‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة ﻣﻮاد اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Cement‬‬
 Physical Properties of
Portland Cement
Fineness .1
Consistency and Setting Time .2
Compressive and tensile .3
strength of cement
Soundness .4

Fineness of Cement or .1
Particles Size Distribution (PSD)

Specific Surface Sieving

Blaine Wagner

Based on air permeability Based on liquid properties

Example: Compare between the cement fineness of
Cement (A) 3500 cm2/gm Cement (B) 2000 cm2/gm

Cement A is more fineness than Cement B, Cement A has more surface area and more unite
.weight
:Based on the Iraqi specification

O.P.C ≥ 2250 cm2/gm

R.H.P.C ≥ 3250 cm2/gm
Cement (B) 2000 cm2/gm Cement (A) 3500 cm2/gm
AASHTO Specification
O.P.C ≥ 2600 cm2/gm
opens in 1.0 in.2 170
:Sieving
Sieve No.170 Max. Retained on sieve ≤ 10% .1
Sieve No.200 Max. Retained on sieve ≤ 22% dry process .2
Sieve No.325 Max. Retained on sieve ≤ 10% (wet sieving) .3
Advantages of Fine Cement

Increase rate of hydration -

It needs high water content - Increase workability of mix because of

reduce from bleeding of concrete - ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰف اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

Dis-advantages of Fine Cement

Fine cement consume moisture from the environment, therefore fine cement is not
recommended to use in winter because it causes early sitting of cement, neither summer
.because it causes increase the concrete temperature

Standard consistency and setting time .2

: Standard Consistency -1‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﯿﺆ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
Setting time of cement : There are 3 steps for -2
Plastic -
Setting -
Hardening -
.After adding water, cement starts setting and changing its properties
 Plastic Setting Hardening

hrs 6 – 10 hrs 2 – 1
Initial Setting Final Setting

:abnormal setting What happens during cement setting

False Setting
Loss of paste plasticity (Definition)
directly after mixing without heat
evolution
Occurs when a significant (Causes)
amount of gypsum dehydration in the
cement
Additional mixing without (Remedy)
adding water
Flash Setting
Loss of paste plasticity directly after
mixing with heat evolution
Occurs when the gypsum content in
cement is not enough to control
hydration
Additional mixing with (Remedy)
adding water
 Compressive and tensile strength .3
A. Compressive Strength of Cement

ASTM mold used 1 : 3

cement : sand (Ottawa)

B.S. 1 : 2.75
standard Sand (CEN)

B.S EN 196:2005

B. Tensile standard mix 1 : 3

psi 150 3
psi 275 7
psi 350 28
Table (2-10) P. 52

Days 3 7 28
Compressive strength (psi) 1200 2100 3500
Compressive strength (MPa) 12 19 -----
New Specification

Psi = lb/in2 MPa = 145 psi

Soundness .4
Unsoundness during the setting of cement is caused by a large expansion of some of
.constituents

:Causes
.Presence too high magnesia content (MgO) in cement .1
Delayed hydration of free lime (CaO) .2
 Lechater
equipment
.If the expansion of the paste exceeds 0.8%, it causes unsoundness

Remedy: Allowing the unsound cement to aerate for several days, the free lime is given
.the enough time to hydrate and cement may become sound

If the (MgO) content in cement exceeds 4%, the cement can’t be used because this
.cement out of specifications

Acceptance of cement
.The cement can be accepted when (at least) .1
:Four tests of cement are identical to specifications that are

Fineness Soundness Strength (Compressive & Tensile) Setting time

Specifications and limitations of cement tests are listed in PP. 52

Effect of high content of gypsum in cement

Too much gypsum results in hardened paste with lower strength then results in expansion
.and increase in volume, then causing cracks
Water
,Based on the new Iraqi specification for the water can used in concrete mixture
this table shows the max. limit of each test that should be done on the water that is taken
from each source, except tap water and drinking water

Test Limit specification (mg/l)

‫ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت‬SO3 1000 ≥
‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﯿﻜﺎرﺑﻮﻧﺎت‬CO2 1000 ≥
‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪات‬Cl 500 ≥
(non organic) ‫اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬ 3000 ≥
Test water that has
(organic) ‫اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬
color and taste
in concrete Chlorides
.High content of chlorides can cause corrosion of the reinforcement in concrete
.To avoid corrosion, there is a limit for chloride content as a % ratio of cement weight

Type Max. limit of Chloride Ion

(of cement weight %)
Prestress concrete 0.06
Reinforced concrete exposured to environment 0.15

Reinforced concrete not exposured to environment 1.0

Other compositions of reinforced concrete 0.3

When the significance of the structure increases, the max. limit of chloride decreases