Symbiosis link

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=1yhPeVD5Tm4
 Bee and flower

Clownfish and sea anemone

Lichen - fungi and algae

Flea and dog
Aphids and plants
What is niche and biological control?
Niche: A species’ way of making a living

An example of a niche is making a living as a top carnivore, an animal

that eats other animals, but is not eaten by any other animals.

Video

https://sciencing.com/ecological-ni
che-definition-types-importance-exa
mples-13719219.html
Biological control:
A method of controlling pest populations naturally, without the use of
toxic chemicals.
Instead, biocontrol makes use of natural predators to control pest
populations and protect garden plants.

Biological control agents - plants, predators, and natural deterrents

effective, environmentally friendly, and self-sustaining.
Biological control:
http://www.biocomes.eu/biological-control/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hj3DwimxvvY
Different nutrient cycle
Water
Nitrogen
Carbon cycle
Water cycle
:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzYjPpxP-C
w
 Water cycle:
● The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water across the
Earth.
● The water cycle is driven by solar radiation and it includes the
atmosphere, land, surface water and groundwater.
● As water moves through the cycle, it changes state between liquid,
solid, and gas phases.
● the actual movement of water from one part of the cycle to another
(e.g. from river to ocean) is the result of processes such as
evaporation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff.
Water cycle:
All terms are defined in this link
https://cnx.org/contents/o4RVENPu@4/The-Water-Cycle-Grad
e-10
Carbon cycle:
Nitrogen cycle:
Carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
All terms are defined in this link
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-lifesciences/
biosphere-to-ecosystems/08-biosphere-to-ecosystems-07
Bioaccumulation: build up of something in the living
organisms
Another link
● an amount of the chemical coming into the living
organism faster than the organism can break it
down and use it.
● the chemical coming into the living organism and
the organism not being able to break it down or
excrete it in one way or another.
Bioaccumulation

Accumulation of Small amounts of toxic substances

DDT, Mercury and harmful
chemicals

Primary consumers Toxins remains in tissues of

the animals

Secondary
consumers
 Bioaccumulation e ects:
https://sciencing.com/e ects-bioaccumulation-ecosystem-13721.html
1. Effects of Hydrocarbon and DDT Bioaccumulation: Oil spill, over used
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide, DDT-accumulated in soil, water and
organisms. It affects predatory birds, including fish-eating bald eagles, by
thinning their egg shells, leading to a drop in their populations.
2. Effects of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation: Heavy metals include cadmium,
chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury, nickel and tin, essential nutrients: iron, zinc
and copper(high doses).
Metal mining, gold mining (which utilizes mercury), electronic waste and
industrial waste can all contribute heavy metals to the environment,
endangering animals
humans :formation of blood cells, nervous system, liver, kidneys and
circulatory system, reproductive problems or cancer.

3. Fertilizer Nutrients Deplete Oxygen:

Eutrophication
an enrichment of water by
nutrient salts that causes
structural changes to the
ecosystem such as:
● increased production of
algae and aquatic plants
● depletion of fish species
● general deterioration of
water quality
 What is Biodiversity ?

Variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to

ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary,
ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.

Why biodiversity is important?

How to conserve biodiversity?
Why biodiversity is important?
Biodiversity enhances an ecosystem’s ability to do
these essential ecological processes:
● oxygen production
● form and build healthy soils
● filter water on its way to the sea
● pollinate crops and plants generally
● store and recycle nutrients
● resist feral invasion
How many types of biodiversity are there?

Variety diversity-
within the same species of living things,
making individuals of the same species different.
example - human Skin color
How many types of biodiversity are there?

Species diversity-
● this involve every organism great and small
● or exists between different species of the living
things.
● from amoebas to elephants
● scientists have identified more than 1.4 million
living species so far
● rubber tree and chilli pepper plant.
How many types of biodiversity are there?

Ecosystem diversity -
differences among different type of ecosystems
example tropical forest, grassland, mangrove
forest, lake, river, ocean.
How many types of biodiversity are there?

genetic diversity -
● the variety of genes within a species
● genes are simple traits that we inherit from our
parents
● each species is made up of individuals that have
their own particular genetic composition
● to conserve genetic diversity, different
populations of a species must be conserved.