ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND

MATERIALSENGINEERING

Program of Thermal and Aerospace Engineering

Project work on
“Transient analysis of solar air heater collector”

Prepared by: AMANUEL SHUMETA

ID.No: PGR/22405/13
Academic Year: 2020/21 G.C
Modality: Regular, M.Sc.

Submitted to: Dr. Addisu Bekele

Date: June 04, 2021
Contents
1. SINGLE GLASS COVER AIR HEATER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS .................................................................. 1
1.1 Absorber plate temperature............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Outlet airstream temperature ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Glass cover temperature ................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Total radiation incident on the collector. ........................................................................................ 5
1.5 Geometric factor/ beam radiation factor ........................................................................................ 5
1.6 Ambient temperature at any time during sunshine. ...................................................................... 6
2. DOUBLE GLASS COVER AIR HEATER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ................................................................ 6
2.1 Absorber plate ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Trapped air ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Airstream ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Glass cover one (upper) .................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Glass cover two (Lower) ................................................................................................................... 9
3. Given values of different quantities ................................................................................................. 10
4. Results .................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Single glass cover air heater transient analysis results .......................................................... 11
4.2. Double glass cover air heater transient analysis results ............................................................. 16
5. References .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Transient analysis of solar air heater

1. SINGLE GLASS COVER AIR HEATER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

The transient thermal performance of the solar collector is evaluated by applying energy balance
on its components. The components are absorber plate, air stream and glass cover.

From first law of thermodynamics:

Conservation of mass:𝑚̇


 .  V   0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)
t

Conservation of energy:

   V 2     V2  

  e    .   e   V    q  .  pV    .  f .V   Wviscous  Qviscous ------- (2)
t   2    2  

Assumptions

 Incompressible (constant density)

 Inviscid

With this assumptions equation (1) becomes

.  V   0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (3)

In addition, equation (2) becomes

e
 .V  q ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (4)
t
Substituting equation (3) into equation (4), we get
e
 q ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)
t

Where: e is internal energy and

q Is heat added to the system by the surrounding (the region outside the system).

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

Figure 1 flat plate collector with a single plate and glass cover

1.1 Absorber plate temperature

Figure 2 Heat energy balance on the absorber plate

Energy balance on absorber plate with forward finite difference discretization yields:

Ac I c t   U pg Ac  U a Ac  U pb Ac  U pe Al   U pg Ac t U A t  U a Ac 2  U pb Ac  U pe Al 
TP1   1    t  Tpo  Tgo  a c T fo 0    tT fi 0
(mc p ) p   (mc p ) p 
   mc p p

2 mc pp

 (mc p ) p 

 Effective emissivity

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

1
1 1 
  eff    1
  p  g 

 Heat loss coefficient from plate to glass cover

K
U pg   0.06  0.017*  90  *  a *  Gr 
(1/3) 
   eff 
T  273  T  273 
p
4
g
4

 L  Tp  Tg
  - collector tilt angle, K a - thermal conductivity of air
  eff - effective emissivity , L - spacing between plate and glass cover

 Airstream heat transfer coefficient

k  Pr* Gr *cos  
0.25 2 g (Tp  Tg ) L3
U a  0.664 a  Gr 

L  Pr  0.9524 

T fi  T fo 
 Ka- thermal conductivity of air at given temperature
 Pr- Prandtl number
 Gr-grashofs’ number
 T fi and T fo - temperature of air at inlet or outlet

 Bottom and side loss coefficient

K A K
 U pab  U pae  l
 in Ac  edge
 K- thermal conductivity of insulation
  in - bottom insulation thickness
  edge - edge insulation thickness

 Energy collected by absorber plate

 I c  0.95   IT

1.2 Outlet airstream temperature

Energy balance applied to the airstream flowing in the air heater yields the following equation for
the airstream at outlet:

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater


  mc p U A     mc p U A  U A t U A t
T fo1  1    a c  t  T fo0    a c  tT fi 0  a c Tpo  a c Tg 0

 
  (mc p )a (mc p )a  

 (mc p )a (mc p )a 
  mc p
a
mc p
a    

Figure 3 all of the conditions in energy balance of airstream

 Mass flowrate of air

0.25
 Gr 
m  1.7 *  *  * L *  

  Pr 2  (Pr  0.9524)  
 
 m - Mass flowrate of air
  - Density of air
  - Dynamic viscosity
 L - Spacing between plate and glass cover
 Pr - Prandtl number
 Gr - Grashof’s number

1.3 Glass cover temperature

Energy balance on the glass cover with forward finite difference discretization yields the following
equation:

Tg1 
1  g  Ac IT t  1   U pg Ac  U ga Ac  U a Ac  t T U pg Ac t  U ga Ac  U a Ac 2  U A
  g0  T po    tT fi 0  a c tT fo0
(mc p ) g  
 (mc p ) g 
  
mc p g

 (mc p ) g 
 2(mc p ) g

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

 Heat loss coefficient from the glass cover to the ambient

U ga  (2.8  3V )   g
Tg  273  Tsky  273
4 4

Tg  Tsky

 V- wind velocity
 σ- Stefan Boltzmann constant
 ϵg- Emissivity of glass cover

Figure 4 energy balance on the Glass cover

1.4 Total radiation incident on the collector.

 1  cos    1  cos  
IT  ( I  I d ) Rb  I d   I  
 2   2 

1.5 Geometric factor/ beam radiation factor

The geometric factor Rb is the ratio of beam radiation on a tilted surface to that on a horizontal
surface at any time.

cos     cos  cos   sin     sin  cos 

Rb  
cos  cos  cos   sin  sin  cos  z

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

1.6 Ambient temperature at any time during sunshine.

Transient analysis need hourly ambient temperature; However in Ethiopia it is difficult to get
hourly data for most cities. Therefore, it is good to assume sinusoidal variation of the ambient
temperature through the day.

Tmax  Tmin  t  9 
T (t )  Tmax  1  sin( )
2  12 

 Tmax - mean daily maximum temperature

 Tmin - mean daily minimum temperature
 T (t ) - Temperature at any time, t.

2. DOUBLE GLASS COVER AIR HEATER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Figure 5 solar air heater with double glass and single plate

 Energy balanced on the absorber plate, the air stream and the glass cover are performed
based on the thermal circuit indicated in figure 5.

2.1 Absorber plate

 Energy balance for the absorber plate with forward finite difference discretization gives the
temperature of the absorber plate as:

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

Ac I c g t   U pg2 Ac  U a Ac  U pb Ac  U pe Al   U pg2 Ac t U A t  U a Ac 2  U pb Ac  U pe Al 
TP1   1    t  Tp 0  Tg 0  a c T fo 0    tT fi 0
(mc p ) p  
 (mc p ) p 
   
mc p
p
2

2 mc pp

 (mc p ) p 

 I c -energy collected by absorber plate,  g - transmissivity of glass cover, U pg2 - heat loss coefficient
from plate to the lower glass cover, U pb - heat loss coefficient between plate and the bottom, U pe
- heat loss coefficient between plate and edge, T fo0 and T fi 0 - air temperature at the outlet and inlet

Figure 6 Energy balance diagram of absorber plate

K
U pg2   0.06  0.017 *  90  *  a *  Gr 
(1/3) 
   eff 
 T p  273  Tg  273
4
2
4

 L  Tp  Tg2

2.2 Trapped air

Figure 7 trapped air energy analysis

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

The temperature of trapped air can be derived using forward finite divided difference from
energy balance equation and yields:

     
 
2U A  AeU at
Tta1  1   at c

mc p    ta 0

 mc p 

 t  T   AcU at t  T  T
g1 0 g2 0   
AeU at t
mc p
Tamb

  a    a  a

 U at - trapped air heat transfer coefficient, Ae - edge insulation area, Tg1 0 - temperature of
first glass, Tg 2 0 - temperature of second glass

2.3 Airstream

Figure 8 Airstream energy analysis

 The temperature of airstream at outlet can be derived using forward finite divided difference
from energy balance equation and yields:


  mc p U a Ac    mc p U A  U A t U A t
T fo1  1     t  T fo0    a c  tT fi 0  a c Tpo  a c Tg 0

 
 (mc p )a (mc p )a 
 
 (mc p )a (mc p )a 
  mc pa 
mc p
a
2
 
2.4 Glass cover one (upper)
Energy balance on the first glass with the application of finite difference discretization yields:

  
Ac IT 1   g  t   AcU g1g 2  AcU at  AcU g1a  t  T  AcU g1g 2 t T  AcU at t T  AcU g1a t T
Tg11   1
 mc p  g
 

 
 mc p g
  g1 0
 
 mc p 
g
g2 0
 mc p 
g
ta
 mc p 
g
amb

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Figure 9 Energy analysis of glass cover one

2.5 Glass cover two (Lower)

Figure 10 Energy analysis of second glass cover

 Energy balance on the second glass cover with forward finite difference discretization yields
the temperature equation as:

Tg2 1 
 
Ac IT 1   g  g t   AU  AU  AU  AU
 1  
  A U t A U t T  T fo 0  AcU g1g 2 t
 t  Tg 0  c pg2 Tp 0  c g at Tat 0  AcU a t  fi 0 
c pg2 c a c g at c g1g 2
Tg1 0
 mc p g
 
 
 mc p 
g
 
 
2
 mc p 
g
 mc p 
g
 mc p  
g
2   mc p 
g

 New terms:
 U g1g 2 - Heat loss coefficient between glass cover one and two.
 U g at - Heat loss coefficient between second glass and trapped air.

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

  mc 
p g- Mass specific heat of glass cover.


U g1g2   gl g2 Tg1  273  Tg2  273   Tg1  273  Tg 2  273   KL
2 2
a

1
 1 1 
  g1g2    1
  g1  g2 


3. Given values of different quantities

 Area of collector (Ac) =2 m2
 Length of collector=2m
 Width of collector =1 m
 Tilt angle (β) =150(south facing)
 Back insulation thickness= 0.03 m
 Edge insulation thickness= 0.03 m
 Thermal conductivity of insulation =0.045 W/Mk
 Emissivity of absorber plate(∈p)=0.1
 Transmissivity of the glass cover(τg) =0.96
 Emissivity of glass cover(∈p) =0.1
 Distance b/n absorber plate and glass(L)=0.025 m
 The distance b/n glass 1 and glass 2 = 0.025 m
 Distance b/n absorber plate and glass2(L)=0.025 m
 (mCp)p=16500 J/K, (mCp)g=10050 J/K, (mCp)a=18200 J/K
 Wind speed(V)=2.5 m/s
 Ground reflectivity(ρ)=0.2

Assume air property at T=300 K

 K a  0.02566W mK
   2.1745*105 m 2 / s
   1.585*105 m 2 / s
   1.8605*105 kg / ms
   1.174kg / m3

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

4. Results
4.1Single glass cover air heater transient analysis results
In single glass cover air heater transient analysis, we are supposed to determine the absorber plate
temperature, Glass cover temperature, and outlet airstream temperature by discretizing the
energy equation of the variables. After discretizing the energy equation, we get a forward
difference temperature equation for each variables with which we make our iteration with solar
time being our input time step. A time step of ∆t=36secs (0.01hours) is used over the representative
days for the iteration. For purpose of simplicity and avoiding repetition, some selected graphs and
tables for the representative days of January, February, March, July, and December are shown.
The overall results of the air heater throughout the year 2003 of Adama are included on excel file
attached together with this one.

A. January (n=17)

temperature vs. hours of the day

COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

plate temperature glass cover temperature Outlet air temperature

180.000
160.000
140.000
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
0.01
0.84
1.67

3.33
4.16
4.99
5.82
6.65
7.48
8.31
9.14
9.97
10.8

12.46

19.1

20.76
11.63

13.29
14.12
14.95
15.78
16.61
17.44
18.27

19.93

21.59
22.42
23.25
2.5

HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 11(a) Air heater component temperatures versus hours of the day
 Figure 11(a) shows the plot of the absorber plate, glass cover, and outlet airstream temperature
with respect to the solar time set at an interval of 36secs for the 24hours. Even though discrete-
graphing style is used, excel software displays continuous data because of the many points
considered (2399 iterations).

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

temperature vs hours of the day

Absorber plate temperature Glass cover temperature
COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

Outlet airstrem temperature Mean airstream temperature

200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000

0.000
10.93
10.15

11.71
12.49
13.27
14.05
14.83
15.61
16.39
17.17
17.95
18.73
19.51
20.29
21.07
21.85
22.63
23.41
0.01
0.79
1.57
2.35
3.13
3.91
4.69
5.47
6.25
7.03
7.81
8.59
9.37

HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 11(b) Air heater component temperatures with mean airstream temperature versus
hours of the day
Figure 11(b) differs from the Figure 11(a) only because it includes the mean temperature of
airstream (yellow) which is below the absorber plate temperature (blue) and the outlet
temperature of the airstream (gray). The results obtained from the iteration show that, this is
true for all of the months of the year in which almost all of the outlet airstream temperature is
greater than the plate temperature during the sunshine hours, whereas the mean airstream
temperature has to be below the plate temperature.
Table 1 Extracted Values of the Plate, Glass cover, and Fluid temperatures for January

solar time Tfi(℃) Tp(℃) Tg(℃) Tfo(℃) Tfave(℃)

6 15.221 14.500 14.874 13.963 14.592
7 16.650 27.363 19.467 27.060 21.855
8 18.314 48.800 29.237 55.977 37.146
9 20.100 72.668 40.433 89.195 54.648
10 21.886 95.030 51.124 120.943 71.415
11 23.550 112.394 59.709 146.185 84.867
12 24.979 122.178 65.006 161.117 93.048
13 26.076 123.105 66.400 163.749 94.912
14 26.765 115.304 63.873 154.071 90.418
15 27.000 100.181 57.953 133.892 80.446
16 26.765 80.140 49.602 106.478 66.621
17 26.076 58.134 40.072 75.997 51.036

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18 24.979 36.207 30.510 46.223 35.601

B. February (n=47)
For February, also we plot the temperatures on hourly bases as follows:

temperature vs. hours of the day

COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

plate temperature glass cover temperature Outlet airstream temperature

180.000
160.000
140.000
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
3.01

15.01
0.01
0.76
1.51
2.26

3.76
4.51
5.26
6.01
6.76
7.51
8.26
9.01
9.76
10.51
11.26
12.01
12.76
13.51
14.26

15.76
16.51
17.26
18.01
18.76
19.51
20.26
21.01
21.76
22.51
23.26
HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 12 Collector component temperatures for representative day of february

C. March (n=75)

temperature vs. hours of the day

Absorber plate temperature Glass cover temperature Airstream temperature
COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

180.000
160.000
140.000
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
9.24

19.89
0.01
0.72
1.43
2.14
2.85
3.56
4.27
4.98
5.69
6.4
7.11
7.82
8.53

9.95
10.66
11.37
12.08
12.79
13.5
14.21
14.92
15.63
16.34
17.05
17.76
18.47
19.18

20.6
21.31
22.02
22.73
23.44

HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 13 Collector component temperatures for representative day of march

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

D. July (n=198)

temperature vs. hours of the day

160.000
collector temperatures, ℃

140.000

120.000

100.000

80.000

60.000

40.000

20.000

0.000
4.7

13.41

22.12
0.01
0.68
1.35
2.02
2.69
3.36
4.03

5.37
6.04
6.71
7.38
8.05
8.72
9.39
10.06
10.73
11.4
12.07
12.74

14.08
14.75
15.42
16.09
16.76
17.43
18.1
18.77
19.44
20.11
20.78
21.45

22.79
23.46
hours of the day
Absorber plate temperature Glass cover temperature
Outlet airstream temperature

Figure 14 Collector component temperatures for representative day of july

Table 2 Extracted Values of the Plate, Glass cover, and Fluid temperature for July

solar time Tfi(℃) Tp(℃) Tg(℃) Tfo(℃) Tfave(℃)

6 17.31 17.48 17.13 16.55 16.93
7 18.30 28.61 21.14 28.85 23.58
8 19.46 45.76 28.81 52.05 35.75
9 20.70 64.61 37.55 78.39 49.54
10 21.94 82.15 45.87 103.42 62.68
11 23.10 95.76 52.55 123.32 73.21
12 24.09 103.44 56.68 135.14 79.62
13 24.86 104.15 57.74 137.29 81.07
14 25.34 97.97 55.72 129.67 77.51
15 25.50 85.97 51.00 113.68 69.59
16 25.34 70.01 44.35 91.85 58.59
17 24.86 52.38 36.75 67.42 46.14
18 24.09 35.41 29.28 43.83 33.96

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E. December
temperature vs. hours of the day
collector temperatures, ℃

10.55

16.75
0.01
0.63
1.25
1.87
2.49
3.11
3.73
4.35
4.97
5.59
6.21
6.83
7.45
8.07
8.69
9.31
9.93

11.17
11.79
12.41
13.03
13.65
14.27
14.89
15.51
16.13

17.37
17.99
18.61
19.23
19.85
20.47
21.09
21.71
22.33
22.95
23.57
hours of the day

Absorber plate temperature Glass cover Temperature Outlet airstream temperature

Figure 15 Collector component temperatures for representative day of december

Table 3 Extracted Values of the Plate, Glass cover, and Fluid temperature for December

solar time Tfi(℃) Tp(℃) Tg(℃) Tfo(℃) Tfave(℃)

6 14.136 13.412 13.784 12.872 13.504
7 15.575 25.419 18.101 24.944 20.259
8 17.251 46.266 27.633 53.004 35.127
9 19.050 69.603 38.621 85.456 52.253
10 20.849 91.526 49.142 116.561 68.705
11 22.525 108.590 57.612 141.350 81.938
12 23.964 118.243 62.860 156.065 90.014
13 25.069 119.217 64.272 158.726 91.897
14 25.763 111.626 61.826 149.308 87.536
15 26.000 96.853 56.038 129.588 77.794
16 25.763 77.259 47.856 102.778 64.270
17 25.069 55.748 38.515 72.980 49.024
18 23.964 34.457 29.151 43.897 33.931

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 Transient analysis of solar air heater

4.2. Double glass cover air heater transient analysis results

Unlike single glass cover, in a double glass cover we need to find the temperature of upper glass
cover, lower glass cover, as well as the temperature of trapped air between the two-glass covers.
However, for the analysis, we follow the same process as in the single glass cover such that the
energy equation of the variables have to be discretized to give the forward difference temperature
equation. Here also for simplicity purpose we plot only for the months of January, July and
November. The general results of all the months are found on the excel sheet files attached
together with this one

I. January (n=17)

Temperature vs. hours of the day

COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

300.000

250.000

200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000

0.000
13.41
0.68
0.01

1.35
2.02
2.69
3.36
4.03

5.37
6.04
6.71
7.38
8.05
8.72
9.39
10.06
10.73
11.4
12.07
12.74

14.08
14.75
15.42
16.09
16.76
17.43
18.1
18.77
19.44
20.11
20.78
21.45
22.12
22.79
23.46
4.7

HOURS OF THE DAY

plate temperature upper glass temperature lower glass temperature

Trapped air temperature outlet air temperature

Figure 16 Collector component temperatures for representative day of January

Table 4 Extracted double cover Values of the Plate, Glass cover 1&2, trapped air and Fluid
temperatures at various hours for January.

solar time Tfi(℃) Tp(℃) Tg1(℃) Tg2(℃) Tat(℃) Tfo(℃) Tfave(℃)

6.00 15.22 14.29 14.84 14.37 14.16 13.41 14.32

7.00 16.65 26.53 17.29 19.88 15.93 26.19 21.42
8.00 18.31 51.22 23.02 35.44 22.65 62.73 40.52
9.00 20.10 82.58 31.24 56.23 34.18 112.14 66.12
10.00 21.89 114.32 40.71 77.73 48.33 163.91 92.90
11.00 23.55 140.53 49.68 95.91 62.40 208.06 115.80

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

12.00 24.98 157.10 56.41 108.10 73.92 237.48 131.23

13.00 26.08 162.17 59.78 113.10 81.15 248.79 137.43
14.00 26.76 155.81 59.47 110.89 83.33 241.80 134.28
15.00 27.00 139.51 55.87 102.24 80.53 218.63 122.81
16.00 26.76 115.83 49.86 88.47 73.45 182.99 104.88
17.00 26.08 87.95 42.51 71.32 63.24 139.77 82.92
18.00 24.98 58.49 34.83 52.59 51.25 94.13 59.55

II. July (n=198)

temperature vs. hours of the day

COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

Absorber plate temperature Upper glass cover temperature Lower glass cover Temperature
Trapped air temperature Outlet airstream temperature
250.000

200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000

0.000
4.56

16.26
0.01
0.66
1.31
1.96
2.61
3.26
3.91

5.21
5.86
6.51
7.16
7.81
8.46
9.11
9.76
10.41
11.06
11.71
12.36
13.01
13.66
14.31
14.96
15.61

16.91
17.56
18.21
18.86
19.51
20.16
20.81
21.46
22.11
22.76
23.41
HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 17 Collector component temperatures for representative day of July

Table 5 Extracted Values of the Plate, Glass cover 1&2, trapped air and Fluid
temperatures at various hours for July.

solar time Tfi(℃) Tp(℃) Tg1(℃) Tg2(℃) Tat(℃) Tfo(℃) Tfave(℃)

6.00 17.31 17.29 17.07 16.78 16.58 16.22 16.76

7.00 18.30 28.18 19.14 21.97 18.23 28.73 23.52
8.00 19.46 48.21 23.66 34.56 23.77 58.65 39.05

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

9.00 20.70 73.23 30.01 51.18 32.97 98.35 59.53

10.00 21.94 98.52 37.23 68.40 44.16 139.87 80.91
11.00 23.10 119.61 44.05 83.15 55.30 175.66 99.38
12.00 24.09 133.22 49.22 93.26 64.49 200.04 112.07
13.00 24.86 137.70 51.89 97.61 70.38 210.02 117.44
14.00 25.34 132.91 51.75 96.06 72.27 205.08 115.21
15.00 25.50 119.96 49.06 89.14 70.15 186.74 106.12
16.00 25.34 100.86 44.43 77.93 64.54 157.94 91.64
17.00 24.86 78.18 38.69 63.87 56.33 122.63 73.74
18.00 24.09 54.78 32.68 48.65 46.63 85.42 54.76

III. November (n=318)

temperature vs. hours of the day

Absorber plate temperature Upper glass cover temperature Lower glass cover temperature
Trapped air temperature Outlet Air temperature
300.000
COLLECTOR TEMPERATURES, ℃

250.000

200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000

0.000
1.96

13.66
14.31
0.01
0.66
1.31

2.61
3.26
3.91
4.56
5.21
5.86
6.51
7.16
7.81
8.46
9.11
9.76
10.41
11.06
11.71
12.36
13.01

14.96
15.61
16.26
16.91
17.56
18.21
18.86
19.51
20.16
20.81
21.46
22.11
22.76
23.41

HOURS OF THE DAY

Figure 18 Air heater component temperatures versus hours of the day

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Transient analysis of solar air heater

5. References
I. Habtamu tkubet, simulation of solar cereal dryer using trnsys, 2007.
II. G.N. Tiwari, Handbook of Solar Energy.
III. Dagim Kebede, Design and Analysis of Solar Thermal System for Hot Water Supply to
Minilik II Hospital New Building.
IV. Duffie, Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, second edition, 1991.

19 ASTU, ADAMA, ETHIOPIA