12/16/2018

Sustainable
Integrated Solid Waste Management:
An approach towards sustainable SWM

Why Integrated SWM?

In the previous weeks, we talked about the waste generation and

the waste collection. We know now how much waste is
produced, how it can be collected and how it can be transproted
to a place where it can be reused, recycled, or otherwise
treated.

Now we have to decide what we are going to do with the different

waste streams. We could go for a straightforward approach:
which waste stream goes where, and take economic arguments
as our main decision maker.

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 12/16/2018

Goal of ISWM

There is a tendency to move directly from problems to solutions

ISWM
to without an analysis of what is actually occurring. The most obvious answers are
wa more money or more equipment, even when money
job @ s
w and equipment are not the essence of the problem. As a result, money and
Analysis
the problem equipment are used incorrectly, and at large expense,
then → solve
for the many problems that they cannot solve. ISWM seeks to avoid this.

The ISWM insight is that most waste management problems have to do with
something other than money and equipment, like attitude and behaviour of
citizens, waste management staff, private enterprises and waste pickers.
Other problems are caused or made more serious by factors that are not
technical or financial, but relate to managerial (in)capacities, the institutional
framework, the environment, or the social or cultural context. In these cases, it
is not money or equipment that provide solutions, but rather changing social,
institutional, legal or political conditions.

What is so special about Integrated SWM?

ISWM differs from conventional approaches towards waste

""
management by: Mois
( INI - →

^ " ^
*" "^ " "" "

⇐ seeking stakeholder participation .→↳

A- His
explicitly including waste prevention and resource recovery .

- I •YjSo
T.io jog
encouraging the analysis of interactions with other urban
← prevention , recovery
i.N.IN#1orwW
systems
y
promoting an integration of different habitat scales (city,
neighbourhood, household).

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 12/16/2018

Summary of ISWM:
basement -
Focus on what is happening on the
ground

Analysis and understanding first

when come
from
⇐
University Multiple viewpoints
so becih have

many intelligent

Iwai :& ← Multi-disciplinary approach

iii.

i.si?w....W..w.Ig;ow.?w-Dowid Multiple parts to a workable approach

Time spent on
shared problem shared problem
6 sustainable
definition is the best solutions

basis for sustainable

solutions

The 3 dimensions of ISWM

ISWM has three major dimensions:
①
1. the stakeholders involved in waste management
-

②
2. the (practical and technical) elements of the waste system
-

%
3. the aspects of the local context that should be taken into
-
multiple " account when assessing and planning a waste management ?
Majer poi¥rÉy aspect
" '

aspect ma
system. ↳ what do you think the in your conunty
but choose
ie
one

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 12/16/2018

Schematic Overview: stakeholders elements - aspects

÷
•
°

Dimension: Stakeholder

A stakeholder is
a person or
organisation that
has a stake, that
is, they can claim
a legitimate
interest in a
certain issue,
because they are
affected by it and
benefit or suffer
accordingly.

The term comes from mining, where one claims a

piece of land by putting a wooden stake into the
ground we

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 12/16/2018

Categories of Stakeholders

Recognised stakeholders (formal)

Unrecognised stakeholders (informal) =
Risk stakeholders

=
Resource stakeholders

Does this woman identify

herself as a stakeholder in
waste management?
Why? or why not?
it do Sth
Yes ,
because

to change

Examples of stakeholders

Recognised Unrecognised

The☐mayor E- Markets
Waste companies Households
Landfill operators Universities

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 12/16/2018

Waste System Elements

Stages in the flow of materials from most developed

Hagg £0s have
* ¥-1 the point of-discarding, after use, country
→ do not
this element
Isi :*
through all the stages of the waste Oman
have
→ do not

recycle
element I

chain to final disposal. ( after throw the

)
waste

⇐ ± as well as
The waste elements also include prevention and re-use,
stages in the recovery of organics and recyclables, such as separate
-

→
collection, processing and marketing; ±
→ or composting and use in farms
gardens.
In the following slides, we see examples of waste elements

Waste Process Flow

One way of understanding the waste elements, and how they fit
0 or
together, is to model the flow of materials through all the steps,
waste elements, in the chain.

e-
¥-9
A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is useful both to understand the
existing system, and to plan for changes.

PFDs teach us that each step has its own dynamics, techniques,
institutions, social and cultural relationships, costs, benefits, and
environmental impacts.

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 12/16/2018

Storage and set-out

primary

These are storage containers inside a

¥ house. When they are also used as the
W, "•

Solid
connection between the household and
=
j
waste the solid waste system, then we can
system
call them set-out containers.

Collection and Removal

Collection -- removal of their waste --
is what most people want, and can
and will pay for.

Micro-collection, in both the formal

and informal sector, often relies on
human or animal muscle power
-

used human and animal for collection

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 12/16/2018

Secondary Collection / Transfer

↳ Secondary collections are where the waste from a number of
primary collections is taken from the transfer station to the
.final disposal site
Small quantities collected directly
from households are moved to a
bigger vehicle
. for efficient transport

Transfer appears different in the South than

in the Netherlands, but the principle is the
same.

Discharge and Disposal

¥
I
:→ÑÑ-H #

Intended as the final resting place for

waste, dumps in the South are often the
site of active picking, processing, and
trading of recyclables.

diff of waste
type
↳ more Chaldivgig

They may also be the site for

homes of the solid waste
informal sector .

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 12/16/2018

COLLECTION CIRCUIT: FACTORY STAFF, HOUSEHOLDERS, SHOPKEEPERS, ITINERANT WASTE

BUYERS, SANITARY COLLECTORS, WASTE PICKERS

DEALER DEALER (PAPER) DEALER

(PLASTICS) (FERROUS

The
METALS)

recycling
DEALER
(ALL TYPES OF
MATERIALS)

chain WHOLESALER
(PLASTICS)
WHOLESALER
(GLASS)
WHOLESALER
(PAPER)
WHOLESALER
(FERROUS
METALS)

INPUT INPUT
PRODUCER PRODUCER
(PLASTICS) (FERROUS
METALS)

END PRODUCT END PRODUCT END PRODUCT END PRODUCT

PROCESSOR PROCESSOR PROCESSOR PROCESSOR
(PIPES, BAGS, (BOTTLES, (TISSUES, KRAFT (VESSELS,
SHEET, ETC) GLASSES, ETC) PAPER, ETC) DRUMS, ETC)

CONSUMER MARKET

Waste Prevention and Re-use

Prevention:
using baskets and bags for
shopping
repairing everything
forth
§¥ÑÑ
P'
feeding organic wastes to
exam
animals
with
•

being creative with

secondary uses
giving things away (to
servants, friends, family) f. Activities which have to be (re)-learned
developing country by Dutch households are normal in
↳ some kind of preventioncnon plastic
like Used + his bag
in lead of
-
plastic
many South households .
bags

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Dimension: Sustainability Aspects

Aspects are the lenses through

which to look at the system

Social- Environ-
Cultural mental Technical

Legal- Economic- Institutional

policy financial
I
collection
spend alot
of
money
they try
to reduce A recycle plastic
€05T "I j ,
bag → get money

Environmental and health aspect

Land, water and air pollution in the commons,

g
affecting poorest people the most poor effect → more

Non sustainable use of resources

Extraction related environmental impacts

Pollution control and public health concerns (e.g.

hazards for animals, children, water supplies, the
commons)

Dirty and unattractive cities for

↳ city planner
attract torism

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Social cultural aspects

Considers waste in terms of influence of culture and habits

on waste generation and management in the household

Seeks to increase community participation, and two-way

communication

Pays attention to women as household managers

Explores relations between groups and communities,

between people of various age, sex, ethnicity, religion

Pays special attention to the solid waste informal sector

and to labour conditions

Cultural aspects (Religion and Environment)

Allah said : mischief on the earth

after it has been set in order : that will be best for
you, if ye have faith (Araaf : 85).

refrain
(Aaraf : 74).

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Islam on waste issue

(Araf :
31).

Hadith that condemn wastage

Ibn Majja reported a Hadith from Ibn Umar who

said that the Prophet passed near Saad Ben Abi
Wakkas when he was performing his ablutions
and said :

And the latter replied

: is performing ablutions an extravagance?

He said: yes, even if you are (doing them) at a

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The Prophet (PBUH) also called for

economizing
and economizing are parts of the twenty four

Tarmidhi

Financial-economic aspects

Fees, taxes, cost recovery and budgeting

Privatisation; micro-privatisation and partnerships with

the private sector

The commodities marketplace

Efficiency of municipal (ecological) SWM systems

Macroeconomic dimensions of resource use and

conservation

Income generation

Commodities vs service activities

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Technical and Performance Aspect

The observable practical implementation and maintenance

of all of the waste system elements:
Can the clients determine what they want and need?
Does anyone listen to them?

How reliable, affordable user-friendly?

What equipment and facilities are in use or planned?

How they are designed? What they are designed to do?

Do they work in practice? Maintenance?

How clean is the city on a consistent basis?

Effectiveness

Institutional & Organisational Aspect

Which institutions plan, which manage, which control,

and which operate? Do they all agree?

Distribution of functions and responsibilities

Organisational structures, procedures and methods

Institutional capacities

What is the relationship between planning,

implementation, monitoring, and feedback?

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 12/16/2018

Legal and Policy aspects

The boundary conditions in which the waste management system exists

Setting goals and priorities

Determination of roles and jurisdiction

Existing or planned legal and regulatory framework

Basic decision-making processes

Who is invited into planning processes

and under what conditions? Who is
empowered to make choices and
decide?

After defining all stakeholders, elements and aspects, we can start

to draw up the general strategic plan. From this plan, we have to
be able to deduct the general strategy for the parts of SWM that
need guidance:

The required institutional framework

Waste collection and recycling
Waste treatment and disposal
Financial Management

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;
Institutional framework
Questions to answer from the Strategic Planning for the set-up of
an institutional framework:

How does the strategic plan fit within the overall planning
framework for the city?

Which stakeholder has overall responsibility for the

implementation of the strategy and why have they been chosen
to lead the initiative?

What are the roles and responsibilities of other stakeholders in

the implementation of the strategy?

What are the existing laws and regulations which support the
implementation strategy?

Waste collection and recycling

Items to determine from the Strategic Planning with respect to

waste collection and recycling:

What is the desired waste collection coverage?

Primary waste collection methods
Secondary waste collection methods
Non-household waste collection
Material recovery and recycling
Selection of vehicles
Micro-enterprise and community involvement

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Waste treatment and disposal

Items to determine from the Strategic Planning with respect to

waste treatment and disposal:

Selecting a landfill site

What are the legal requirements for waste disposal?

What are the the current waste treatment practices? How to

change?

Institutional set up for waste disposal

Environmental Impact Assessment

Financial management

Items to determine from the Strategic Planning with

respect to finances:
Cost recovery mechanisms

Tariff structures

Investment requirements

Contract management

Economic analysis of technical options

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End

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