Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Equivalent resistance
• Voltage / current dividers
• Source transformations
• Node voltages
• Mesh currents
• Superposition
a R1 b R3 c
iVS1 iVS2
iR1 iR3
VS1 + R2 + VS2
– iR2 –
IS2
d
d: = +
R1
10 !
VS + R2 IS 1 A
–
10 V 5!
a R1 b
VS + R2 IS
–
c
This small circuit has three nodes. In principle, three unknown
voltages, but we will try to reduce this.
EE 201 node-voltage method – 3
Step 2 - Choose one node to be the reference, usually called ground.
Since voltage is a relative quantity (only voltage differences
matter), we can choose one point in the circuit to be V = 0. The
voltages at the other nodes will be with respect this ground node.
a R1 b
VS + R2 IS
–
vc = 0
In general, we can choose any node as the reference, but some
choices are better than others. Typically, we should choose a
node that is connected to the positive or negative terminal of a
voltage source.
va = V S R1 b
VS + R2 IS
–
vc = 0
For this circuit, the voltage source tells us that node a is VS higher
in voltage than the ground node. Therefore va = VS.
In this example, we are already down to one node – not much more
we can do.
va = VS R1 vb
vc = 0
va = VS R1 vb IS
VS + iR1 R2
– IS
iR2
vc = 0
Step 7 - Use KCL to write equations balancing the currents at each
unknown node.
iR1 + IS = iR2
Step 8 - Use Ohm’s law to express the resistor currents in terms of the
node voltages on either side of the resistor. Pay attention to polarity!
= =
EE 201 node-voltage method – 7
Step 9 - Substitute the Ohm’s law expressions for the resistor currents
into the KCL equations to form the node-voltage equations.
+ =
+( )( )
+ = + = = .
+
Finally, the resistor voltages and currents (using Ohm’s law) can be calculated.
= = . = . = = .
. .
= = = . = = = .
a R1 b
10 !
VS + R2 IS 1 A
–
10 V 5!
c
2. Choose one to be ground. This time, choose node a.
va = 0 R1 b
VS + R2 IS
–
c
EE 201 node-voltage method – 10
3. Identify nodes for which the voltage is known.
Clearly, va – vc = VS. Therefore, vc = – VS.
va = 0 R1 b
VS + R2 IS
–
vc = –VS
5&6. Assign variables for the unknown voltages. Assign currents for
each branch connected to the nodes.
va = 0 R1 vb IS
VS + iR1 R2
– IS
iR2
vc = –VS
EE 201 node-voltage method – 11
7. Write KCL equations balancing the currents at each node.
va = 0 R1 vb IS
VS + iR1 R2
– IS
iR2
vc = –VS
iR1 + IS = iR2
( )
= =
( )( )
= + = = .
+
1 k! 5 k!
VS1 + R2 IS + VS2
– 3 k! 5 mA – 20 V
10 V
a R1 b R3 c
VS1 + R2 IS + VS2
– –
va = VS1 R1 b R3 vc = VS2
VS1 + R2 IS + VS2
– –
va = VS1 R1 vb R3 vc = VS2
= = =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + = + +
( )+( )+( )( )= + +
= ( . )
= .
EE 201 node-voltage method – 17
Example
In the circuit below, we might like to find the currents of the
resistors. The resistor that bridges across the top makes the short-cut
methods unusable.
R3 30 !
R2 R4
20 ! 40 !
R1 VS + R5
10 ! – 50 !
100 V
R2 y R4
x z
R1 VS + R5
–
R3
R2 vy = VS R4
x z
R1 VS + R5
–
vg = 0
iR3
vx R2 R4 vz
2 nodes this time!
iR2 iR4
R1 VS + R5
iR1 – iR5
x: = + z: + =
8. Express the resistor currents in terms of the node voltages.
= = = = =
+ = + + + =
R3 50 !
R1 10 ! R4 20 ! R5 30 !
VS + 15 V R2 20 ! IS1 R6 IS2
–
0.25 A 40 ! 0.5 A
R3 iR3
va = V S R1 vb R4 iR4 vc R5 vd
a b c d
iR1 iR5
VS + R2 IS1 R6 IS2
– iR2 iR6
e
ve = 0
R1 vb R4 iR4 vc R5 vd
iR1 iR5
VS + R2 IS1 R6 IS2
– iR2 iR6
= + + =
+ = +
EE 201 node-voltage method – 24
10. Solve the equations
= +
+ = +
+ =
+ + =
+ + + = +
+ + =
. =
vb = 9.554 V
. + . = vc = 8.217 V"
vd = 13.709 V
. + . =
http://math.bd.psu.edu/~jpp4/finitemath/3x3solver.html
Two web-site solvers: http://www.1728.org/unknwn3.htm
EE 201 node-voltage method – 25