Kemiskinan Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Politik Islam - Aprianto - Islamiconomic - Jurnal Ekonomi Islam

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Subject: KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM | Aprianto |
ISLAMICONOMIC: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam
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<title>KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM | Aprianto |

ISLAMICONOMIC: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam</title>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">

<meta name="description" content="KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF
EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM">
<meta name="keywords" content="Kemiskinan, Ekonomi
Politik, Islam">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor.Sponsor" xml:lang="en" content="">

<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Naerul Edwin Kiky Aprianto">
<meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2018-01-30">
<meta name="DC.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2017/12/29">
<meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2017-02-13">
<meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2017-12-29">
<meta name="DC.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2017/12/29">
<meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2018-01-30">

<meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content=" Kemiskinan merupakan
masalah multidimensi karena berkaitan dengan ketidakmampuan akses secara ekonomi,
politik, sosial budaya, dan partisipasi dalam masyarakat. Berbagai kebijakan dan
program yang ada dirasakan masih kurang efektif dalam upaya menurunkan jumlah
penduduk yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya
kecenderungan peningkatan jumlah penduduk miskin dari masa ke masa. Dalam
pandangan ekonomi politik Islam, kesinambungan antara keadilan sosial dan
distribusi keadilan harus dijaga sehingga diperlukan individu-individu dengan moral
yang tinggi. Terdapat dua poros strategi ekonomi politik yang dapat diupayakan
untuk meredam pembengkakan kemiskinan. Pertama , kebijakan tidak langsung dengan
jalan membenahi infrastruktur penyebab kemiskinan melalui jalur politik. Kedua ,
kebijakan langsung yang mengaitkan kelembagaan dengan strategi pengurangan
kemiskinan, di mana pendekatan kelembagaan beranggapan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi
dan distribusi tidak dapat diserahkan kepada pasar sehingga diperlukan intervensi
pemerintah. ">
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Masyarakat (LP2M) Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN)">
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Ekonomi Islam">
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ISLAM">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Naerul Edwin Kiky Aprianto">
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href="https://doi.org/10.32678/ijei.v8i2.60">10.32678/ijei.v8i2.60</a></div>
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<img src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge?style=rectangle&count=0"
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<div class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_group
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<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_icon"></span>
<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_count">0</span>
<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_text">Total citations</span>
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<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_count">0</span>
<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_text">Recent citations</span>
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<div class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_group __dimensions_Badge_stat_group_cr">
<div class="__dimensions_Badge_stat __dimensions_Badge_stat_fcr">
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<div class="__dimensions_Badge_stat __dimensions_Badge_stat_rcr">
<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_count">n/a</span>
<span class="__dimensions_Badge_stat_text">Relative Citation Ratio</span>
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width="1" r="4" cx="39.41986545873549"
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src="https://cdn.plu.mx/aa49358c1c9f6a8c537942b2f77a5c36/plumx-inverse-
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class="plx-usage"><span class="ppp-label">Abstract Views: </span><span class="ppp-
count">23</span></li><li class="plx-usage"><span class="ppp-label">Link-outs:
</span><span class="ppp-count">3</span></li></ul></li><li class="plx-capture"><div
class="ppp-title">Captures</div><ul><li class="plx-capture"><span class="ppp-
label">Readers: </span><span class="ppp-count">93</span></li></ul></li></ul><a
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[class~="block"] h2 { font-size: 1.3em; padding: 10px 0px; }
[class~="block"] [class~="panel-group"] { margin-bottom: 0px; }
[class~="block"] [class~="panel-group"] a:hover { text-decoration: none; }
[class~="block"] [class~="panel-title"] a:hover { }
[class~="largeButton"] a { display: block; padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;

background-color: rgb(7, 53, 94); box-shadow: rgb(51, 51, 51) 0px 0px 5px; border-
radius: 4px; text-align: center; color: white !important; }
[class~="largeButton"] a:hover, [class~="largeButton"] a:focus { background-color:

rgb(251, 30, 30); }
[class~="headseparator"] { display: none; }
[class~="TOC"] { padding: 5px; }
[class~="TOC"]:nth-child(2n+1) { background-color: rgb(236, 245, 254); }
[class~="pseudoHeading"] { font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.5em

0px 0.25em; }
[class~="pseudoMenu"], #sidebar [class~="block"], #sidebarUser { }
[class~="label"] { font-weight: 700; }
[class~="separator"] { display: none; }
div[class~="lineseparator"] { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(231, 231, 231); line-

height: 25%; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; width: 100%; }
[class~="sort"] { border: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); padding-left: 10px; }
[class~="sort"] form { padding: 0.25em; margin: 0.25em 0px; }
[class~="heading"], #setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"] { font-family: Lato;
font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.33333em; background-color: rgb(222, 224, 225);
padding: 0.25em; }
[class~="heading"] td:last-child, #setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th

td:last-child, #setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"]
td:last-child { text-align: center; }
[class~="selectMenu"] { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429em; background-

color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
[class~="bs-wizard"] { margin-top: 40px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); padding: 0px

0px 10px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] { padding: 0px; position:

relative; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] + [class~="bs-wizard-step"] { }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] [class~="bs-wizard-stepnum"]

{ color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] [class~="bs-wizard-info"] { color:

rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 14px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] > [class~="bs-wizard-dot"]

{ position: absolute; width: 30px; height: 30px; display: block; background:
rgb(251, 232, 170); top: 25px; left: 50%; margin-top: -15px; margin-left: -15px;
border-radius: 50%; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] > [class~="bs-wizard-dot"]::after

{ content: " "; width: 14px; height: 14px; background: rgb(251, 189, 25); border-
radius: 50px; position: absolute; top: 8px; left: 8px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] > [class~="progress"] { position:

relative; border-radius: 0px; height: 8px; box-shadow: none; margin: 20px 0px; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"] > [class~="progress"] >

[class~="progress-bar"] { width: 0px; box-shadow: none; background: rgb(251, 232,
170); }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="complete"] >

[class~="progress"] > [class~="progress-bar"] { width: 100%; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="active"] >

[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="active"] > [class~="bs-wizard-info"], [class~="bs-

wizard"] > [class~="active"] > [class~="bs-wizard-stepnum"] { font-weight: bold;
color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"]:first-child[class~="active"] >

[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"]:last-child[class~="active"] >

[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="disabled"] > [class~="bs-

wizard-dot"] { background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="disabled"] >

[class~="visited"] { background-color: rgb(251, 232, 170); }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="disabled"] > [class~="bs-

wizard-dot"]::after { opacity: 0; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"][class~="disabled"] >

[class~="visited"]::after { opacity: 0; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"]:first-child > [class~="progress"]

{ left: 50%; width: 50%; }
[class~="bs-wizard"] > [class~="bs-wizard-step"]:last-child > [class~="progress"] {

width: 50%; }
nav { width: 100%; background-color: rgb(39, 40, 34); }
#mainNavbar { border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#mainNavbar [class~="navbar-brand"] { display: none; }
#mainNavbar #btnUserHome-brand { display: none; }
#mainmenu { border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#mainmenu [class~="navbar-brand"] { display: none; }
#mainmenu #btnUserHome-brand { display: none; }
li[class~="dropdown"], li[class~="navHover"] { position: relative; }

[class~="navbar"] { background-color: rgb(123, 123, 123); margin-bottom: 0px;
border-radius: 0px; }
[class~="navbar-inverse"] [class~="navbar-nav"] > li > a { color: rgb(242, 242,

242); font-size: 0.95em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 15px 12px; }
[class~="navbar-nav"] [class~="dropdown-menu"] a { color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-

transform: none; font-size: 1.05em; }
[class~="navbar-nav"] [class~="dropdown-menu"] a:hover { color: rgb(0, 0, 255) !

important; }
[class~="navbar-inverse"] [class~="navbar-nav"] > [class~="open"] > a,

[class~="navbar-inverse"] [class~="navbar-nav"] > [class~="open"] > a:focus,
[class~="navbar-inverse"] [class~="navbar-nav"] > [class~="open"] > a:hover,
[class~="navbar-nav"] > [class~="selected"] > a, [class~="navbar-nav"] >
[class~="selected"] > a:focus, [class~="navbar-nav"] > [class~="selected"] >
a:hover, [class~="navbar-nav"] > li > a:hover, [class~="navbar-nav"] > li >
a:focus, [class~="navbar-nav"] > li:hover { color: rgb(254, 254, 254); background-
color: rgb(251, 30, 30); }
[class~="navbar-nav"] > li > a { height: 50px; }
[class~="nav-tabs"] > li[class~="active"] > a, [class~="nav-tabs"] >

li[class~="active"] > a:focus, [class~="nav-tabs"] > li[class~="active"] > a:hover
{ font-weight: bold; }
#searchbar { width: 23.7288%; float: right; margin-right: 0px; text-align: right; }
#searchbar form { margin: 0px; }
#searchbar form input { padding: 2px 6px; margin: 0px; width: auto; height: 22px;
display: inline; }
#additionalSearchOptions { width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;

padding: 10px; }
#search [class~="form-group"] { margin-bottom: 5px; }
#search [class~="panel-group"] { margin-top: 15px; }
#breadcrumb { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429em; padding: 0.5em 0px;

border-bottom: 3px double rgb(209, 211, 213); border-top: 3px double rgb(209, 211,
213); }
[class~="pagination"] ul li { display: inline-block; list-style-image: none; list-

style-type: none; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em;
border-right: 2px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
[class~="pagination"] ul li:last-child { border-right: none; }
[class~="pagination-centered"] ul li { text-align: center; }
#header { padding-top: 0em; padding-bottom: 0em; text-align: center; max-width:

1170px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
#header h1, #header img { vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; max-width:

100%; }
#pageFooterContent img { max-width: 100%; }
#headerTitle { padding: 0px 0px 1px; }
#headerTitle figure { max-width: 1170px; }
#headerTitle figure img { width: 100%; height: auto; }
#sidebar { height: 100%; }
#sidebar #submit-button { }
#sidebar form { margin: 0px; }
#sidebar [class~="block"] [class~="articleToolItem"] a { display: inline-block;

vertical-align: top; }
#sidebar [class~="block"] h3 { font-weight: 400; }
#sidebar [class~="block"] p { margin-bottom: 0px; }
#leftSidebar { float: left; margin-right: 1.69492%; padding: 5px 0px 5px 5px; }
#rightSidebar { float: right; margin-right: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 5px 5px; }
[class~="block"] { background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; box-

shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 1px 1px; margin-bottom: 15px; }
[class~="blockTitle"] { font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2em; display: block;

padding: 10px 15px; background-color: rgb(236, 236, 237); border-top-left-radius:
3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; }
[class~="blockButton"] { line-height: 1.1em; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: 1px

solid rgb(225, 225, 225); display: block; padding: 10px 15px; background-color:
rgb(150, 0, 11); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; }
[class~="blockButton"] a { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
[class~="blockButton"] a:visited { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
[class~="blockSubtitle"] { font-size: 1.05em; line-height: 1.33333em; display:

block; border-bottom: 3px double rgb(209, 211, 213); }
[class~="blockContent"] { font-size: 1em; display: block; padding: 10px; }
#sidebarFontSize { display: none; }
#sidebarRTAuthorBios [class~="authorBio"] { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211,

213); }
[class~="authorBio"] p { padding: 0px 0px 0.25em; }
#main { width: 100%; float: left; margin-right: 1.69492%; padding-top: 10px; }
#main:focus { outline: none; }
#main img { max-width: 600px; height: auto; }
#main-article { float: left; width: 100%; }

#main-article:focus { outline: none; }
#main-article img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
#main-article [class~="tab-content"] { padding: 15px; text-align: justify; margin-

top: 0px; }
[class~="details"] td { margin-bottom: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209,

211, 213); }
#announcementDescription { padding: 0px 10px; margin-bottom: 25px; }
#slideAnnouncement > div a { color: rgb(254, 56, 0); font-weight: bold; }
#slideRecent { position: relative; padding: 30px 10px 15px; }
#slideRecent > div { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 100%;
margin: -30px 0px 0px -10px; color: rgb(255, 96, 0); position: absolute; min-
height: 38px; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; }
#slideRecent > div a { color: rgb(254, 56, 0); }
#recentNews-title, #recentArticles-title { background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll

rgb(255, 96, 0); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; float: left; padding:
9px 3px 9px 5px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;
min-width: 13%; font-weight: bold; }
#recentNews-title::after, #recentArticles-title::after { border-left: 16px solid

rgb(255, 96, 0); border-bottom: 37px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); padding: 5px 0px;
content: ""; display: inline; float: right; position: absolute; right: -16px;
bottom: 0px; }
#recentNews-content, #recentArticles-content { padding: 9px 6px 9px 25px; max-

width: 86%; float: left; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; }
a[class~="btn-warning"], a[class~="btn-primary"] { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#content { margin-bottom: 30px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; }
#journalGSProfile { float: right; text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;

margin-left: 10px; }
#journalGSProfile img { max-width: 250px; }
#journalNavigation { float: right; top: -60px; }
#journalNavigation > ul { border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); }
#journalNavigation > ul > li > a { padding: 5px 15px; }
#journalNavigation > ul > li[class~="active"] > a { padding: 15px; }
#pageFooter { clear: both; border-top-width: 0.0625em; border-top-style: solid;

background-color: rgb(222, 224, 225); padding: 0.5em 1em 1em; line-height: 1.2em;
font-size: 0.9em; max-width: 1170px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;
overflow: unset; }
#pageFooter a { color: rgb(30, 181, 104); }

#pageFooter a:visited { color: rgb(23, 137, 79); }
#pageFooter a:focus { color: rgb(251, 30, 30); }
#pageFooter a:hover { color: rgb(251, 30, 30); }
#pageFooter a:active { color: rgb(0, 102, 51); }
#navFooter { clear: both; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height:

1.2em; padding-bottom: 1em; max-width: 1170px; margin-left: auto; margin-right:
auto; overflow: unset; background-color: rgb(150, 0, 11); color: rgb(255, 255,
255); }
#navFooter h1 { font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: 1px solid

rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 10px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 4px; }
#navFooter a { font-size: 0.9em; color: rgb(238, 238, 238); margin: 5px 0px; }
#footerLeft { width: 80%; text-align: left; float: left; }
#footerRight { width: 20%; text-align: right; float: left; }
#pageFooter #social { font-size: 2.25em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; }
#pageFooter #social ul, #navFooter ul { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;
overflow: hidden; }
#navFooter li { padding: 0px 20px; list-style: inside none disc; text-indent:

-20px; margin-left: 0px; }
#pageFooter #social li { padding: 0px 4px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type:

none; margin-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; float: left; }
#pageFooter #social li:first-child { padding-left: 0px; }
#pageFooter #social li:last-child { padding-right: 0px; }
#pageFooter #social li[class~="last"] { padding-right: 0px; }
#pageFooter #social li i { padding-right: 5px; }
#standardFooter { font-family: Lato; text-align: left; font-weight: 400; font-size:

0.9em; }
#standardFooter a img { max-width: 350px; }
#results table { border: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); margin-top: 1.5em; padding-
top: 0em; padding-bottom: 0em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
#results table thead th, #results table thead tr[class~="heading"] { border-bottom:

1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); background-color: rgb(236, 236, 236); font-weight:
bold; }
#results table tfoot th, #results table tfoot tr[class~="heading"], #results table
tfoot td { border-top: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
#results table th:first-child, #results table tr[class~="heading"]:first-child

{ border-right: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
#results table th:first-child, #results table tr[class~="heading"]:first-child
{ border-right: none; }
#results table tr:nth-child(2n+1) { background-color: rgb(236, 245, 254); }
#issues [class~="list"] { padding: 1em 0px; }
#issues [class~="list"] [class~="issueCoverImage"] { display: inline-block; max-

width: 30%; }
#issues [class~="list"] [class~="issueCoverImage"] img { width: 150px; border: 1px

solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#issues [class~="list"] [class~="issueDescriptionImage"] { padding: 0.5em;

vertical-align: top; display: inline-block; max-width: 69%; }
#issues [class~="list"] h4::before { content: initial; }
#issuesHome a { padding: 0px 2px; }
[class~="issueCoverImage"] { border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px;

padding: 0px; }
[class~="issueCoverImage"] img { border: 0px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow:

rgb(170, 170, 170) 4px 4px 6px; margin: 0em 2em 2em; width: 100px; height: 142px; }
#issueCoverImage { text-align: center; }
#issueCoverImage img { border: 0px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(170,
170, 170) 4px 4px 6px; width: 150px; }
div#managementPages li::before, div#managerUsers li::before, div#managerRoles

li::before { content: "❖"; display: inline; height: 0px; position: relative; width:
0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 86); margin-right: 3px; }
[class~="member"] > li > p { margin: 0px 0px 2px 14px !important; padding: 5px
0px !important; }
[class~="member"] li, div#managementPages li, div#managerUsers li, div#managerRoles

li { border-bottom: none !important; }
li#linkEditorialTeam [class~="active"] { font-weight: bold; color: blue; }
div[class~="tab-content"] { margin-top: 15px; }
div[class~="tab-content"] > [class~="tab-pane"] { padding: 0px 10px; }
a[class~="file"] { background-color: white; padding: 4px 4px 4px 20px; }
[class~="tocArticleGalleysPages"], [class~="tocGalleys"] { text-align: end;

padding-top: 0.25em; }
[class~="tocPages"], [class~="tocAuthors"] { padding-top: 0.5em; }
[class~="tocCoverImage"] a[class~="file"] { padding: 0px; border: none; }
td[class~="tocArticleTitleAuthors"] { padding-bottom: 10px; }

[class~="tocCoverImage"] img { width: 70px; }
#articleTitle { margin: 0px 0px 1em; }
#articleTitle h3 { background-color: initial; margin: 0px; }
#articleTitle h4 { font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.3em; }
[class~="article"] #content { margin-top: 1.5em; }
[class~="article"] #main h3 { background-color: initial; padding-left: 0px; }
[class~="list"] { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
[class~="list"] h4::before { content: "»"; padding-right: 5px; }
h3[class~="issue"] { background: none; padding-left: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid

rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#pdfDownloadLinkContainer { padding-bottom: 0.5em; }
#pdfObject, #pdfCanvasContainer iframe { width: 100%; min-height: 700px !important;

}
[class~="sectionBlock"] { margin-top: 1.5em; padding-top: 0em; padding-bottom: 0em;

margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
#selectSections select { width: 50%; }
table[class~="alt-color"] tbody tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: rgb(230, 231,

232); }
table[class~="alt-color-odd"] tbody tr:nth-child(2n+1) { background-color: rgb(230,

231, 232); }
table[class~="info"] { margin-top: 1.5em; padding-top: 0em; padding-bottom: 0em;

margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
table[class~="info"] th, table[class~="info"] tr[class~="heading"] { text-align:

center; font-weight: bold; }
table[class~="info"] td, table[class~="info"] th, table[class~="info"]

tr[class~="heading"] { padding: 2px; }
table[class~="info"] td[class~="numeric"], table[class~="info"]

th[class~="numeric"], table[class~="info"] tr[class~="numeric"][class~="heading"] {
text-align: right; }
table[class~="info"] [class~="tableHeading"] { font-family: Lato; font-size:

1.125em; line-height: 1.33333em; background-color: rgb(222, 224, 225); }
table[class~="info"] a { display: inline-block; }
table[class~="info"] tr { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="info"] tr:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
table[class~="info"] td:first-child { text-align: left; }

table[class~="info"] td { text-align: center; }
table[class~="listing"], table[class~="nested"] { margin: 0px; }
table[class~="listing"] [class~="heading"] a, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table[class~="listing"] th a, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table[class~="listing"] tr[class~="heading"] a
{ color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
table[class~="listing"] tr { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="listing"] tr:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
table[class~="listing"] td { text-align: left; }
table[class~="listing"] td[class~="drag"]:hover { cursor: pointer; }
table[class~="settings"] { margin-top: 1.5em; padding-top: 0em; padding-bottom:

0em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="settings"] thead th, table[class~="settings"] thead

tr[class~="heading"] { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="settings"] tfoot th, table[class~="settings"] tfoot

tr[class~="heading"], table[class~="settings"] tfoot td { border-top: 1px solid
rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="settings"] th:first-child, table[class~="settings"]

tr[class~="heading"]:first-child { border-right: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table[class~="settings"] td[class~="label"] { vertical-align: middle; }
table[class~="checklist"] td { vertical-align: middle; }
table[class~="email"] tr:nth-child(2n+1) { background-color: rgb(230, 231, 232); }
table[class~="listing"] span[class~="instruct"] { margin: 0px; }
table[class~="nested"] { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429em; }
table[class~="single"] { border-top: 2px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); border-bottom:

2px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
table td[class~="label"] { font-size: initial; display: table-cell; }
#profile table tr { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#systemConfiguration h4 { text-transform: capitalize; margin-top: 1em; padding:

0.25em; background-color: rgb(236, 236, 237); }
#systemConfiguration table tr { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
[class~="highlightReviewerNotNotified"], [class~="highlightCopyediting"]
{ background-color: rgb(251, 30, 30); }
[class~="highlightReviewerNotNotified"]::before,
[class~="highlightCopyediting"]::before { content: "¹"; padding: 0px 4px; }
[class~="highlightNoDecision"] { background-color: rgb(7, 53, 94); color: white; }

[class~="highlightNoDecision"]::before { content: "²"; padding: 0px 4px; }
[class~="highlightReviewerConfirmationOverdue"] { background-color: rgb(255, 108,

62); }
[class~="highlightReviewerConfirmationOverdue"]::before { content: "†"; padding:

0px 4px; }
[class~="highlightRevisedCopyUploaded"], [class~="highlightLayoutEditing"]
{ background-color: rgb(30, 181, 104); }
[class~="highlightRevisedCopyUploaded"]::before,
[class~="highlightLayoutEditing"]::before { content: "♦"; padding: 0px 4px; }
[class~="highlightReviewerCompletionOverdue"], [class~="higlightProofreading"]
{ background-color: rgb(0, 102, 51); color: white; }
[class~="highlightReviewerCompletionOverdue"]::before,
[class~="higlightProofreading"]::before { content: "◊"; padding: 0px 4px; }
[class~="highlightCopyediting"] a, [class~="highlightLayoutEditing"] a,
[class~="highlightNoDecision"] a, [class~="highlightReviewerCompletionOverdue"] a,
[class~="highlightRevisedCopyUploaded"] a,
[class~="highlightReviewerConfirmationOverdue"] a,
[class~="highlightReviewerNotNotified"] a, [class~="higlightProofreading"] a
{ background-color: initial; border-color: initial; }
#notes ul { padding: 0px; }
#notes ul li { padding: 0.5em; list-style-type: none; }
span[class~="instruct"] { display: block; margin: 0.5em 0px; }
#assignBlocksToSidebars { border: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#assignBlocksToSidebars [class~="heading"], #assignBlocksToSidebars #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th, #setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"]
table #assignBlocksToSidebars th, #assignBlocksToSidebars #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"], #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table #assignBlocksToSidebars tr[class~="heading"]
{ text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
#assignBlocksToSidebars input { padding: 2px 0px; }
#assignBlocksToSidebars td[class~="centerButton"] { vertical-align: middle !

important; }
#setup [class~="options"] { margin-top: 2em; }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table { margin-top: 1.5em; padding-top: 0em;

padding-bottom: 0em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"], #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table td { border-width: 0px 1px 1px 0px; border-
right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(209, 211, 213); border-bottom-style:
solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th:last-child, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"]:last-child, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table td:last-child { border-right-width: 0px; }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th[class~="last"], #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="last"][class~="heading"], #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table td[class~="last"] { border-right-width:
0px; }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr:last-child th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr:last-child tr[class~="heading"],
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr:last-child td, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr:last-child th, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr:last-child tr[class~="heading"],
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr:last-child td { border-
bottom-width: 0px; }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr[class~="last"] th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr[class~="last"] tr[class~="heading"],
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tbody tr[class~="last"] td, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr[class~="last"] th, #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr[class~="last"] tr[class~="heading"],
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr[class~="last"] td { border-
bottom-width: 0px; }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table thead th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table thead tr[class~="heading"] { border-bottom:
1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot th, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot tr[class~="heading"], #setup
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tfoot td { border-top: 1px solid rgb(135,
144, 143); }
#setup [class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table th:first-child, #setup

[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] table tr[class~="heading"]:first-child { border-
right: 1px solid rgb(135, 144, 143); }
td form { margin: 0px; }
[class~="refbacks"] [class~="menu"] { margin: 1em 0px; }
[class~="endseparator"] { display: none; }
[class~="composite-ui"] { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429em; }
[class~="composite-ui"] div[class~="pane"] div[class~="help-message"] { margin:

10px; padding: 0px; }
[class~="composite-ui"] div[class~="two-pane"] table[class~="pane_header"]

{ margin-top: 0px; }
[class~="composite-ui"] > [class~="ui-tabs"] ul[class~="main-tabs"] a { font-size:

1.25em; }
[class~="pkp_controllers_grid"] h3 { background-color: initial; }
[class~="steplist"] { padding: 0px; }

[class~="steplist"] li { list-style-type: none; }
[class~="pseudoMenu"] [class~="current"], #sidebar [class~="block"]

[class~="current"], #sidebarUser [class~="current"] { background-color: rgb(209,
211, 213); }
#plugins a[class~="action"] { display: inline-block; }
#plugins a[class~="action"]::before { content: initial; }
[class~="pluginList"] ul { padding: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px; }
[class~="pluginList"] ul li { list-style-type: none; padding: 10px 0px 5px 5px;

border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
[class~="popup"] #header { margin: 0.5em 0px; min-height: initial; color: white;

text-align: right; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429em; }
[class~="popup"] #header #headerTitle { padding: 0px; }
[class~="popup"] #body { width: 100%; padding: 2em; margin-top: 0px; }
[class~="popup"] #main { width: 100%; }
[class~="popup"] #main h3 { background-color: initial; font-weight: 400; padding:

0px; }
[class~="popup"] table { margin-top: 0px; }
#articleComments table { border: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#articleComments table thead th, #articleComments table thead tr[class~="heading"]

{ border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#articleComments table tfoot th, #articleComments table tfoot tr[class~="heading"],

#articleComments table tfoot td { border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#articleComments table th:first-child, #articleComments table

tr[class~="heading"]:first-child { border-right: 1px solid rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#articleComments table th, #articleComments table tr[class~="heading"],

#articleComments table td { border-width: 0px 1px 1px 0px; border-right-style:
solid; border-right-color: rgb(209, 211, 213); border-bottom-style: solid; border-
bottom-color: rgb(209, 211, 213); }
#articleComments table th:last-child, #articleComments table

tr[class~="heading"]:last-child, #articleComments table td:last-child { border-
right-width: 0px; }
#articleComments table th[class~="last"], #articleComments table tr[class~="last"]

[class~="heading"], #articleComments table td[class~="last"] { border-right-width:
0px; }
#articleComments table tbody tr:last-child th, #articleComments table tbody

tr:last-child tr[class~="heading"], #articleComments table tbody tr:last-child td,
#articleComments table tfoot tr:last-child th, #articleComments table tfoot
tr:last-child tr[class~="heading"], #articleComments table tfoot tr:last-child td {
border-bottom-width: 0px; }
#articleComments table tbody tr[class~="last"] th, #articleComments table tbody
tr[class~="last"] tr[class~="heading"], #articleComments table tbody
tr[class~="last"] td, #articleComments table tfoot tr[class~="last"] th,
#articleComments table tfoot tr[class~="last"] tr[class~="heading"],
#articleComments table tfoot tr[class~="last"] td { border-bottom-width: 0px; }
#articleComments table [class~="commentNote"] { font-weight: 700; }
#articleComments table [class~="comments"] { margin-top: 1.5em; padding-top: 0em;

padding-bottom: 0em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
[class~="commentTitle"] { font-family: Lato, Trabuchet, sans-serif; text-

decoration: underline; font-size: 1.0625em; line-height: 1.41176em; }
[class~="fancyList"] ul, #signinForm ul { padding: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px; }
[class~="fancyList"] ul li { list-style-type: none; padding: 10px 0px 5px 5px;

[class~="fancyList"] ul li::before { content: "»"; padding-right: 5px; }
#signinForm ul li, form#reset ul li { list-style-type: none; padding: 0px 10px; }
#signinForm ul li::before, form#reset ul li::before { content: "❖"; padding-right:

5px; }
#signinForm, form#reset, form#loginChangePassword, div#changePassword { min-height:

20px; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);
border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0,
0.05) 0px 1px 1px inset; }
#signinForm input[class~="textField"], #signinForm input#loginRemember, #reset

input[class~="textField"], form#loginChangePassword input[class~="text"],
#changePassword input[class~="textField"] { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#interests [class~="ui-widget-content"][class~="ui-autocomplete-input"] { border:

none; }
[class~="tagit-close"] [class~="ui-icon"][class~="ui-icon-close"] { display:

none; }
ul[class~="tagit"] { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(198,

198, 198); background: inherit; padding: 3px 6px; }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] { border-radius: 3px; border: 1px

solid rgb(202, 216, 243); background: none rgb(222, 231, 248); font-weight: normal;
margin: 0px 3px; padding: 0px 6px; list-style: none; }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-new"] { list-style: none; }
[class~="ui-autocomplete"] [class~="ui-widget-content"] { display: none; }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] [class~="tagit-label"]:not(a) { color:

rgb(85, 85, 85); }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] a[class~="tagit-close"] { text-

decoration: none; }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] [class~="tagit-close"] { right: 0.4em;

}
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] [class~="ui-icon"] { display: none; }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] [class~="tagit-close"] [class~="text-

icon"] { display: inline; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-
height: 16px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"]:hover, ul[class~="tagit"]

li[class~="tagit-choice"][class~="remove"] { background-color: rgb(187, 206, 241);
border-color: rgb(109, 149, 224); }
ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] a[class~="tagLabel"]:hover,

ul[class~="tagit"] li[class~="tagit-choice"] a[class~="tagit-close"] [class~="text-
icon"]:hover { color: rgb(34, 34, 34); }
ul[class~="tagit"] input[type="text"] { color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background: none; }
[class~="highlighInfo"] { border: 1px solid rgb(255, 163, 98); width: 100%; margin:
10px 0px; padding: 7px 0px 7px 10px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-
position: 10px center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 192); }
[class~="PlumX-Summary"] [class~="pps-col"] { width: inherit !important; }

Content-Location: https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.5.0/css/font-
awesome.min.css
@charset "utf-8";
@font-face { font-family: FontAwesome; src: url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot?

#iefix&v=4.5.0") format("embedded-opentype"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-
webfont.woff2?v=4.5.0") format("woff2"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff?
v=4.5.0") format("woff"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf?v=4.5.0")
format("truetype"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.svg?
v=4.5.0#fontawesomeregular") format("svg"); font-weight: normal; font-style:
normal; }
.fa { display: inline-block; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight:

normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size:
inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
.fa-lg { font-size: 1.33333em; line-height: 0.75em; vertical-align: -15%; }
.fa-2x { font-size: 2em; }
.fa-fw { width: 1.28571em; text-align: center; }
.fa-ul { padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 2.14286em; list-style-type: none; }
.fa-ul > li { position: relative; }

.fa-li { position: absolute; left: -2.14286em; width: 2.14286em; top: 0.142857em;
text-align: center; }
.fa-li.fa-lg { left: -1.85714em; }
.fa-border { padding: 0.2em 0.25em 0.15em; border: 0.08em solid rgb(238, 238, 238);
border-radius: 0.1em; }
.fa-pull-left { float: left; }
.fa-pull-right { float: right; }
.fa.fa-pull-left { margin-right: 0.3em; }
.fa.fa-pull-right { margin-left: 0.3em; }
.pull-right { float: right; }
.pull-left { float: left; }
.fa.pull-left { margin-right: 0.3em; }
.fa.pull-right { margin-left: 0.3em; }
.fa-spin { animation: 2s linear 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
.fa-pulse { animation: 1s steps(8) 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
@-webkit-keyframes fa-spin {
}
@keyframes fa-spin {
}
.fa-rotate-90 { transform: rotate(90deg); }
.fa-flip-horizontal { transform: scale(-1, 1); }
.fa-flip-vertical { transform: scale(1, -1); }
:root .fa-rotate-90, :root .fa-rotate-180, :root .fa-rotate-270, :root .fa-flip-

horizontal, :root .fa-flip-vertical { filter: none; }
.fa-stack { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 2em; height: 2em;

line-height: 2em; vertical-align: middle; }
.fa-stack-1x, .fa-stack-2x { position: absolute; left: 0px; width: 100%; text-

align: center; }
.fa-stack-1x { line-height: inherit; }

.fa-stack-2x { font-size: 2em; }
.fa-inverse { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.fa-glass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-music::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user::before { content: ""; }
.fa-film::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-large::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check::before { content: ""; }
.fa-remove::before, .fa-close::before, .fa-times::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-power-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-signal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gear::before, .fa-cog::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trash-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-home::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-clock-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-road::before { content: ""; }
.fa-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-inbox::before { content: ""; }

.fa-play-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-right::before, .fa-repeat::before { content: ""; }
.fa-refresh::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lock::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag::before { content: ""; }
.fa-headphones::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-qrcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-barcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tag::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tags::before { content: ""; }
.fa-book::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark::before { content: ""; }
.fa-print::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-font::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bold::before { content: ""; }
.fa-italic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-height::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-width::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-center::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-justify::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dedent::before, .fa-outdent::before { content: ""; }

.fa-indent::before { content: ""; }
.fa-video-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-photo::before, .fa-image::before, .fa-picture-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pencil::before { content: ""; }
.fa-map-marker::before { content: ""; }
.fa-adjust::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tint::before { content: ""; }
.fa-edit::before, .fa-pencil-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pause::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eject::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-times-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-question-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-info-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-crosshairs::before { content: ""; }

.fa-times-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ban::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-forward::before, .fa-share::before { content: ""; }
.fa-expand::before { content: ""; }
.fa-compress::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-asterisk::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exclamation-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gift::before { content: ""; }
.fa-leaf::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fire::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-warning::before, .fa-exclamation-triangle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plane::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar::before { content: ""; }
.fa-random::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magnet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-retweet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shopping-cart::before { content: ""; }

.fa-folder::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-open::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bar-chart-o::before, .fa-bar-chart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitter-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera-retro::before { content: ""; }
.fa-key::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gears::before, .fa-cogs::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-half::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-out::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumb-tack::before { content: ""; }
.fa-external-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-in::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trophy::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lemon-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-f::before, .fa-facebook::before { content: ""; }

.fa-github::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlock::before { content: ""; }
.fa-credit-card::before { content: ""; }
.fa-feed::before, .fa-rss::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hdd-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bullhorn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell::before { content: ""; }
.fa-certificate::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-globe::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wrench::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tasks::before { content: ""; }
.fa-filter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-briefcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-group::before, .fa-users::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chain::before, .fa-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flask::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cut::before, .fa-scissors::before { content: ""; }
.fa-copy::before, .fa-files-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paperclip::before { content: ""; }

.fa-save::before, .fa-floppy-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-navicon::before, .fa-reorder::before, .fa-bars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ul::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ol::before { content: ""; }
.fa-strikethrough::before { content: ""; }
.fa-underline::before { content: ""; }
.fa-table::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-truck::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-money::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-columns::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unsorted::before, .fa-sort::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-down::before, .fa-sort-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-up::before, .fa-sort-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-left::before, .fa-undo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-legal::before, .fa-gavel::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dashboard::before, .fa-tachometer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments-o::before { content: ""; }

.fa-flash::before, .fa-bolt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sitemap::before { content: ""; }
.fa-umbrella::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paste::before, .fa-clipboard::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lightbulb-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exchange::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-md::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stethoscope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-suitcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-coffee::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cutlery::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-text-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-building-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hospital-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ambulance::before { content: ""; }
.fa-medkit::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fighter-jet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-beer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-h-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-right::before { content: ""; }

.fa-angle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-desktop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-laptop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tablet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mobile-phone::before, .fa-mobile::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-quote-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-quote-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spinner::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-reply::before, .fa-reply::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-open-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-smile-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-frown-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-meh-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gamepad::before { content: ""; }
.fa-keyboard-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag-checkered::before { content: ""; }
.fa-terminal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-code::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-reply-all::before, .fa-reply-all::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-half-empty::before, .fa-star-half-full::before, .fa-star-half-o::before

{ content: ""; }
.fa-location-arrow::before { content: ""; }
.fa-crop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-code-fork::before { content: ""; }

.fa-unlink::before, .fa-chain-broken::before { content: ""; }
.fa-question::before { content: ""; }
.fa-info::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exclamation::before { content: ""; }
.fa-superscript::before { content: ""; }
.fa-subscript::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eraser::before { content: ""; }
.fa-puzzle-piece::before { content: ""; }
.fa-microphone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-microphone-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shield::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fire-extinguisher::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rocket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-maxcdn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-html5::before { content: ""; }
.fa-css3::before { content: ""; }
.fa-anchor::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlock-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bullseye::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ellipsis-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ellipsis-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rss-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ticket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-square::before { content: ""; }

.fa-minus-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-level-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-level-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pencil-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-external-link-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-compass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-down::before, .fa-caret-square-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-up::before, .fa-caret-square-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-right::before, .fa-caret-square-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-euro::before, .fa-eur::before { content: ""; }

.fa-gbp::before { content: ""; }

.fa-dollar::before, .fa-usd::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rupee::before, .fa-inr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cny::before, .fa-rmb::before, .fa-yen::before, .fa-jpy::before { content:

""; }
.fa-ruble::before, .fa-rouble::before, .fa-rub::before { content: ""; }
.fa-won::before, .fa-krw::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitcoin::before, .fa-btc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-text::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-alpha-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-alpha-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-amount-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-amount-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-numeric-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-numeric-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-down::before { content: ""; }

.fa-youtube-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-youtube::before { content: ""; }
.fa-xing::before { content: ""; }
.fa-xing-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-youtube-play::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dropbox::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stack-overflow::before { content: ""; }
.fa-instagram::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flickr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-adn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitbucket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitbucket-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tumblr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tumblr-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-apple::before { content: ""; }
.fa-windows::before { content: ""; }
.fa-android::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linux::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dribbble::before { content: ""; }
.fa-skype::before { content: ""; }
.fa-foursquare::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trello::before { content: ""; }
.fa-female::before { content: ""; }
.fa-male::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gittip::before, .fa-gratipay::before { content: ""; }

.fa-sun-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-moon-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-archive::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bug::before { content: ""; }
.fa-vk::before { content: ""; }
.fa-weibo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-renren::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pagelines::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stack-exchange::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-left::before, .fa-caret-square-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dot-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wheelchair::before { content: ""; }
.fa-vimeo-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-turkish-lira::before, .fa-try::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-space-shuttle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-slack::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wordpress::before { content: ""; }
.fa-openid::before { content: ""; }
.fa-institution::before, .fa-bank::before, .fa-university::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mortar-board::before, .fa-graduation-cap::before { content: ""; }
.fa-yahoo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google::before { content: ""; }
.fa-reddit::before { content: ""; }
.fa-reddit-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stumbleupon-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stumbleupon::before { content: ""; }

.fa-delicious::before { content: ""; }
.fa-digg::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pied-piper::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pied-piper-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-drupal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-joomla::before { content: ""; }
.fa-language::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fax::before { content: ""; }
.fa-building::before { content: ""; }
.fa-child::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paw::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spoon::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cube::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cubes::before { content: ""; }
.fa-behance::before { content: ""; }
.fa-behance-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-steam::before { content: ""; }
.fa-steam-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-recycle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-automobile::before, .fa-car::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cab::before, .fa-taxi::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tree::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spotify::before { content: ""; }
.fa-deviantart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-soundcloud::before { content: ""; }
.fa-database::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-pdf-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-word-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-excel-o::before { content: ""; }

.fa-file-powerpoint-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-photo-o::before, .fa-file-picture-o::before, .fa-file-image-o::before

{ content: ""; }
.fa-file-zip-o::before, .fa-file-archive-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-sound-o::before, .fa-file-audio-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-movie-o::before, .fa-file-video-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-code-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-vine::before { content: ""; }
.fa-codepen::before { content: ""; }
.fa-jsfiddle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-life-bouy::before, .fa-life-buoy::before, .fa-life-saver::before, .fa-

support::before, .fa-life-ring::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle-o-notch::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ra::before, .fa-rebel::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ge::before, .fa-empire::before { content: ""; }
.fa-git-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-git::before { content: ""; }
.fa-y-combinator-square::before, .fa-yc-square::before, .fa-hacker-news::before

{ content: ""; }
.fa-tencent-weibo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-qq::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wechat::before, .fa-weixin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-send::before, .fa-paper-plane::before { content: ""; }
.fa-send-o::before, .fa-paper-plane-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-history::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle-thin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-header::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paragraph::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sliders::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-alt-square::before { content: ""; }

.fa-bomb::before { content: ""; }
.fa-soccer-ball-o::before, .fa-futbol-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tty::before { content: ""; }
.fa-binoculars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plug::before { content: ""; }
.fa-slideshare::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitch::before { content: ""; }
.fa-yelp::before { content: ""; }
.fa-newspaper-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wifi::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calculator::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paypal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-wallet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-visa::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-mastercard::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-discover::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-amex::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-paypal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-stripe::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell-slash-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-copyright::before { content: ""; }
.fa-at::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eyedropper::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paint-brush::before { content: ""; }
.fa-birthday-cake::before { content: ""; }
.fa-area-chart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pie-chart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-line-chart::before { content: ""; }

.fa-lastfm::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lastfm-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-on::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bicycle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ioxhost::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angellist::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shekel::before, .fa-sheqel::before, .fa-ils::before { content: ""; }
.fa-meanpath::before { content: ""; }
.fa-buysellads::before { content: ""; }
.fa-connectdevelop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dashcube::before { content: ""; }
.fa-forumbee::before { content: ""; }
.fa-leanpub::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sellsy::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shirtsinbulk::before { content: ""; }
.fa-simplybuilt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-skyatlas::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cart-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cart-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-diamond::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ship::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-secret::before { content: ""; }
.fa-motorcycle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-street-view::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heartbeat::before { content: ""; }
.fa-venus::before { content: ""; }

.fa-mars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mercury::before { content: ""; }
.fa-intersex::before, .fa-transgender::before { content: ""; }
.fa-transgender-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-venus-double::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mars-double::before { content: ""; }
.fa-venus-mars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mars-stroke::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mars-stroke-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mars-stroke-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-neuter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-genderless::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-official::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest-p::before { content: ""; }
.fa-whatsapp::before { content: ""; }
.fa-server::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-times::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hotel::before, .fa-bed::before { content: ""; }
.fa-viacoin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-train::before { content: ""; }
.fa-subway::before { content: ""; }
.fa-medium::before { content: ""; }
.fa-yc::before, .fa-y-combinator::before { content: ""; }
.fa-optin-monster::before { content: ""; }
.fa-opencart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-expeditedssl::before { content: ""; }
.fa-battery-4::before, .fa-battery-full::before { content: ""; }
.fa-battery-3::before, .fa-battery-three-quarters::before { content: ""; }
.fa-battery-2::before, .fa-battery-half::before { content: ""; }

.fa-battery-1::before, .fa-battery-quarter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-battery-0::before, .fa-battery-empty::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mouse-pointer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-i-cursor::before { content: ""; }
.fa-object-group::before { content: ""; }
.fa-object-ungroup::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sticky-note::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sticky-note-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-jcb::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cc-diners-club::before { content: ""; }
.fa-clone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-balance-scale::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hourglass-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hourglass-1::before, .fa-hourglass-start::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hourglass-2::before, .fa-hourglass-half::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hourglass-3::before, .fa-hourglass-end::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hourglass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-grab-o::before, .fa-hand-rock-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-stop-o::before, .fa-hand-paper-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-scissors-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-lizard-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-spock-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-pointer-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-peace-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trademark::before { content: ""; }
.fa-registered::before { content: ""; }
.fa-creative-commons::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gg::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gg-circle::before { content: ""; }

.fa-tripadvisor::before { content: ""; }
.fa-odnoklassniki::before { content: ""; }
.fa-odnoklassniki-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-get-pocket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wikipedia-w::before { content: ""; }
.fa-safari::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chrome::before { content: ""; }
.fa-firefox::before { content: ""; }
.fa-opera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-internet-explorer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tv::before, .fa-television::before { content: ""; }
.fa-contao::before { content: ""; }
.fa-500px::before { content: ""; }
.fa-amazon::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-plus-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-minus-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-times-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-check-o::before { content: ""; }
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.ppp-small .ppp-pop-top, .ppp-small .ppp-pop-shadow-top { bottom: 135%; left:

-64px; }
.ppp-medium .ppp-pop-top, .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-shadow-top { bottom: 105%; left:

-48px; }
.ppp-pop-top::after, .ppp-pop-shadow-top::after { border-width: 15px 15px 0px;

border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) transparent; bottom: -15px; margin-left: -15px;
left: 50%; }
.ppp-pop-top::before, .ppp-pop-shadow-top::before { border-width: 15px 15px 0px;

border-color: rgb(153, 153, 153) transparent; bottom: -16px; margin-left: -15px;
left: 50%; }
.ppp-pop-bottom, .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom { top: 105%; left: -20px; }
.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-bottom, .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom { top: 175%; left:

-71px; }
.ppp-small .ppp-pop-bottom, .ppp-small .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom { top: 135%; left:

-64px; }
.ppp-medium .ppp-pop-bottom, .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom { top: 105%; left:

-48px; }
.ppp-pop-bottom::after, .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom::after { border-width: 0px 15px

15px; border-color: rgb(110, 26, 98) transparent; top: -15px; margin-left: -15px;
left: 50%; }
.ppp-pop-bottom::before, .ppp-pop-shadow-bottom::before { border-width: 0px 15px

15px; border-color: rgb(153, 153, 153) transparent; top: -16px; margin-left: -15px;
left: 50%; }
.ppp-pop-left, .ppp-pop-shadow-left { top: 0px; right: 100%; }
.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-left, .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-shadow-left { top: -53px; right:

36px; }
.ppp-small .ppp-pop-left, .ppp-small .ppp-pop-shadow-left { top: -46px; right:

45px; }
.ppp-medium .ppp-pop-left, .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-shadow-left { top: -28px; right:

73px; }
.ppp-pop-left::after, .ppp-pop-shadow-left::after { border-width: 15px 0px 15px

15px; border-color: transparent rgb(255, 255, 255); right: -15px; margin-top:
-15px; top: 60px; }
.ppp-pop-left::before, .ppp-pop-shadow-left::before { border-width: 15px 0px 15px

15px; border-color: transparent rgb(153, 153, 153); right: -16px; margin-top:
-15px; top: 60px; }
.ppp-pop-right, .ppp-pop-shadow-right { top: 0px; left: 105%; }
.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-right, .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-shadow-right { top: -53px; left: 36px;

}
.ppp-small .ppp-pop-right, .ppp-small .ppp-pop-shadow-right { top: -46px; left:

45px; }
.ppp-medium .ppp-pop-right, .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-shadow-right { top: -30px; left:

73px; }
.ppp-pop-right::after, .ppp-pop-shadow-right::after { border-width: 15px 15px 15px

0px; border-color: transparent rgb(255, 255, 255); left: -15px; margin-top: -15px;
top: 60px; }
.ppp-pop-right::before, .ppp-pop-shadow-right::before { border-width: 15px 15px

15px 0px; border-color: transparent rgb(153, 153, 153); left: -16px; margin-top:
-15px; top: 60px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge { width: auto; vertical-align: middle;

display: inline-block; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a { width: auto; display: inline-block;

vertical-align: middle; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print { display: inline-block; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print svg { position: relative;

vertical-align: middle; top: -1px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-top { bottom: 145%;

margin-left: -80px; left: 50%; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-bottom { top: 145%;

margin-left: -80px; left: 50%; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-left { right: auto; top:

-46px; left: -182px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-right { left: auto; top:

-46px; right: -182px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-top { bottom: 145%; margin-

left: -80px; left: 50%; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-bottom { top: 145%; margin-

left: -80px; left: 50%; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-left { right: auto; top:

-53px; left: -184px; }
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-right { left: auto; top:

-53px; right: -184px; }
.plum-scopus-theme, .plum-liberty-theme { font-family: NexusSan, Arial, Georgia,

sans-serif, serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-

title { font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-
weight: bold; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-branding, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup

.ppp-branding { display: none; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop

{ padding: 1rem; font-size: 1rem; font-family: NexusSan, Arial, Georgia, sans-
serif, serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 200px; border: 1rem solid
rgba(235, 235, 235, 0.85); border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: rgb(233, 113, 28) 0px
-2px 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop ul, .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-

pop li, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop ul, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-
Popup .ppp-pop li { line-height: 1.5rem !important; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup

.ppp-pop > ul { padding: 0px 0px 0.5rem; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-count, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-

Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-count { font-size: 1rem; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-label, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-

Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-label { font-size: 1rem; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-socialMedia .ppp-title, .plum-

liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-socialMedia .ppp-title { color: rgb(19,
183, 234); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(19, 183, 234); }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-citation .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-citation .ppp-title { color: rgb(253, 87, 4);
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-usage .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-usage .ppp-title { color: rgb(109, 213, 77); border-
bottom: 1px solid rgb(109, 213, 77); }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-mention .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-mention .ppp-title { color: rgb(243, 195, 22);
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-capture .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-capture .ppp-title { color: rgb(196, 59, 243);
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-plum .ppp-title, .plum-liberty-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .plx-plum .ppp-title { color: rgb(110, 26, 98); border-
bottom: 1px solid rgb(110, 26, 98); }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup

.ppp-pop > a { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); text-decoration: none; font-size: 1rem;
display: inline; padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:active .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup
.ppp-pop > a:focus, .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:hover, .plum-
liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:active .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup
.ppp-pop > a:focus, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:hover, .plum-
scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:active .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup
.ppp-pop > a:focus, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:active .plum-
liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a:focus { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(233,
113, 28); color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-bottom, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-bottom { top:

120px; left: 60px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-bottom, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-

pop-bottom { top: 36px; left: 9px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-small .ppp-pop-bottom, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-small .ppp-

pop-bottom { top: 50px; left: 16px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-bottom, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-medium

.ppp-pop-bottom { top: 82px; left: 32px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-bottom::after, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-

bottom::after { height: 0px; top: -32px; left: -1px; border-style: solid; border-
width: 16px 0px 0px 16px; border-color: transparent transparent transparent
rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-bottom::before, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-

bottom::before { width: 0px; height: 0px; top: -34px; left: -1px; border-style:
solid; border-width: 18px 0px 0px 18px; border-color: transparent transparent
transparent rgb(233, 113, 28); margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-left, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-left { top: 120px;

left: -204px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-left, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-

left { top: 30px; left: -255px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-small .ppp-pop-left, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-small .ppp-

pop-left { top: 44px; left: -248px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-left, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-

pop-left { top: 76px; left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-left::after, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-left::after {

height: 0px; top: -32px; left: 232px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px
16px 16px; border-color: transparent transparent rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-top:
0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-left::before, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-left::before

{ width: 0px; height: 0px; top: -34px; left: 230px; border-style: solid; border-
width: 0px 0px 18px 18px; border-color: transparent transparent rgb(233, 113, 28);
margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-right, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-right { bottom:

calc(100%); left: 60px; top: auto; box-shadow: rgb(233, 113, 28) 0px 2px 0px !
important; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-right, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-

pop-right { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: 9px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-small .ppp-pop-right, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-small .ppp-
pop-right { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: 16px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-right, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-medium

.ppp-pop-right { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: 32px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-right::after, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-right::after

{ height: 0px; bottom: -32px; left: -16px; top: auto; border-style: solid; border-
width: 16px 16px 0px 0px; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) transparent transparent;
margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-right::before, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-

right::before { width: 0px; height: 0px; bottom: -34px; left: -16px; top: auto;
border-style: solid; border-width: 18px 18px 0px 0px; border-color: rgb(233, 113,
28) transparent transparent; margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-top, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-top { bottom:

calc(100%); left: -204px; box-shadow: rgb(233, 113, 28) 0px 2px 0px !important; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-top, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-

top { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: -255px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-small .ppp-pop-top, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-small .ppp-

pop-top { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: -248px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-pop-top, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-medium .ppp-

pop-top { bottom: calc(100% + 12px); left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-top::after, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-top::after

{ height: 0px; bottom: -32px; left: 247px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px
16px 16px 0px; border-color: transparent rgb(238, 238, 238) transparent
transparent; margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .ppp-pop-top::before, .plum-liberty-theme .ppp-pop-top::before {

width: 0px; height: 0px; bottom: -34px; left: 245px; border-style: solid; border-
width: 0px 18px 18px 0px; border-color: transparent rgb(233, 113, 28) transparent
transparent; margin-top: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge, .plum-liberty-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge { width: auto; height: auto; vertical-align:
middle; display: inline-block; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a, .plum-liberty-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a { width: auto; height: auto;
display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-family: NexusSan, Arial,
Georgia, sans-serif, serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 1rem;
color: rgb(50, 50, 50); }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print, .plum-

liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print { display:
inline-block; width: 64px; height: 64px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print svg, .plum-

liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a .plx-print svg { position:
relative; vertical-align: middle; top: -1px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:active .plum-scopus-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:focus, .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-
Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:hover, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-
container.ppp-badge > a:active .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-
badge > a:focus, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge >
a:hover, .plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:active .plum-
liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:focus, .plum-liberty-
theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:active .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-
Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge > a:focus { color: rgb(50, 50, 50); text-decoration:
none; outline: 0px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-top,

.plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-top
{ bottom: calc(100% + 12px); margin-left: 0px; left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-bottom,

.plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-bottom
{ top: 82px; margin-left: 0px; left: 32px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-

left, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-
left { top: 76px; left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-

right, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-
pop-right { inset: auto auto calc(100% + 12px) 32px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-top,

.plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-top
{ bottom: calc(100% + 12px); margin-left: 0px; left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-

bottom, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-
pop-bottom { top: 82px; margin-left: 0px; left: 32px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-left,

.plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-left
{ top: 76px; left: -232px; }
.plum-scopus-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-

right, .plum-liberty-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-tiny .ppp-pop-
right { inset: auto auto calc(100% + 12px) 32px; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme, .plum-bigben-theme { font-family: Arial, Helvetica,

"Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral,
"Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing:
antialiased; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup { font-

family: Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI
Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container > a, .plum-bigben-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-container > a { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans
Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math",
"Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup

.ppp-pop { border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop.ppp-pop-bottom::after, .plum-

bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop.ppp-pop-bottom::after { border-color: rgb(255,
255, 255) transparent; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-branding, .plum-bigben-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-branding { display: none; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > a, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-

Popup .ppp-pop > a { padding: 8px; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-

Popup .ppp-pop > ul { padding: 8px; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul > li, .plum-bigben-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul > li { padding-bottom: 4px !important; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul li::after, .plum-bigben-

theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop > ul li::after { content: ""; display: table; clear:
both; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-title, .plum-bigben-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-title { margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.5; padding-
bottom: 6px; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-socialMedia > .pps-

title, .plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-socialMedia > .ppp-
title, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-socialMedia > .pps-
title, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-socialMedia > .ppp-title
{ border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(19, 183, 234); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-citation > .pps-title,

.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-citation > .ppp-title,
.plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-citation > .pps-title, .plum-
bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-citation > .ppp-title { border-bottom:
2px solid rgb(253, 87, 4); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-usage > .pps-title, .plum-

sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-usage > .ppp-title, .plum-bigben-
theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-usage > .pps-title, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-
Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-usage > .ppp-title { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(109, 213,
77); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-mention > .pps-title,

.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-mention > .ppp-title, .plum-
bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-mention > .pps-title, .plum-bigben-theme
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-mention > .ppp-title { border-bottom: 2px solid
rgb(243, 195, 22); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-capture > .pps-title,

.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-capture > .ppp-title, .plum-
bigben-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-capture > .pps-title, .plum-bigben-theme
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-capture > .ppp-title { border-bottom: 2px solid
rgb(196, 59, 243); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-plum > .pps-title, .plum-

sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-plum > .ppp-title, .plum-bigben-
theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop div.plx-plum > .pps-title, .plum-bigben-theme .PlumX-
Popup .ppp-pop li.plx-plum > .ppp-title { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(110, 26,
98); }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-count, .plum-bigben-theme
.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-count { color: rgb(80, 80, 80); display: block; float:
left; vertical-align: top; }
.plum-sciencedirect-theme .PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-label, .plum-bigben-theme

.PlumX-Popup .ppp-pop .ppp-label { color: rgb(80, 80, 80); display: block; float:
left; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 4%; padding-bottom: 8px; }
Content-Location: https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.css
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.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle
.__dimensions_Badge_Image, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__dimensions_Badge_Image,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle
.__dimensions_Badge_Image { position: relative; }
.__db_background, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_background,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_background
{ position: absolute; inset: 0px; transition: box-shadow 500ms cubic-bezier(0.77,
0, 0.175, 1) 0s; border-radius: 100%; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow:
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 10px; will-change: transform, opacity; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_shape,

.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_shape,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_shape
{ position: absolute; inset: -50%; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(0.55); transform-
origin: center center; transition: opacity 500ms cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)
0s, transform 500ms cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1) 0s; opacity: 1; will-change:
transform, opacity; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_shape svg,

.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_shape
svg, .__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_shape
svg { width: 100%; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_score,

.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_score,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_score
{ position: absolute; top: 50%; right: 0px; left: 0px; transform: translate3d(0px,
-50%, 0px) scale(0.5); transition: opacity 500ms cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)
0s, transform 500ms cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1) 0s; font-family: dimensions-
badge, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 45px; text-align: center; will-
change: transform, opacity; }
.__db_score.__db_score_small, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_score.__db_score_small,
.__db_score.__db_score_small { font-size: 35px; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_label,

.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle .__db_label,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_label
{ position: absolute; inset: 75% 0px 0px; transform: translate3d(0px, -75%, 0px);
transition: opacity 250ms cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1) 0s, transform 250ms
cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1) 0s; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; opacity:
0; will-change: transform, opacity; }
.__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_background
{ box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; }
.__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_shape,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_shape,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_shape
{ transform: rotate(360deg) scale(0.7); opacity: 1; }
.__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_score,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_score,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_score
{ transform: translate3d(0px, -100%, 0px) scale(0.7); }
.__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_label,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_label,
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_label
{ transform: translate3d(0px, -100%, 0px); transition-delay: 250ms; opacity: 1; }
.__dimensions_Badge_Image { width: 64px; height: 64px; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_score

{ font-size: 30px; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle .__db_label

{ display: none; }
.__dimensions_Badge_style_small_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_score
{ transform: translate3d(0px, -50%, 0px) scale(0.7); }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_medium_circle
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_score

.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle .__db_label

.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_circle.__dimensions_Badge_hover .__db_label
{ transform: translate3d(0px, -90%, 0px); }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_rectangle,
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle { float:
left; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_rectangle
.__dimensions_Badge_Image, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle .__dimensions_Badge_Image { position:
relative; }
.__db_score, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle .__db_score { position: absolute; inset:
0px 1px 0px 66%; font-family: dimensions-badge, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-
size: 12px; text-align: center; }
.__db_score.__db_score_small, .__dimensions_badge_embed__
.__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle .__db_score.__db_score_small { font-size:
11px; }
.__dimensions_Badge_Image { width: 88px; height: 17.6px; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_small_rectangle .__db_score {

font-size: 12px; line-height: 17.6px; }
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle
.__dimensions_badge_embed__ .__dimensions_Badge_style_large_rectangle .__db_score {

font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; }
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Aprianto</div><div style="left: 363.47818627450977px; top: 100.94711228656026px;
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scaleX(0.959401);">...</div><div style="left: 240.904px; top: 153.451px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952456);">KEMISKINAN DALAM
PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM</div><div style="left: 368.804px; top: 214.268px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.924766);">Naerul
Edwin</div><div style="left: 480.868px; top: 214.268px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987045);">Kik</div><div style="left: 508.522px;
top: 214.268px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform:
scaleX(0.923981);">y Aprianto</div><div style="left: 419.31px; top: 244.867px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887925);">IAIN
Purwokerto</div><div style="left: 357.38751617647057px; top: 275.4656068474261px;
font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">E</div><div style="left:
367.34250323529403px; top: 275.4656068474261px; font-size: 17.356209150326798px;
font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left: 372.86px; top: 275.466px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865775);">mail: </div><div
style="left: 413.41px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif;
transform: scaleX(0.85097);">naerul_edwin@yahoo.com</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.956884);">Abstract. Poverty in Perspective of Islamic Political
Econom.</div><div style="left: 698.363px; top: 336.646px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.83276);">Poverty is a </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.825192);">multidimensional issue as it relates to the
inability of access to economic, political, </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.814008);">social, cultural, and participation in society. Various
policies and programs those are </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.809278);">felt </div><div style="left: 191.494px; top: 397.653px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.813522);">still less
effective in reducing the number of poor people. This proved an increasing
</div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 418.116px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.807479);">number of poor people from time
to time. In view of the political economy of Islam, </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.79236);">sustainability between social justice and the
distribution of justice must be maintain</div><div style="left: 781.675px;
scaleX(0.799447);">ed </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 458.66px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.79183);">so that the
necessary individuals with high moral. There are two shafts
political </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 478.95px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.781826);">economic strategy that can be
pursued to curb swelling poverty. First, the policy is not </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.795881);">the way to fix the infrastructure directly
with the causes of poverty through poli</div><div style="left: 766.743px;
scaleX(0.831488);">tical </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.858px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.794785);">channels.
Second, directly linking institutional policy with poverty reduction
strategies. </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 540.13px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.846041);">Institutional approach assumes
that economic growth and distribution cannot be left to </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.828759);">the market so that the required government
intervention.</div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 580.865px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.907352);">Keywords</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.853022);">: Pover</div><div style="left: 289.373px; top:
scaleX(0.866463);">ty, Political Economy, Islam.</div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.925781);">Abstrak</div><div style="left: 224.683px; top: 621.6px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.874059);">. </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.978825);">Kemiskinan Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Politik
Islam</div><div style="left: 696.7098635294117px; top: 621.6004859323937px; font-
size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.844971);">Kemiskinan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 641.873px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.841863);">merupakan
masalah multidimensi karena berkaitan dengan ketidakmampuan akses </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.836564);">secara ekonomi, politik, sos</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.84466);">ial budaya, dan partisipasi dalam masyarakat.
Berbagai </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 682.608px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.828037);">kebijakan dan program yang
ada dirasakan masih kurang efektif dalam upaya </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.796763);">menurunkan jumlah penduduk yang hidup di bawah garis
kemiskinan. Hal ini terbukti </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 723.152px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.846728);">dengan
adanya kecenderungan peningkatan jumla</div><div style="left: 545.941px; top:
723.152px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.83115);">h
penduduk miskin dari masa ke </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 743.615px;
scaleX(0.881794);">masa.</div><div style="left: 209.925px; top: 743.615px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845834);">Dalam pandangan
ekonomi politik Islam, kesinambungan antara keadilan sosial </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.844412);">dan distribusi keadilan harus dijaga sehingga
diperlukan individu</div><div style="left: 671.6309538235294px; top:
764.0776068474262px; font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.83468);">individu dengan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.86535);">moral yang tinggi.</div><div style="left: 302.27px;
scaleX(0.845413);">Terdapat</div><div style="left: 374.339px; top: 784.35px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.841498);">dua poros
strategi ekonomi politi</div><div style="left: 614.686px; top: 784.35px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.835837);">k yang dapat
diupayakan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 804.622px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.808076);">untuk meredam pembengkakan
kemiskinan. Pertama, kebijakan tidak langsung dengan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.813012);">jalan membenahi infrastruktur penyebab kemiskinan
melalui jalur politik. Kedua, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.831528);">kebijakan langsung yang mengaitkan kelembagaan dengan
strategi pengurang</div><div style="left: 780.196px; top: 845.357px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.857473);">an </div><div
style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.822054);">kemiskinan, di mana pendekatan kelembagaan beranggapan
bahwa pertumbuhan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 886.092px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.802499);">ekonomi dan
distribusi tidak dapat diserahkan kepada pasar sehingga diperlukan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.822739);">intervensi pemerintah.</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.9274);">Kata Kunci</div><div style="left: 249.0139070588235px;
top: 926.8267800500406px; font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family:
serif;">:</div><div style="left: 257.49px; top: 926.827px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.857282);">Kemiskinan, Ekonomi Politik,
Islam.</div><div style="left: 163.12px; top: 45.0461px; font-size: 14.4057px; font-
family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.888826);">Islamiconomic</div><div
style="left: 249.389px; top: 45.0461px; font-size: 14.4057px; font-family: sans-
serif; transform: scaleX(0.886411);">: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam</div><div style="left:
163.12px; top: 62.7362px; font-size: 14.4057px; font-family: sans-serif; transform:
scaleX(0.902119);">Volume </div><div style="left: 211.59897647058818px; top:
62.73619748366006px; font-size: 14.40565359477124px; font-family: sans-
serif;">8</div><div style="left: 222.477px; top: 62.7362px; font-size: 14.4057px;
font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912836);">No. </div><div style="left:
font-family: sans-serif;">2</div><div style="left: 256.756px; top: 62.7362px; font-
size: 14.4057px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.856038);">Juli
</div><div style="left: 279.05987352941173px; top: 62.73619748366006px; font-size:
14.40565359477124px; font-family: sans-serif;">-</div><div style="left: 286.615px;
top: 62.7362px; font-size: 14.4057px; font-family: sans-serif; transform:
scaleX(0.900551);">Desember</div><div style="left: 350.392px; top: 62.7362px; font-
size: 14.4057px; font-family: sans-serif; transform:
scaleX(0.909843);">201</div><div style="left: 372.1327985294117px; top:
serif;">7</div><div style="left: 163.11958235294114px; top: 80.42634009803912px;
font-size: 14.40565359477124px; font-family: sans-serif;">P</div><div style="left:
font-family: sans-serif;">-</div><div style="left: 174.922px; top: 80.4263px; font-
scaleX(0.858417);">ISSN:</div><div style="left: 208.089px; top: 80.4263px; font-
80.42634009803912px; font-size: 14.40565359477124px; font-family: sans-serif;">-
family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.947943);">3696;</div><div style="left:
font-family: sans-serif;">E</div><div style="left: 285.5026058823529px; top:
family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.863683);">ISSN:</div><div style="left:
family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91854);">4127</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.89252);">Page:</div><div style="left: 198.51127352941174px; top:
font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.930059);">69</div><div style="left:
font-family: sans-serif;">-</div><div style="left: 231.50499705882348px; top:
font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.915489);">88</div><div
class="endOfContent"></div></div></div><div class="page" data-page-number="2" data-
loaded="true" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><div class="canvasWrapper"
15.9677px; font-family: serif; transform:
scaleX(0.968136);">Islamiconomic</div><div style="left: 643.468px; top: 69.9857px;
font-size: 15.9677px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887513);">: Jurnal
Ekonomi Islam</div><div style="left: 582.094px; top: 88.6041px; font-size:
15.9677px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.918986);">Vol.</div><div
style="left: 607.8892450980392px; top: 88.60407058721377px; font-size:
15.967712418300653px; font-family: serif;">8</div><div style="left: 620.059px; top:
scaleX(0.872668);">No.</div><div style="left: 642.54px; top: 88.6041px; font-size:
15.9677px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.89208);">2 Juli </div><div
15.967712418300653px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left: 689.552px; top:
size: 15.9677px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985643);">201</div><div
scaleX(0.947949);">Pendahuluan</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 183.86px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871841);">Pengalaman
pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia yang dijalankan berdasarkan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.976285);">mekanisme pasar yang tidak berjalan dengan adil
sering menimbulkan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 244.867px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862175);">permasalahan</div><div
scaleX(0.885599);">permasalahan sosial di masyarakat, di antaranya kesenjangan
antara </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.889749);">orang kaya yang semakin kaya dan
orang m</div><div style="left: 495.243px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.886047);">iskin yang semakin miskin.
Kesenjangan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 306.065px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.859101);">tersebut merupakan
akibat dari tidak terciptanya distribusi yang adil di masyarakat.</div><div
scaleX(0.904169);">Sebagai contoh, dalam pembangunan ekonomi pada masa Orde
Baru, banyak </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 367.072px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.85887);">menimbulkan
ketidakadilan dalam ekonomi. Sementara itu, kebijakan pemerintah </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.89075);">juga cenderung berpihak kepada elit ekonomi, sehingga
pada akhirnya menjadikan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 428.079px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865803);">alokasi
dis</div><div style="left: 244.959px; top: 428.079px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865336);">tribusi ekonomi banyak terserap
kepada kelompok tertentu. Meskipun </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.880167);">pada awalnya diharapkan dapat menetes pada ekonomi rakyat
miskin, sebagaimana </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 489.086px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893945);">yang diperkirakan
oleh konsep </div><div style="left: 425.402px; top: 489.086px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.822441);">trickledown
effect</div><div style="left: 562.720776732026px; top: 490.281749169475px; font-
size: 11.628660130718952px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.900912);">,
namun pada kenyataannya </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.685px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.891127);">kebijakan
tersebut belum mampu mengangkat kemampuan ekonomi rakyat miskin, </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.927697);">sehingga ketimpangan ekonomi semakin tajam dan
mengakibatkan semakin </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 580.692px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860303);">tingginya
tingkat kemiskinan yang sampai saat ini masih dirasakan.</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.878973);">Di era r</div><div style="left: 261.545px; top: 611.1px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.874693);">eformasi ini,
pemerintah telah banyak mendapatkan kesempatan untuk </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.866563);">memperbaiki pelaksanakan pembangunan yang selama ini dilakukan
oleh Orde Baru. </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 672.281px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867827);">Akan tetapi, masih
belum membuahkan hasil yang optimal karena masih belum </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874038);">memihak kepada masyarakat banyak. Me</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.870446);">ningkatnya jumlah kemiskinan yang saat ini </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.863777);">terjadi menuntut semua pihak merumuskan kembali
strategi pembangunan yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 763.887px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88164);">sesuai untuk
diterapkan di negeri ini, sehingga tidak terdapat lagi masyarakat yang </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.864026);">tergeser, terjepit, dan terpinggirkan.</div><div
scaleX(0.884592);">Berdasarkan data BPS, presentase jumlah </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.922896);">penduduk miskin pada tahun 2014 di Indonesia mencapai
11,25% atau 28,28 juta </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 855.319px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.868688);">jiwa. Sedangkan
jumlah penduduk miskin</div><div style="left: 496.914px; top: 855.319px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880669);">pada tahun
2015 mencapai 30,25 juta </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 885.901px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865703);">orang atau
sekitar 12,25% dari jumlah penduduk Indonesia, sehingga pada 2015
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866621);">terjadi peningkatan penduduk miskin
sebanyak 1,9 juta jiwa.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 946.908px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.864605);">Kemiskinan
merupakan permasalahan yang selalu ada di setiap negara, baik </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.871778);">dalam ben</div><div style="left: 241.078px; top:
scaleX(0.878542);">tuk kemiskinan yang sifatnya absolut maupun kemiskinan relatif.
Masalah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1008.11px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.926026);">kemiskinan ini harus
diupayakan penyelesaiannya, sebab jika tidak mampu </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.857233);">diselesaikan, maka akan menjadi permasalahan yang dapat
mengganggu aktivitas </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1068.94px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.89451);">perekonomian.
Al</div><div style="left: 302.461049117647px; top: 1068.9394205729166px; font-size:
scaleX(0.885751);">Qardhawi menjelask</div><div style="left: 468.337px; top:
scaleX(0.910402);">an bahwa pandangan Islam tidak dapat </div><div
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.868996);">dibenarkan seseorang
yang hidup di tengah masyarakat Islam sekalipun </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.845197);">Ahl al</div><div style="left: 792.9182px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.870358);">Dzimma </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.985523);">(warga negara non</div><div style="left: 411.39158058823523px;
top: 153.45145652062902px; font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96293);">muslim) menderita lapar, tidak
berpakaian, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 183.86px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876781);">menggelandang (tidak bertempat
tinggal), dan ajaran Islam menyatakan perang</div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.891185);">terhadap kemiskinan dan berusaha keras untuk membendungnya serta
mengawasi </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 244.867px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.902023);">kemungkinan yang dapat
menimbulkannya.</div><div style="left: 513.3251406535948px; top:
246.06825776424623px; font-size: 11.628660130718952px; font-family:
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.913778);">Hal itu dilakukan dalam
rangka </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86427);">menyelamatkan akidah, akhlak dan
perbuatan, memelihara kehidupan rumah tangga, </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.870561);">melindungi kestabilan serta ketenteraman masyarakat, di samping
mewujudkan jiwa </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 336.473px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86047);">persaudaraan antara
sesama anggota masyarakat.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 367.072px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.900166);">Kemiskinan
dapat d</div><div style="left: 365.498px; top: 367.072px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88264);">ilihat sebagai masalah
multidimensi karena berkaitan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 397.48px;
ketidakmampuan akses secara ekonomi, sosial, budaya, politik dan partisipasi
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860301);">dalam masyarakat. Oleh karena itu,
tulisan ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji kemiskinan </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.896027);">dalam perspektif ekonomi politik Isl</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.892028);">am. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874559);">pandangan Islam terhadap tatanan ekonomi politik
kemiskinan yang selama ini </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.685px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.856727);">menjadi
beban negara.</div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 570.556px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950156);">Ekonomi
Politik dalam Pendekatan Islam</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 600.964px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865525);">Sebelum
ilmu ekonomi berkembang seperti saat ini, sesungguhnya dulunya </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.850855);">berindu</div><div style="left: 221.725px; top:
631.563px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95052);">k
kepada ilmu ekonomi politik. Sedangkan ekonomi politik sendiri </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.856616);">merupakan bagian dari ilmu filsafat.</div><div
scaleX(0.866879);">Tentu saja, perkembangan ilmu e</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.876451);">konomi politik </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 692.57px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.875205);">tidak luput
dari gagasan John Stuart Mill dalam buku monumentalnya yang berjudul </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.839825);">Principles of Political Economy</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.872336);">. Di dalam buku tersebut, dijelaskan
bermacam</div><div style="left: 739.4710579411764px; top: 722.9781035794524px;
font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.868885);">macam </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 753.577px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.875774);">isu yang menjadi
dasar penting dari perkembangan ilmu ekonomi, seperti teori </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.82427);">nilai </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 784.159px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866343);">dan distribusi,
pertukaran, produksi, tenaga kerja, peran negara, pajak, utang negara, </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.835456);">laizzes faire</div><div style="left: 249.745px; top:
scaleX(0.863522);">, dan sosialisme. Namun demikian, perbedaan terpenting dari
pendekatan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 845.183px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884593);">ekonomi politik dan ilmu
ekonomi murni adalah dalam pandangannya tentang </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.866252);">strukt</div><div style="left: 207.906px; top: 875.591px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.894608);">ur kekuasaan
yang ada di dalam masyarakat. Ekonomi politik percaya bahwa </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.951732);">struktur kekuasaan akan mempengaruhi pencapaian ekonomi.
Sebaliknya, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 936.772px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.89826);">pendekatan ekonomi
murni menganggap struktur kekuasaan di dalam masyarakat </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.844227);">adalah </div><div style="left: 216.19px; top: 967.197px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.829477);">given</div><div
17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top:
scaleX(0.874045);">Menurut Rachbini, ekonomi</div><div style="left: 415.255px; top:
scaleX(0.861108);">politik merupakan pembelajaran ilmu yang bersifat </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.854925);">interdisiplin, yakni terdiri atas gabungan dua
disiplin ilmu dan dapat digunakan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.875095);">untuk menganalisis ilmu sosial lainnya dengan
isu</div><div style="left: 566.0245526470588px; top: 1058.976956520629px; font-
size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.870633);">isu yang relevan dengan isu </div><div
scaleX(0.885508);">ekonomi politik.</div><div style="left: 289.1906928104575px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.879158);">Ekonomi politik lahir dari
berbagai upaya untuk menemukan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.876261);">sinergi, mengisi kekosongan </div><div style="left: 392.039px;
scaleX(0.854511);">(cross fertilization)</div><div style="left: 545.384px; top:
scaleX(0.871439);">yang tidak dijumpai dalam satu </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.859778);">disiplin ekonomi atau disipli</div><div style="left: 373.225px;
scaleX(0.856162);">n politik saja. </div><div style="left: 203.851px; top:
scaleX(0.905665);">Caporaso dan Levine menjelaskan bahwa ekonoi politik tidak hanya
masalah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 244.867px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887851);">sosial dan keterbelakangan,
tetapi untuk memberikan saran mengenai pengelolaan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.866715);">masalah</div><div style="left: 224.49191970588228px; top:
</div><div style="left: 230.2px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family:
serif; transform: scaleX(0.886096);">masalah ekonomi kepada para penyelenggara
negara. Deng</div><div style="left: 681.22px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884935);">an bahasa yang </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.875738);">lebih sederhana, ekonomi politik merupakan
interrelasi di antara aspek, proses, dan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.868558);">institusi politik dengan kegiatan ekonomi (produksi,
investasi, penciptaan harga, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 367.072px;
scaleX(0.881783);">perdagangan, konsumsi, dan lain</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family:
serif; transform: scaleX(0.880534);">lain).</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">7</div><div style="left: 465.761px; top: 367.072px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872126);">Mengacu pada definisi
tersebut, pendekatan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 397.48px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872938);">ekonomi politik
mengaitkan seluruh penyelenggaraan politik, baik yang menyangkut </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.892352);">aspek proses </div><div style="left: 268.541px; top:
scaleX(0.895889);">maupun kelembagaan dengan kegiatan ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87768);">masyarakat dan pemerintah. Pendekatan
ini meletakkan bidang politik subordinat </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.873057);">terhadap ekonomi, di mana instrumen</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.874869);">instrumen ekonomi
seperti mekanisme pasar, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.685px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86782);">harga, dan
investasi dianalisis den</div><div style="left: 419.676px; top: 519.685px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867829);">gan
mempergunakan </div><div style="left: 582.245px; top: 519.685px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.844706);">setting</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.867306);">sistem politik melalui </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.858069);">kebijakan atau peristiwa ekonomi yang terjadi. Dengan
kata lain, pendekatan ini </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 580.692px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.905191);">melihat
ekonomi sebagai cara untuk melakukan tindakan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.864602);">(a way of acting)</div><div style="left: 794.937px; top:
580.692px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.83501);">,
serif; transform: scaleX(0.858078);">sedangkan politik menyediakan ruang bagi
tindakan ters</div><div style="left: 582.976px; top: 611.1px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845377);">ebut </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.868469);">(a place to act)</div><div style="left: 729.690109117647px; top:
611.0999793964459px; font-size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family:
serif;">.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 641.699px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.855628);">Dalam konteks tataran yang
lebih makro, suatu gagasan pemikiran ekonomi </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.943189);">hanya akan berhenti pada tataran konsep apabila gagasan
tersebut tidak </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 702.706px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.886153);">direalisasikan dalam
bentuk kebijakan negara. Di sinilah pentingnya ekonomi Islam </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.876728);">untuk me</div><div style="left: 238.311px; top:
scaleX(0.877299);">masuki fase politik ekonomi, di mana pemikiran ekonomi
Islam harus </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 763.887px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.894926);">diupayakan untuk
menjadi bagian dari arus utama kebijakan ekonomi negara </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.855728);">(mainstream policy)</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 824.72px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.919146);">Fase politik ekonomi
sangat mempengaruhi paradigma para pengambil </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.857967);">kebijakan. Oleh karena itu, p</div><div style="left: 373.608px;
scaleX(0.86698);">endekatan ekonomi politik Islam menjadi sangat penting.
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.898722);">Persoalan kesejahteraan bangsa
sangat ditentukan oleh peran negara beserta </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.859525);">instrumen kebijakannya, di mana instrumen kebijakan ini
tidak ada yang “bebas </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 946.908px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.878564);">nilai”.
Kebijakan tersebut akan selalu dipengar</div><div style="left: 517.363px; top:
scaleX(0.877343);">uhi oleh nilai tertentu, sehingga nilai </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.895228);">inilah yang mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan kemudian berdampak
pada tindakan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1008.11px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872446);">yang akan diambil.
Demikian pula dalam konteks negara, di mana negara akan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.856346);">bertindak sesuai dengan pandangan dan cara
berpikir para pengambi</div><div style="left: 713.104px; top: 1038.34px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.861461);">l kebijakan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.850013);">negara tersebut.</div><div
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872657);">Dengan latar belakang
pentingnya pemikiran ekonomi Islam menjadi arus baru </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.897053);">dalam kebijakan ekonomi nasional, maka masuknya ekonomi Islam ke
dalam ranah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 183.86px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.833316);">political economy</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.897487);">menjadi hal yang sangat urgen. Jika melihat
perkembangan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 214.268px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.901564);">ekonomi dan keuangan
syariah yang ada saat ini, terdapat tiga tipologi yang telah </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.88239);">berkembang. Ketiga tipologi tersebut antara lain: 1)
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.802136);">Oil</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.820806);">driven Islamic
economic (IE) </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 275.466px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.832363);">system</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.95324);">; 2) </div><div style="left: 240.521px; top:
scaleX(0.849218);">State</div><div style="left: 277.93906176470585px; top:
275.4656068474261px; font-size:
17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left: 283.473px;
scaleX(0.831388);">driven IE system</div><div style="left: 401.437px; top:
scaleX(0.896611);">; dan 3) </div><div style="left: 461.341px; top: 275.466px;
scaleX(0.833676);">Society</div><div style="left: 512.7514488235294px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.832686);">driven IE system</div><div
17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">8</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 306.065px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866978);">Pada tipologi
pertama, munculnya </div><div style="left: 474.968px; top: 306.065px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.846968);">IE system</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.858721);">melalui industri perbankan dan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.876754);">keuangan syariah dipicu oleh </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.861254);">booming</div><div style="left: 481.79px; top:
scaleX(0.896457);">harga minyak di awal dekade 1970</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.858735);">an. </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.868429);">Akibatn</div><div style="left: 220.994px; top:
scaleX(0.868403);">ya, negara</div><div style="left: 302.26960705882345px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.869994);">negara penghasil minyak terutama
negara</div><div style="left: 643.0712794117646px; top: 367.0716787428511px; font-
size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left: 648.78px;
scaleX(0.874555);">negara di kawasan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.89302);">Timur Tengah memiliki dana yang berlimpah. Dana ini kemudian
digunakan untuk </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 428.079px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.903408);">mendirikan bank
syariah. Bermunculanlah bank</div><div style="left: 554.9731247058822px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.922108);">bank syariah di periode ini,
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.857265);">termasuk pendirian lembaga
multilate</div><div style="left: 448.427px; top: 458.487px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.819069);">ral </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.852563);">Islamic Development Bank</div><div style="left: 669.612px; top:
scaleX(0.897386);">(IDB) pada tahun </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.952111);">1974.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 519.685px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.925487);">Pada tipologi
kedua, yang menjadi </div><div style="left: 507.234px; top: 519.685px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.822226);">triggering
factor</div><div style="left: 637.9023438235293px; top: 519.6848258016746px; font-
size: 17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">-</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.909439);">nya adalah inisiasi </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.89618);">kebijakan negara. Dalam hal ini, negaralah yang mengambil langkah
konkrit untuk </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 580.692px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.863294);">mengembangkan
industri perbankan dan keuangan syaria</div><div style="left: 616.704px; top:
scaleX(0.865331);">h, serta menjadikannya </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.85439);">sebagai proyek resmi negara. Pioner pendekatan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.85455);">state</div><div style="left: 586.4914491176469px; top:
serif; transform: scaleX(0.810556);">driven</div><div style="left: 645.647px; top:
scaleX(0.844323);">ini adalah Malaysia. </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.870364);">Pemerintah Malaysia</div><div style="left: 320.14333382352936px;
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.873705);">lah yang mengambil inisiatif
mendirikan Lembaga Tabung Haji </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 672.281px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.875113);">pada tahun
1969 dan Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) sebagai bank syari</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.84907);">ah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 702.706px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.859319);">pertama di
negeri tersebut pada tahun 1983.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 733.305px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884706);">Pada
tipologi ketiga, yang menjadi inisiator pendirian institusi perbankan dan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.883371);">keuangan syariah adalah inisiatif
masyarakat. Indonesia adalah contoh negara yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.884714);">mendirikan institusi perbankan dan keuangan syar</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.886877);">iah atas usulan masyarakat. </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.90923);">Berdirinya Bank Mualamat Indonesia pada tahun 1992
tidak lepas dari peran dan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 855.319px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.908435);">inisiasi Majelis
Ulama Indonesia (MUI) dan Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.872631);">(ICMI) yang kemudian didukung oleh banyak komponen
masyarakat pada saat</div><div style="left: 748.486px; top: 885.901px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853409);">itu.</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.890379);">Dalam konteks Indonesia, ekonomi politik yang
dibutuhkan adalah bagaimana </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 946.908px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88137);">melakukan
transformasi sistem, dari </div><div style="left: 445.851px; top: 946.908px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform:
scaleX(0.830746);">society</div><div style="left: 495.6086826470588px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.810063);">driven</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.863714);">menjadi </div><div style="left: 618.741px; top: 946.908px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.798565);">society and
state driven</div><div style="left: 795.128px; top: 946.908px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.821847);">. </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.903336);">Di sinilah peran ekonomi politik Islam untuk
mengarusutamakan ekonomi syariah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1008.11px;
font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.907277);">sebagai basis</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.913627);">kebijakan pembangunan perekonomian nasional dalam
rangka </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1038.34px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866928);">meningkatkan kesejahteraan
masyarakat.</div><div class="endOfContent"></div></div></div><div class="page"
data-page-number="6" data-loaded="true" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><div
class="canvasWrapper" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><canvas id="page6"
width="1880" height="2434" style="width: 940px; height:
1217px;"></canvas></div><div class="textLayer" style="width: 939px; height:
1216px;"><div style="left: 162.941px; top: 1098.08px; font-size: 15.9677px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985643);">174</div><div style="left: 536.01px;
scaleX(0.939423);">Kemiskinan sebagai Atribut Ekonomi Kelembagaan</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.875404);">Kemiskinan saat ini </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.873744);">adalah sebuah konsep yang bersifat multidimensi dan sulit
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.882856);">didefinisikan dalam definisi yang
bersifat tunggal. Banyak pakar dari beragam </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.90035);">disiplin ilmu telah mencoba mendefinisikan konsep kemiskinan ini.
Namun, belum </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 275.466px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.886724);">ada yang menyepakati
definisi kemiskinan </div><div style="left: 498.376px; top: 275.466px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866396);">ini dalam satu
definisi yang disepakati </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 306.065px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872111);">bersama.
Perspektif yang digunakan pun beragam, mulai dari perspektif ekonomi,
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.870762);">sosiologi, hingga perspektif
moralitas. Terlepas dari pro kontra dan perdebatan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.892809);">mengenai konsep kemiskinan, namun isu kemiskinan tetap
me</div><div style="left: 638.825px; top: 367.072px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884885);">njadi isu yang sangat </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.861944);">penting.</div><div style="left: 223.21323555555554px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.878533);">Menurut Nugroho dan Dahuri,
kemiskinan merupakan kondisi absolut dan </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.867684);">relatif yang menyebabkan seseorang atau kelompok masyarakat
dalam suatu wi</div><div style="left: 758.633px; top: 458.487px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848451);">layah </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.88128);">tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan
dasarnya sesuai dengan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.685px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860311);">tata nilai atau
norma tertentu yang berlaku di dalam masyarakat karena sebab</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.859314);">sebab </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.873678);">natural, kultural, dan struktural.</div><div
transform: scaleX(1.07669);">10</div><div style="left: 443.832px; top: 550.266px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893265);">Lebih
lanjut, Peter Townsend dalam Usman </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.942019);">dikemukakan bahwa konsep kemiskinan dibagi menjadi tiga
macam, yaitu </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 611.1px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867246);">kemiskinan absolut,
kemiskinan relatif, dan kemiskinan subjektif.</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">K</div><div style="left: 214.728px; top: 641.699px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876727);">emiskinan absolut
biasanya diukur dan dirumuskan dengan membuat ukuran </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.870436);">tertentu yang konkrit. Ukuran tersebut lazimnya berorientasi
pada kebutuhan hidup </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 702.706px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.8741);">dasar minimum anggota
masyarakat, seperti sandang, pangan, dan papan. Akan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.880592);">tetapi, karena ukuran ini di</div><div style="left: 371.572px;
scaleX(0.881775);">buat terlebih dahulu, maka ukuran yang digunakan oleh </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.894846);">negara yang satu akan berbeda dengan negara
yang lain. Konsep kemiskinan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 794.312px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.897822);">semacam ini
banyak mendapat kritikan, antara lain bagaimana mungkin membuat </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.869891);">satu ukuran untuk semua masyarakat, padahal
kebutuhan</div><div style="left: 629.984px; top: 824.72px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866709);">sandang, pangan, dan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.891916);">papan di antara mereka berbeda. Belum lagi adanya
pemikiran yang memasukkan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 885.901px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.864275);">kebutuhan dasar
kultural seperti pendidikan, rekreasi, dan keamanan sebagai bagian </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.855338);">dari kebutuhan dasar hidup.</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.865942);">Konsep kemiskinan relatif dirumuskan berdasark</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.84198);">an </div><div style="left: 593.296px; top: 946.908px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.83328);">the idea of
relative standart, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 977.507px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.902396);">yaitu dengan
memperhatikan dimensi tempat dan waktu. Dasar asumsinya adalah </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.900843);">kemiskinan di suatu daerah belum tentu kemiskinan
d</div><div style="left: 582.61px; top: 1008.11px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.787919);">i </div><div style="left: 593.853px;
scaleX(0.888975);">daerah lain. Demikian juga </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.882083);">kemiskinan di masa tertentu, belum tentu disebut sebagai
kemiskina</div><div style="left: 683.988px; top: 1038.34px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.890272);">n di masa yang </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.86544);">lain. Konsep seperti ini biasanya diukur berdasarkan
pada pertimbangan masyarakat </div><div class="endOfContent"></div></div></div><div
class="page" data-page-number="7" data-loaded="true" style="width: 939px; height:
1216px;"><div class="canvasWrapper" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><canvas
id="page7" width="1880" height="2434" style="width: 940px; height:
scaleX(0.914603);">Naerul Edwin Kiky Aprianto</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">:</div><div style="left: 371.206px; top: 99.6299px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860204);">Kemiskinan
Dalam</div><div style="left: 507.621px; top: 100.947px; font-size: 15.9677px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959401);">...</div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.875666);">tertentu dengan berorientasi pada derajat kelayakan hidup.
Konsep kemiskinan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 153.451px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845589);">relatif ini juga
mendapat kritikan, antara lain karena sulitnya menentukan potret </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.905895);">hidup yang layak, di mana apa yang dianggap layak di
suatu masyarakat tertentu, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 214.268px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.863509);">belum tentu
dianggap layak di masyarakat lain. Demikian juga keadaan layak hari ini, </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.847815);">belum tentu dianggap layak di lain hari.</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.889344);">Konsep kemiskinan subjektif dirumuskan
berdasarkan</div><div style="left: 646.013px; top: 275.466px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887324);">perasaan kelompok </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.897042);">miskin itu sendiri. Konsep yang ketiga ini tidak
mengenal </div><div style="left: 611.553px; top: 306.065px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.801208);">a fixed yardstik </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.885584);">dan juga </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.861344);">tidak memperhitungkan </div><div style="left: 354.986px; top:
scaleX(0.831634);">the idea of relative standart. </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.869941);">Kelompok masyarakat yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.898248);">menurut ukuran kita berada di bawah kemiskinan, boleh jadi
masyarakat terse</div><div style="left: 773.374px; top: 367.072px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.855285);">but </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.892829);">tidak pernah menganggap diri mereka berada di dalam
kemiskinan. Demikian juga </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 428.079px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884908);">sebaliknya, kita
menganggap mereka tergolong mampu, namun mereka meletakkan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.863166);">diri mereka pada kelompok tidak mampu. Konsep ini
dinilai oleh beberapa ahli </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 489.086px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.869741);">sebagai
konsep kemisk</div><div style="left: 340.61px; top: 489.086px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845733);">inan yang lebih
tepat serta mempermudah bagi pengambil </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.848222);">kebijakan dalam merumuskan cara atau strategi yang
efektif untuk mencari jalan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 550.266px;
scaleX(0.861356);">keluarnya.</div><div style="left: 240.716px; top: 551.297px;
font-size: 11.6287px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07669);">11</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.856562);">Istila</div><div style="left: 240.712px; top:
scaleX(0.856371);">h kemiskinan selalu dilawankan dengan kaya, sebagaimana
kata rakyat </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 611.1px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.892264);">yang selalu dilawankan dengan
penguasa. Kendatipun tidak disepakati, namun ada </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.86812);">kesan bahwa kemiskinan identik dengan rakyat, sedangkan
kaya identik dengan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 672.281px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871001);">penguasa. Dalam
pandangan Asy'ari</div><div style="left: 444.372px; top: 672.281px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860133);">, kata rakyat
adalah abstrak dan baru dapat </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.854233);">dipahami apabila kata tersebut telah dikaitkan dengan
berbagai aspek kehidupan, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 733.305px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.864194);">seperti
ekonomi dan politik.</div><div style="left: 370.852px; top: 734.321px; font-size:
11.6287px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07669);">12</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874873);">Secara ekonomi</div><div style="left: 322.18px; top:
scaleX(0.810245);">, </div><div style="left: 330.29px; top: 763.887px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.84161);">ra</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.866797);">kyat adalah sebuah istilah yang mapan untuk para
pedagang </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 794.312px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.907573);">kaki lima, petani yang tidak
mempunyai tanah, tukang batu, bakul jamu, jual sate </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.88173);">jalanan, pedagang sayur, pemulung, pengamen, tukang becak,
kernek dan yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 855.319px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.881711);">setingkat dengan
itu. Para rakyat ini tida</div><div style="left: 499.49px; top: 855.319px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87916);">k pernah
menyentuh perbankan atau </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 885.901px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.89227);">lembaga keuangan
formal. Apabila mereka membutuhkan uang sebagai modal </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.910481);">bekerja, mereka dapat berhubungan dengan para rentenir
atau bank plecit. </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 946.908px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.852346);">Sedangkan secara
politik</div><div style="left: 354.255px; top: 946.908px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.810245);">, </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.850917);">rakyat adalah orang yang memperjuangkan kursi </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.867187);">untuk </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.878886);">orang lain dan mereka selalu menjadi tangga buat mereka yang
ingin menjadi wakil </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1008.11px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.891916);">rakyat. Mereka berada
di luar birokrasi formal pemerintahan, bukan camat, bukan </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.891065);">bupati apalagi yang lebih tinggi.
Mereka dapat mengubah nasib seseorang menjadi </div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.862914);">orang pen</div><div style="left: 237.58px; top: 1068.94px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.852651);">ting, namun
dirinya sendiri tak pernah berubah.</div><div
scaleX(0.882165);">Dari aspek</div><div style="left: 288.45097117647055px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.878089);">aspek tersebut, fenomena kemiskinan
dapat dilokalisir menjadi </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 153.451px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.939153);">persoalan
kelembagaan. Dalam pandangan ekonomi kelembagaan, di mana </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.858989);">kelembagaan ini dimengerti sebagai regulasi perilaku
atau aturan ya</div><div style="left: 675.129px; top: 183.86px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.873569);">ng secara umum
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.856981);">diterima oleh anggota suatu
kelompok sosial yang pelaksanaannya dapat diawasi </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.859757);">secara internal </div><div style="left: 281.8201144117647px;
serif;">(</div><div style="left: 288.26px; top: 244.867px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.809648);">self</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823941);">policed</div><div
17.356209150326798px; font-family: serif;">)</div><div style="left: 382.449px; top:
scaleX(0.875513);">maupun eksternal </div><div style="left: 525.665px; top:
scaleX(0.836584);">(external authorithy)</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left: 685.3px; top: 246.068px; font-size:
11.6287px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07669);">13</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.876759);">Lebih lanjut, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.942337);">North menjelaskan bahwa kelembagaan adalah penciptaan
rintangan bagi </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 306.065px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880567);">kemungkinan perilaku
menyimpang manusia yang keberadaannya diatur dalam </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.870065);">struktur interaksi politik, ekonomi, dan sosial. Aturan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.859939);">tersebut dapat termaktub </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.854844);">dalam </div><div style="left: 215.094px; top:
scaleX(0.835889);">informal constraints</div><div style="left: 371.572px; top:
scaleX(0.905122);">(misalnya, sanksi, tabu, tradisi, dan budaya) dan </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.852517);">formal </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.805208);">rules</div><div style="left: 202.006px; top: 397.48px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87627);">(misalnya,
konstitusi, hukum, dan hak kepemilikan).</div><div style="left: 588.526px; top:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866283);">Timothy J. </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.861246);">Yeager menambahkan bahwa kelembagaan adalah aturan
main </div><div style="left: 756.422px; top: 428.079px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.835384);">(rules </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.841902);">of game)</div><div style="left: 242.192px; top: 458.487px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.873166);">yang dapat
memapankan hubungan antar individu dalam masyarakat. </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.938254);">kelembagaan ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi ketidakpastian
yang selalu </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 519.685px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.879469);">membay</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874135);">angi dalam setiap interaksi antar manusia melalui
penciptaan pola perilaku </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 550.266px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.909371);">yang jelas dan
tegas.</div><div style="left: 323.112px; top: 551.297px; font-size: 11.6287px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07669);">15</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.891854);">Singkatnya, kelembagaan dapat dimaknai sebagai pedoman
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.882401);">yang digunakan antar pelaku (ekonomi)
sehingga masing</div><div style="left: 593.1223058823529px; top:
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.873213);">masing pihak memperoleh </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.864619);">kepastian dalam menja</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.864003);">lankan kegiatannya.</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top:
scaleX(0.874278);">Konsep ekonomi kelembagaan mendemonstrasikan bahwa
inefisiensi dalam </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 672.281px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.900676);">ekonomi dapat
terjadi bukan hanya akibat adanya struktur pasar yang tidak </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.865183);">sempurna, melainkan karena adanya kehadiran
secara implisit biaya transaksi.</div><div style="left: 785.747px; top: 703.9px;
font-size: 11.6287px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07669);">16</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.912656);">Sebagai contoh, peternak sapi menjual seliter susu Rp
2.500,00 kepada
tengkulak, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 763.887px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.888255);">kemudian tengkulak
menjual Rp 3.500,00 ke distributor. Lalu </div><div style="left: 629.984px; top:
scaleX(0.868224);">distributor menjual ke </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.926026);">toko Rp 5.000,00 dan toko menjual Rp 7.000,00 ke konsumen. Dari
kasus tersebut, </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 824.72px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.858069);">terlihat bahwa
asimetri kekuasaan (politik dan ekonomi) telah menuntun sampai </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874044);">seberapa besar nisbah ekonomi yang dapat dinikmati
oleh pelaku ekonomi. Pet</div><div style="left: 755.5px; top: 855.319px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853783);">ernak </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.860642);">sapi seperti dipaparkan di atas, sampai kapan pun
tidak akan pernah mencapai status </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.903698);">kesejahteraan yang mencukupi, biarpun sekian juta perak
uang pengurangan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 946.908px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.868558);">kemiskinan
digelontorkan oleh pemerintah. Masalahnya jelas, peternak sapi tersebut </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.846221);">akan terti</div><div style="left: 234.812px; top:
scaleX(0.86349);">nggal terus dalam mengakumulasikan laba ekonomi akibat daya tawar
yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1008.11px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88913);">rendah apabila dibandingkan dengan
pelaku ekonomi lainnya, yakni tengkulak dan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.89947);">pemilik toko. Jadi pada kasus ini, persoalan yang menyebabkan
kemiskinan adalah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 1068.94px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.863398);">kesepakatan
kelembagaan </div><div style="left: 369.918px; top: 1068.94px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.932555);">(i</div><div
transform: scaleX(0.849371);">nstitutional arrangement)</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845855);">yang tidak adil.
Pada titik </div><div class="endOfContent"></div></div></div><div class="page"
data-page-number="9" data-loaded="true" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><div
class="canvasWrapper" style="width: 939px; height: 1216px;"><canvas id="page9"
width="1880" height="2434" style="width: 940px; height:
scaleX(0.914603);">Naerul Edwin Kiky Aprianto</div><div style="left:
font-family: serif;">:</div><div style="left: 371.206px; top: 99.6299px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860204);">Kemiskinan
Dalam</div><div style="left: 507.621px; top: 100.947px; font-size: 15.9677px; font-
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959401);">...</div><div style="left: 162.935px;
scaleX(0.887434);">inilah melihat fenomena kemiskinan d</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.891458);">ari sudut struktur kekuasaan dalam ekonomi </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.886672);">kelembagaan menjadi suatu keniscayaan. Kelompok
kepentingan yang memiliki </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 183.86px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880954);">modal besar
selalu menjadi pemenang </div><div style="left: 459.861px; top: 183.86px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.837653);">(the
winners/the have)</div><div style="left: 636.44px; top: 183.86px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.868936);">dibandingkan dengan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867939);">kelompok kepentingan yang mempunyai
modal tipis. </div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 244.867px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.864511);">Akhirnya, </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.85908);">jenis kesepakatan antar pelaku ekonomi juga
kerap menyebabkan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 275.466px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893573);">terbentuknya kelas
masyarakat tuna akses (miskin). Salah satu penyebab dari jenis </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.884089);">kesepakatan yang tidak saling menguntungkan ini
terkait dengan ketimpangan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 336.473px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887107);">kepemilikan
aset ekonomi. Misalnya, k</div><div style="left: 453.77px; top: 336.473px; font-
size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876284);">ontrak kerja
antara tuan tanah dengan petani </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 367.072px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867084);">penggarap,
meniscayakan kesepakatan yang tidak adil akibat rendahnya posisi tawar </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.874464);">yang dimiliki buruh tani. Sedangkan sebab lain dari
kesepakatan yang berat sebelah </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 428.079px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.872609);">terjadi
akibat keterbatasan akses pelaku ekono</div><div style="left: 515.884px; top:
scaleX(0.875527);">mi skala kecil (petani, nelayan, sektor </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.863269);">informal, dan lain</div><div style="left: 294.90778970588235px;
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.870693);">lain) terhadap pasar. Kelompok usaha
kecil ini mesti berhubungan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 489.086px;
pelaku ekonomi lain untuk memindahkan produksinya ke pasar (misalnya </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.861289);">melalui tengkulak, distributor, maupun pemilik
toko). Ak</div><div style="left: 607.863px; top: 519.685px; font-size: 17.3562px;
font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.843378);">ibat nilai tawarnya yang
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.899524);">rendah, pelaku usaha kecil ini hanya
mampu mengambil keuntungan (laba) sangat </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
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distributor, dan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 611.1px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871298);">pemilik toko.
Sebaliknya, pelaku ekonomi yang dekat dengan pasar ini re</div><div style="left:
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font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862344);">mengambil
keuntungan yang cukup besar dari konsumen karena kemampuannya </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.867611);">untuk membentuk pasar.</div><div style="left:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.941324);">Pandangan Islam
terhadap Kemiskinan</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 750.627px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959369);">Konsep tentang
kemiskinan sangat beragam, mulai dari sekadar </div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.875404);">ketidakmampuan</div><div style="left: 298.771px; top: 781.226px;
font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.886835);">memenuhi
kebutuhan konsumsi dasar dan memperbaiki keadaan, </div><div style="left:
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scaleX(0.928175);">berusaha, hingga pengertian yan</div><div style="left:
scaleX(0.983866);">g lebih luas yang </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top:
scaleX(0.877234);">memasukkan aspek sosial dan moral. Misalnya, ada pendapat
yang menyatakan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 872.641px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.881792);">bahwa kemiskinan
terkait dengan sikap, budaya hidup, dan lingkungan dalam suatu </div><div
transform: scaleX(0.996119);">masyarakat atau ada yang menyatakan bahwa
kemiskinan merupakan </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 933.821px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867774);">ketidakberdayaan
seke</div><div style="left: 338.957px; top: 933.821px; font-size: 17.3562px; font-
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yang diterapkan oleh </div><div style="left: 162.935px; top: 964.247px; font-
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pemerintahan sehingga mereka berada pada posisi yang sangat lemah dan
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871656);">tereksploitasi (kemiskinan
struktural).</div><div style="left: 203.851px; top: 1025.43px; font-size:
17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.892269);">Kemiskinan adalah akar
kata dari “miskin”</div><div style="left: 538.196px; top: 1025.43px; font-size:
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serif; transform: scaleX(0.828799);">ke </div><div style="left: 682.143px; top:
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font-size: 17.3562px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866917);">an
family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.92723);">yang menurut kamus bahasa Indonesia
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animation: 950ms linear 0s infinite normal none running progressIndeterminate; }
.findbar, .secondaryToolbar { top: 32px; position: absolute; z-index: 10000;

height: auto; min-width: 16px; padding: 0px 6px; margin: 4px 2px; color: rgb(217,
217, 217); font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left; cursor: default; }
.findbar { min-width: 300px; }
.findbar > div { height: 32px; }
.findbar.wrapContainers > div { clear: both; }
.findbar.wrapContainers > div#findbarMessageContainer { height: auto; }
html[dir="ltr"] .findbar { left: 68px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .findbar { right: 68px; }
.findbar label { user-select: none; }
#findInput { width: 200px; }
#findInput::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: rgb(191, 191, 191); }
#findInput::placeholder { font-style: italic; }
#findInput[data-status="pending"] { background-image: url("images/loading-

small.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: right center; }
html[dir="rtl"] #findInput[data-status="pending"] { background-position: left

center; }
.secondaryToolbar { padding: 6px; height: auto; z-index: 30000; }
html[dir="ltr"] .secondaryToolbar { right: 4px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .secondaryToolbar { left: 4px; }
#secondaryToolbarButtonContainer { max-width: 200px; max-height: 400px; overflow-y:

auto; margin-bottom: -4px; }
#secondaryToolbarButtonContainer.hiddenScrollModeButtons > .scrollModeButtons,

#secondaryToolbarButtonContainer.hiddenSpreadModeButtons > .spreadModeButtons
{ display: none !important; }
.doorHanger, .doorHangerRight { border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); border-

radius: 2px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 1px 4px; }
.doorHanger::after, .doorHanger::before, .doorHangerRight::after,
.doorHangerRight::before { bottom: 100%; border: solid transparent; content: " ";
height: 0px; width: 0px; position: absolute; pointer-events: none; }
.doorHanger::after, .doorHangerRight::after { border-bottom-color: rgba(82, 82, 82,

0.99); border-width: 8px; }
.doorHanger::before, .doorHangerRight::before { border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0,

0.5); border-width: 9px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .doorHanger::after, html[dir="rtl"] .doorHangerRight::after { left:

13px; margin-left: -8px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .doorHanger::before, html[dir="rtl"] .doorHangerRight::before

{ left: 13px; margin-left: -9px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .doorHanger::after, html[dir="ltr"] .doorHangerRight::after

{ right: 13px; margin-right: -8px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .doorHanger::before, html[dir="ltr"] .doorHangerRight::before

{ right: 13px; margin-right: -9px; }
#findResultsCount { background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217); color: rgb(82, 82, 82);

text-align: center; padding: 3px 4px; }
#findMsg { font-style: italic; color: rgb(166, 183, 208); }
#findMsg:empty { display: none; }
#findInput.notFound { background-color: rgb(255, 102, 102); }
#toolbarViewerMiddle { position: absolute; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-

50%); }
html[dir="ltr"] #toolbarViewerLeft, html[dir="rtl"] #toolbarViewerRight { float:

left; }
html[dir="ltr"] #toolbarViewerRight, html[dir="rtl"] #toolbarViewerLeft { float:

right; }
html[dir="ltr"] #toolbarViewerLeft > *, html[dir="ltr"] #toolbarViewerMiddle > *,

html[dir="ltr"] #toolbarViewerRight > *, html[dir="ltr"] .findbar * { position:
relative; float: left; }
html[dir="rtl"] #toolbarViewerLeft > *, html[dir="rtl"] #toolbarViewerMiddle > *,

html[dir="rtl"] #toolbarViewerRight > *, html[dir="rtl"] .findbar * { position:
relative; float: right; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton { margin: 3px 2px 4px 0px; display: inline-

block; }
html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButton { margin: 3px 0px 4px 2px; display: inline-

block; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton { border-radius: 0px; float:

left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton { border-radius: 0px; float:

right; }
.toolbarButton, .secondaryToolbarButton, .overlayButton { border: 0px none;
background: none; width: 32px; height: 25px; }
.toolbarButton > span { display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 0px; overflow:
hidden; }
.toolbarButton[disabled], .secondaryToolbarButton[disabled],
.overlayButton[disabled] { opacity: 0.5; }
.splitToolbarButton.toggled .toolbarButton { margin: 0px; }
.splitToolbarButton:hover > .toolbarButton, .splitToolbarButton:focus >

.toolbarButton, .splitToolbarButton.toggled > .toolbarButton,
.toolbarButton.textButton { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); background-
image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));
background-clip: padding-box; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-image:
initial; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.42);
box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)
0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px; transition-property:
background-color, border-color, box-shadow; transition-duration: 150ms; transition-
timing-function: ease; }
.splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton:hover, .splitToolbarButton >

.toolbarButton:focus, .dropdownToolbarButton:hover, .overlayButton:hover,
.overlayButton:focus, .toolbarButton.textButton:hover,
.toolbarButton.textButton:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow:
rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 0px 0px 1px
inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 0px 1px; z-index: 199; }
.splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton { position: relative; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton:first-child,

html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton:last-child { position:
relative; margin: 0px -1px 0px 0px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-
left-radius: 2px; border-right-color: transparent; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton:last-child, html[dir="rtl"]

.splitToolbarButton > .toolbarButton:first-child { position: relative; margin: 0px
0px 0px -1px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px;
border-left-color: transparent; }
.splitToolbarButtonSeparator { padding: 8px 0px; width: 1px; background-color:

rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); z-index: 99; box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08) 0px 0px 0px
1px; display: inline-block; margin: 5px 0px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButtonSeparator { float: left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButtonSeparator { float: right; }
.splitToolbarButton:hover > .splitToolbarButtonSeparator,

.splitToolbarButton.toggled > .splitToolbarButtonSeparator { padding: 12px 0px;
margin: 1px 0px; box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; transition-
property: padding; transition-duration: 10ms; transition-timing-function: ease; }
.toolbarButton, .dropdownToolbarButton, .secondaryToolbarButton, .overlayButton

{ min-width: 16px; padding: 2px 6px 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; border-
radius: 2px; color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px;
user-select: none; cursor: default; transition-property: background-color, border-
color, box-shadow; transition-duration: 150ms; transition-timing-function: ease; }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton, html[dir="ltr"] .overlayButton, html[dir="ltr"]

.dropdownToolbarButton { margin: 3px 2px 4px 0px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton, html[dir="rtl"] .overlayButton, html[dir="rtl"]

.dropdownToolbarButton { margin: 3px 0px 4px 2px; }
.toolbarButton:hover, .toolbarButton:focus, .dropdownToolbarButton, .overlayButton,

.secondaryToolbarButton:hover, .secondaryToolbarButton:focus { background-color:
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05),
rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); background-clip: padding-box; border-width: 1px; border-
style: solid; border-image: initial; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) rgba(0, 0,
0, 0.38) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.42); box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px
inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px
1px 0px; }
.toolbarButton:hover:active, .overlayButton:hover:active,
.dropdownToolbarButton:hover:active, .secondaryToolbarButton:hover:active
{ background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255,
255, 255, 0.05), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35) rgba(0,
0, 0, 0.4) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 1px inset,
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px;
transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow; transition-
duration: 10ms; transition-timing-function: linear; }
.toolbarButton.toggled, .splitToolbarButton.toggled > .toolbarButton.toggled,

.secondaryToolbarButton.toggled { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); background-
image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border-
color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow:
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 1px inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 1px inset,
rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px; transition-property: background-color,
border-color, box-shadow; transition-duration: 10ms; transition-timing-function:
linear; }
.toolbarButton.toggled:hover:active, .splitToolbarButton.toggled >

.toolbarButton.toggled:hover:active, .secondaryToolbarButton.toggled:hover:active {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) rgba(0, 0,
0, 0.5) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 1px 1px inset,
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px; }
.dropdownToolbarButton { width: 120px; max-width: 120px; padding: 0px; overflow:

hidden; background: url("images/toolbarButton-menuArrows.png") no-repeat; }
html[dir="ltr"] .dropdownToolbarButton { background-position: 95% center; }
html[dir="rtl"] .dropdownToolbarButton { background-position: 5% center; }
.dropdownToolbarButton > select { min-width: 140px; font-size: 12px; color:

rgb(242, 242, 242); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 2px 2px; border: none; background:
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
.dropdownToolbarButton > select > option { background: rgb(61, 61, 61); }
#customScaleOption { display: none; }
#pageWidthOption { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton:first-child, html[dir="ltr"]

.toolbarButton:first-child, html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButton:last-child,
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton:last-child { margin-left: 4px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .splitToolbarButton:last-child, html[dir="ltr"]

.toolbarButton:last-child, html[dir="rtl"] .splitToolbarButton:first-child,
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton:first-child { margin-right: 4px; }
.toolbarButtonSpacer { width: 30px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; }
html[dir="ltr"] #findPrevious { margin-left: 3px; }
html[dir="ltr"] #findNext { margin-right: 3px; }
html[dir="rtl"] #findPrevious { margin-right: 3px; }
html[dir="rtl"] #findNext { margin-left: 3px; }
.toolbarButton::before, .secondaryToolbarButton::before { position: absolute;

display: inline-block; top: 4px; left: 7px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .secondaryToolbarButton::before { left: 4px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .secondaryToolbarButton::before { right: 4px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton#sidebarToggle::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-sidebarToggle.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton#sidebarToggle::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-sidebarToggle-rtl.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton#secondaryToolbarToggle::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-secondaryToolbarToggle.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton#secondaryToolbarToggle::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-secondaryToolbarToggle-rtl.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton.findPrevious::before { content:

url("images/findbarButton-previous.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton.findPrevious::before { content:

url("images/findbarButton-previous-rtl.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton.findNext::before { content:

url("images/findbarButton-next.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton.findNext::before { content:

url("images/findbarButton-next-rtl.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton.pageUp::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-

pageUp.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton.pageUp::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-

pageUp-rtl.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton.pageDown::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-pageDown.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton.pageDown::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-pageDown-rtl.png"); }
.toolbarButton.zoomOut::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-
zoomOut.png"); }
.toolbarButton.zoomIn::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-zoomIn.png"); }
.toolbarButton.presentationMode::before,
.secondaryToolbarButton.presentationMode::before { content:
url("images/toolbarButton-presentationMode.png"); }
.toolbarButton.print::before, .secondaryToolbarButton.print::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-print.png"); }
.toolbarButton.openFile::before, .secondaryToolbarButton.openFile::before
{ content: url("images/toolbarButton-openFile.png"); }
.toolbarButton.download::before, .secondaryToolbarButton.download::before
{ content: url("images/toolbarButton-download.png"); }
.toolbarButton.bookmark, .secondaryToolbarButton.bookmark { box-sizing: border-box;

outline: none; padding-top: 4px; text-decoration: none; }
.secondaryToolbarButton.bookmark { padding-top: 5px; }
.bookmark[href="#"] { opacity: 0.5; pointer-events: none; }
.toolbarButton.bookmark::before, .secondaryToolbarButton.bookmark::before
{ content: url("images/toolbarButton-bookmark.png"); }
#viewThumbnail.toolbarButton::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-

viewThumbnail.png"); }
html[dir="ltr"] #viewOutline.toolbarButton::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-viewOutline.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] #viewOutline.toolbarButton::before { content:

url("images/toolbarButton-viewOutline-rtl.png"); }
#viewAttachments.toolbarButton::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-

viewAttachments.png"); }
#viewFind.toolbarButton::before { content: url("images/toolbarButton-

search.png"); }
.toolbarButton.pdfSidebarNotification::after { position: absolute; display: inline-

block; top: 1px; content: ""; background-color: rgb(112, 219, 85); height: 9px;
width: 9px; border-radius: 50%; }
html[dir="ltr"] .toolbarButton.pdfSidebarNotification::after { left: 17px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .toolbarButton.pdfSidebarNotification::after { right: 17px; }
.secondaryToolbarButton { position: relative; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 3px 0px
1px; height: auto; min-height: 25px; width: auto; min-width: 100%; white-space:
normal; }
html[dir="ltr"] .secondaryToolbarButton { padding-left: 24px; text-align: left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .secondaryToolbarButton { padding-right: 24px; text-align: right; }

html[dir="ltr"] .secondaryToolbarButton.bookmark { padding-left: 27px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .secondaryToolbarButton.bookmark { padding-right: 27px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .secondaryToolbarButton > span { padding-right: 4px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .secondaryToolbarButton > span { padding-left: 4px; }
.secondaryToolbarButton.firstPage::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-firstPage.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.lastPage::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-lastPage.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.rotateCcw::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-rotateCcw.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.rotateCw::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-rotateCw.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.selectTool::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-selectTool.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.handTool::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-handTool.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.scrollVertical::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-scrollVertical.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.scrollHorizontal::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-scrollHorizontal.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.scrollWrapped::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-scrollWrapped.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.spreadNone::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-spreadNone.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.spreadOdd::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-spreadOdd.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.spreadEven::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-spreadEven.png"); }
.secondaryToolbarButton.documentProperties::before { content:
url("images/secondaryToolbarButton-documentProperties.png"); }
.verticalToolbarSeparator { display: block; padding: 8px 0px; margin: 8px 4px;

width: 1px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255,
0.08) 0px 0px 0px 1px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .verticalToolbarSeparator { margin-left: 2px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .verticalToolbarSeparator { margin-right: 2px; }
.horizontalToolbarSeparator { display: block; margin: 0px 0px 4px; height: 1px;

width: 100%; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255,
0.08) 0px 0px 0px 1px; }
.toolbarField { padding: 3px 6px; margin: 4px 0px; border-radius: 2px; background-
color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.09); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255,
255, 0.05), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); background-clip: padding-box; border-width:
1px; border-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32)
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.42); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 1px
0px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px; color: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-
size: 12px; line-height: 14px; outline-style: none; transition-property:
background-color, border-color, box-shadow; transition-duration: 150ms; transition-
timing-function: ease; }
.toolbarField[type="checkbox"] { display: inline-block; margin: 8px 0px; }
.toolbarField.pageNumber { min-width: 16px; text-align: right; width: 40px; }
.toolbarField.pageNumber.visiblePageIsLoading { background-image:
url("images/loading-small.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position:
1px center; }
.toolbarField.pageNumber::-webkit-inner-spin-button, .toolbarField.pageNumber::-
webkit-outer-spin-button { appearance: none; margin: 0px; }
.toolbarField:hover { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.11); border-color:

rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.43) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); }
.toolbarField:focus { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15); border-color:

rgba(77, 184, 255, 0.8) rgba(77, 184, 255, 0.85) rgba(77, 184, 255, 0.9); }
.toolbarLabel { min-width: 16px; padding: 3px 6px 3px 2px; margin: 4px 2px 4px 0px;
border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 2px; color: rgb(217, 217, 217); font-
size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left; user-select: none; cursor:
default; }
#thumbnailView { position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 60px); top: 0px; bottom:

0px; padding: 10px 30px 0px; overflow: auto; }
.thumbnail { margin: 0px 10px 5px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .thumbnail { float: left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .thumbnail { float: right; }
#thumbnailView > a:last-of-type > .thumbnail { margin-bottom: 10px; }
#thumbnailView > a:last-of-type > .thumbnail:not([data-loaded]) { margin-bottom:

9px; }
.thumbnail:not([data-loaded]) { border: 1px dashed rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);

margin: -1px 9px 4px; }
.thumbnailImage { border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px

0px 0px 1px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 2px 8px; opacity: 0.8; z-index: 99; background-
color: white; background-clip: content-box; }
.thumbnailSelectionRing { border-radius: 2px; padding: 7px; }
a:focus > .thumbnail > .thumbnailSelectionRing > .thumbnailImage, .thumbnail:hover

> .thumbnailSelectionRing > .thumbnailImage { opacity: 0.9; }
a:focus > .thumbnail > .thumbnailSelectionRing, .thumbnail:hover >
.thumbnailSelectionRing { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15); background-
background-clip: padding-box; box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px
inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) 0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 1px;
color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); }
.thumbnail.selected > .thumbnailSelectionRing > .thumbnailImage { box-shadow:

rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 0px 0px 1px; opacity: 1; }
.thumbnail.selected > .thumbnailSelectionRing { background-color: rgba(255, 255,

255, 0.3); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05), rgba(255,
255, 255, 0)); background-clip: padding-box; box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05)
0px 1px 0px inset, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1) 0px 0px 1px inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)
0px 0px 1px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#outlineView, #attachmentsView { position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 8px); top:

0px; bottom: 0px; overflow: auto; user-select: none; }
#outlineView { padding: 4px 4px 0px; }
#attachmentsView { padding: 3px 4px 0px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .outlineWithDeepNesting > .outlineItem, html[dir="ltr"]

.outlineItem > .outlineItems { margin-left: 20px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .outlineWithDeepNesting > .outlineItem, html[dir="rtl"]

.outlineItem > .outlineItems { margin-right: 20px; }
.outlineItem > a, .attachmentsItem > button { text-decoration: none; display:

inline-block; min-width: calc(100% - 4px); height: auto; margin-bottom: 1px;
border-radius: 2px; color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); font-size: 13px; line-height:
15px; user-select: none; white-space: normal; }
.attachmentsItem > button { border: 0px none; background: none; cursor: pointer;
width: 100%; }
html[dir="ltr"] .outlineItem > a { padding: 2px 0px 5px 4px; }
html[dir="ltr"] .attachmentsItem > button { padding: 2px 0px 3px 7px; text-align:
left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .outlineItem > a { padding: 2px 4px 5px 0px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .attachmentsItem > button { padding: 2px 7px 3px 0px; text-align:
right; }
.outlineItemToggler { position: relative; height: 0px; width: 0px; color: rgba(255,

255, 255, 0.5); }
.outlineItemToggler::before { content: url("images/treeitem-expanded.png");

display: inline-block; position: absolute; }
html[dir="ltr"] .outlineItemToggler.outlineItemsHidden::before { content:

url("images/treeitem-collapsed.png"); }
html[dir="rtl"] .outlineItemToggler.outlineItemsHidden::before { content:

url("images/treeitem-collapsed-rtl.png"); }
.outlineItemToggler.outlineItemsHidden ~ .outlineItems { display: none; }
html[dir="ltr"] .outlineItemToggler { float: left; }
html[dir="rtl"] .outlineItemToggler { float: right; }
html[dir="ltr"] .outlineItemToggler::before { right: 4px; }
html[dir="rtl"] .outlineItemToggler::before { left: 4px; }
.outlineItemToggler:hover, .outlineItemToggler:hover + a, .outlineItemToggler:hover

~ .outlineItems, .outlineItem > a:hover, .attachmentsItem > button:hover
{ background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02); background-image: linear-
gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); background-clip:
padding-box; box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) 0px 1px 0px inset, rgba(255,
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Kemiskinan Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Politik Islam - Aprianto - Islamiconomic - Jurnal Ekonomi Islam

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<title>KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM | Aprianto |

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<meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2018-01-30">

<meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2541-4127">

<meta name="DC.Title" content="KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK

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<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ISLAMICONOMIC: Jurnal Ekonomi

<meta name="citation_title" content="KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI

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