Patil Ashwini Science and
Pavements and methodology, which could assist in the
R. Research
Rigid pavement selection process and help to Technology
Pavements in improve the pavement system.
Urban Areas ● Overall costs for 1 km of flexible pavement
and rigid pavement were considered.
● With the help of Life Cycle Cost Analysis it is
shown that net present value of concrete
pavements is less than bituminous
pavements.
● Flexible pavement are beneficial in case of
frequent rehabilitation.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

28 C. Wei, Development ● a decision tree (including treatments and Sage Journals

of Preventive strategies) is developed for each functional
S. Tighe
Maintenance pavement class of the Ontario road network.
Decision Trees ● Pavement data from the Ministry of
Based on Transportation of Ontario are used to
Cost-Effectiven perform a CE calculation for each suggested
ess Analysis an PM treatment and strategy.
Ontario Case
Study
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

29 W. Uddin, Life Cycle ● A microcomputer program (LCC1) has been Transportation

R.F. Anlysis For developed for life-cycle analysis of Research Board
Carmichael, Pavement Pennsylvania pavements.. The LCC1 program
W.R. Hudson Management is primarily a tool for comprehensive
Dicision economic evaluation of competing design
Making alternatives provided by users. The input
data entry and manipulation is handled by a
user-friendly subprogram written in BASIC
language.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

30 Mohammad Integrating ● An integrating LCA and LCCA model is ELSEVIER

RezaHeidariG life-cycle proposed for sustainable pavement
holamrezaHe assessment and selection.
ravi life-cycle cost ● Recursive dynamic programming method is
Asghar analysis to used for consideration of managerial
Nezhadpour select flexibilities.
Esmaeeli sustainable ● TOPSIS is used for multi criteria
pavement: A decision-making with preferred weights.
probabilistic ● Cement pavements have 12% less
model using environmental effects than Asphalt
managerial pavements.
flexibilities ● Cement pavement have 55% less energy
consumption than Asphalt pavements.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

31 Brad W. The Cost of ● The paper deals with finding a reliable Kentucky
Rister, Construction approach to compute road use cost. Transportation
Clark Graves Delays and ● It compares three newly developed Centre
Traffic Control computer programs used to quantify
for delayed traffic in presence of a work zone by
lifecycle-cost summarizing their reviews
analysis on
Pavement.
Kentucky
Transportation
Center,
Lexington, KY
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

32 Han Zhang, Life-Cycle ● A life-cycle optimization LCO model was ASCE

Ph.D, Optimization of developed to determine an optimal
Gregory A. Pavement preservation strategy for a pavement
Keoleian, Overlay overlay system
Michael D. Systems ● Dynamic programming optimization
Lepech; and techniques
Alissa Kendall ● Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment and dynamic
Life Cycle Cost Analysis were integrated
with an autoregressive pavement overlay
deterioration model.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

33 A. Azapagic, The application ● As an environmental tool for process ELSEVIER

R. Clift of life cycle management, LCA has two main objectives.
assessment to The first is to quantify and evaluate the
process environmental performance of a process
optimisation from ‘cradle to grave’ and so help
decision-makers to choose a more
sustainable option among alternatives.
Another objective is to provide a basis for
assessing potential improvements in the
environmental performance of a system
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

34 Sasika Estimating the ● This study has adopted an analytical IEEE

Ranawaka, Vehicle approach using HDM-4 VOC model
H.R. Pasindu Operating Cost developed by World Bank to estimate the
used for vehicle operating cost.
Economic ● The limitations of the current method of
Feasibility Vehicle operating cost calculation have been
Analysis of evaluated.
Highway
Construction
Projects
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

35 Delwar M Relative ● The analysis covers a variety of traffic and Transportation

Papagiannaki Importance of pavement conditions. Agency costs were Research Board
sAT User and estimated for a selected number of
Agency Costs alternative pavement treatments using unit
in Pavement costs obtained from Washington State
LCCA Department of Transportation (WSDOT).
Serial Author Title of The Paper Description Publisher
No. Name

36 Jingwei Yu Expressway Work ● on the expressway work zone costs model in International
Zone Life Cycle China, this paper carried out a preliminary Conference of
Xiaoming User Costs Model research in the field. It first analyzed the Chinese
Huang important role of the work zone costs at the
Transportation
expressway using LCCA method,
Gongyun Professionals
Liao (ICCTP)
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

37 Yonas Cost and ● a review of related literatures, design and International

Ketema, Prof. Benefit specifications, observations and Journal of
Emer T. Analysis of investigations of the actual pavement Scientific &
Engineering
Quezon, Rigid and construction projects, evaluation of life cycle
Research
Getachew Flexible costs, future value of money and present
Kebede Pavement: A worth calculation were undertaken with an
Case Study at analysis period of 40 years. , it revealed that
Chancho the initial cost of rigid pavement was almost
–Derba-Becho twice of the flexible pavement, but in the
Road Project long run, the cost of flexible pavement per
kilometer was found out to have 7.9 Million
ETB more than the rigid pavement because
of the incurring costs of maintenance
through its design life.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

38 Fengdi Guo, Probabilistic ● In this paper, a new probabilistic simulation Transportation

Life-Cycle Cost ● optimization LCCA model is proposed. This Research
Jeremy R
Analysis of new model determines treatment schedules Record Journal
Gregory,
Pavements by minimizing total life-cycle cost, including of the
Randolph Based on agency and user cost, which is different from Transportation
Kirchain Simulation current probabilistic models. In addition, it Research Board
Optimization also incorporates uncertainties of treatment
costs and deterioration processes.
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

39 Adil Umer , Sustainability ● In this research, an integrated LCCA and LCA ELSEVIER
Kasun Hewage evaluation framework is developed for sustainability
, Husnain framework for evaluation of different pavement
Haider , Rehan pavement alternatives based on an integrated
Sadiq technologies: economic and environmental trade-off
An integrated analysis. The framework can effectively
life cycle evaluate different pavement technologies,
economic and including flexible, concrete, geosynthetics,
environmental and their combinations under different
subgrade characteristics and traffic
trade-off
conditions.
analysis
Serial Author Name Title of The Description Publisher
No. Paper

40 Sujith Racha , Analysis of ● A mathematical model of work zone is Taylor & Francis
Mashrur Work Zone developed by analysing the relationships
Chowdhury , Traffic between speed, flow, and density that can
Wayne Behavior for be used to estimate the capacity of work
Sarasua & zones. Traffic flow data were collected from
Planning
Yongchang Ma 22 work zone sites on South Carolina
Applications
interstate highways. The scatter plots of the
collected data demonstrate that the
relationship between speed and density
does not follow Greenshields’ linear model.
● A non-linear hyperbolic model was
developed to describe the relationship
between speed and density. Using this
model the capacity of a work zone was
estimated to be 1550 passenger cars per
hour for 2-lane to 1-lane closures.
Serial Author Title of The Paper Description Publisher
No. Name

41 Abdelilah Optimization of ● This study is based on the exploitation of HDM global

Bannour, the maintenance road database, obtained from visual
Mohamed El strategies of roads inspections and measurements performed
Omari, El in Morocco: by the National Center of Road Study and
Khadir calibration study Research. The monitoring covered 6 years
Lakhal, of the and concerned 55 test sections located on
Mohamed degradations the Moroccan territory.
Afechkar, models of the
highway
Ahmed
development and
Benamar &
management
Pierre
(HDM-4) for
Joubert
flexible
pavements
Serial Author Title of The Paper Description Publisher
No. Name

42 RAYMOND Computer Model ● Provides a solution which can be used as a Transportation

A. for Evaluating and tool in planning and scheduling freeway Research
KRAMMES, Scheduling work zone operations Record
CONRAD L. Freeway
DUDEK, Work-Zone Lane
AND Closures
JEFFREY L.
MEMMOTT
Serial Author Title of The Paper Description Publisher
No. Name

43 Arash Olia Construction work ● This paper investigates the impact of using Transportation
zone Traffic Connected Vehicle systems in work zones Research
Pedram
Management and quantifies the benefits associated with Record
Izadpanah Connected Vehicle systems.
using Connected
Saiedeh N Vehicle Systems
Razavi
 Work So Far
● Comparison between various optimization models
● Development of spreadsheet considering Agency Cost with the help of Schedule of
Rates
● Analysis of impact of fly ash usage
 Future Works

● Develop a more advanced spreadsheet that contains various cost

components(Agency cost and user cost) and from that compute various LCCA
components such as Net Present Value and that too while introducing fly ash/pond
ash as base and sub base layer in the pavement
● Developing a model of our own considering various phenomena faced by pavements
inspired by OPTIPAV and others
● Collect and analyse data from vehicle sensors via OBD2 protocol
Serial Author Title of The Paper Description Publisher
No. Name

44 Christopher Predictive ● This paper discusses about harvesting IEEE

C. Yang, Modeling with vehicle sensor data to mitigate user cost
Ou Stella Vehicle Sensor mostly crash related cost. A novel
Data and IoT for approach is discussed to study injury risk
Liang,
Injury Prevention factors using temporal heterogeneous
Santiago
network mining and address the challenge
Ontanon, of algorithmic efficiency associated with
Weimao Ke, large datasets by leveraging distributed
Helen Loeb, computing modules.
Charlie
Klauer
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