1

Welcome to our presentation

on
burning of condensed phase
 Introduction
Outline
Outline 2

 General mass consideration

 Combustion of fuel droplet
 Combustion of fuel droplet under quiescent and convection
environment
 Introduction to spray combustion
 Introduction
Burning of condensed phase 3
 Combustion in general focuses on the study of fuel and oxidizer in gas
phase.
 Burning of Condensed phase is one of combustion of fuels at which
the fuel is in liquid form.
 When most liquids are projected into an atmosphere so that a
combustible mixture is formed, an ignition of this mixture produces a
flame that surrounds the liquid phase.
 Contd…
 Depending
Contd…
on the droplet distribution, different regimes of burning
occur.
 Diffusion flame lies outside the cloud of droplets.
 Droplet burning occurring all throughout the cloud.
 Internal group combustion with an internal flame that separates a
group of vaporizing droplets from individual one.
 General mass burning consideration
 During the general mass burning consideration of a condensed phase,
three parameters are evaluated
Mass burning rate (evaporation).
 Flame condition above the fuel surface
Flame temperature.
 Mass burning rate
 Mass burning rate is the rate at which mass is lost due to the
combustion of the fuel.
 It permits evaluation of evaporation coefficient which most likely
measured experimentally. hyperlinked\gas phase gradient.JPG

 evaporation coefficient can be expressed as d2 = do2- βt where: β, do,

d, t, are evaporation coefficient, the original drop diameter, The drop
diameter after time t, and Time duration respectively.

 Contd…
  
 The mass burning rate is determined by the heat flux at the surface. 

f Lv

where: q, , f , Lv is the heat flux to the surface, rate of mass burning,

Density of the condensed phase and overall energy respectively

Lv is the sum of the heat of vaporization, sublimation or gasification

and the enthalpy required to bring the surface to the temperature of
vaporization.
 Contd…
  the controlling step and the heat flux are always interrelated.


(assuming no radiation)

 For a convective atmosphere

q=h(T∞-Ts)
 The two equation can be related as:
= h(T∞-Ts)
 If radiation is considered
Lv
f
 Flame temperature
 A flame is the visible gaseous part of a fire.

 The flame’s temperature can be estimated by its color but the color
does not necessarily determine its temperature.
 It can be affected by many factors:

1) Adiabatic flame- there is no heat loss to the surrounding, temperature

of the flame gets its maximum.

2) Atmospheric pressure
 Contd…
10

3) Percentage oxygen content

4) The type of fuel used in the combustion process- more volatile fuels
react quickly.

5) How stoichiometric the combustion process is- excess air reduces the
flame temperature as lack of air does. a 1:1 ratio gives the highest
flame temperature
 Flame condition above the fuel surface
 gravity plays an indirect role in flame formation and composition.
 In microgravity or zero gravity environment such as in orbit, natural
convection no longer occurs.
 the flame becomes spherical with a tendency to become bluer and
more efficient.

Nasa micrography way-back experiment on candle flame 2011

 Combustion of fuel droplet

 Fuel droplets are typically formed when liquid fuel injected through an

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orifice into a gas phase combustion environment.
 It is important to note that the vapor and not the liquid itself is what
ultimately burn.
 Thus, combustion of fuel droplet is combination of different processes
such as

Liquid evaporation
 Contd…

 Mixing of vapor and oxidizer (air),

 Chemical kinetics of combustion in gas phase.

 Under the study of combustion of fuel droplets, single droplet

combustion and group droplet combustion are considered separately.
 Combustion of single droplet: is the assumption that combustion of a
dense cloud of many droplets emerging from a fuel spray can be viewed
as a collection of many single droplets
 Contd ….
During modeling of the droplet combustion the following
assumptions are taken;
Steady state (initial heat and ignition transient are
negligible)
Fast chemical kinetics
Transfer of heat and mass are identical(Lewis number
=1)
K, Cp , product of 𝛒D are constant and independent on T
  
Contd…..
 There are three phases of droplet combustion that are
determined by different physical phenomena;
 Heating phase: heat from the gas phase causes

the droplet surface to heat up.

 Fuel evaporation stage: fuel evaporates into the gas phase

and the droplet diameter decreases in time (the -law).

 Contd….
 Combustion phase: the mixture ignites and burns as

a spherically symmetric laminar non-pre mixed flame .

[Stauch et,al 2005]

 Contd…

2. Combustion of group droplet: When single droplets emerge from the

jet as a dense cloud of droplets with a wide range of diameters we call

them droplet groups.
 Evaporation of the droplets and diffusion of the fuel into the gas phase
leads to the formation of a combustible mixture, which ignites at
sufficiently high temperature.
 if the distance between two droplets is sufficiently small the two
droplets are surrounded by one common non premixed flame zones.
 Combustion of fuel droplet in a quiescent environment
18
 The classical theory of droplet combustion in quiescent atmospheres

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hypothesizes spherical symmetry which, is destroyed by buoyancy at
normal gravity for sufficiently large droplets.
 To determine the droplet combustion considered parameters are

I. Mass flow rate or mass per unit time leaving the

droplet

II. Governing energy equation

 Contd…

 General assumptions taken

Droplet is sphere
Single component fuel
No gravity
Spherical symmetry
Quasi-steady approximation
one-step overall chemical reaction (F + O → Products)
 Contd…

   Mass flow rate (mass per unit time leaving the droplet) can be written20
as

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After differentiating the above equation which gives:
-4 = 4 π .
 Therefore the rate of radius reduction of the spherical droplet can be written as
=-
 the energy equation written as =
Where:- the liquid density (kg/m3)
 Contd…
   are the vaporization rate of the droplet (kg/s), the liquid specific heat21
at constant
pressure(J/kg.K) and the heat flux entering the droplet (J/s) respectively.

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 The heat flux entering the droplet can be expressed as

where:, the heat flux from the gas to the droplet surface (J/s)
and is latent heat of vaporization the specie considered (J/kg)
ln (1+
Where a - radius of the spherical droplet
Cp - specific heat capacity of the droplet
Bv= Transfer number
 Burning of fuel droplets under convective environment
 22
Until now burning of fuel droplet under inactive environment was considered
and the respective mass burning rate, film temperature and heat transfer rate were
discussed.

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 However, the air near the surface of the fuel droplet has a velocity; it will be
discussed as burning under convective environment.

[Sirignano 2010].
Sirignano W. A. (2010). Fluid Dynamics and Transport Of Droplets And Sprays Second Edition, Cambridge University press, Isbn 978-0-521-88489-1
 Contd…
 In burning of droplet under convective environment 3 cases are 23

discussed.

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Case I: The Stagnant Film Case
 The spherical-symmetric fuel droplet burning problem is the only
quiescent case that is mathematically tractable.
 Ifthe stagnant film is of thickness δ, the free stream conditions are
thought to exist at some distance δ from the fuel surface.
 theequations for mass burning may be readily solved in one-
dimensional form for what may be considered the stagnant film case.
 Contd…
  Within

the stagnant film, the energy equation can be written as 24
ρv[] = k[] + where: the heat release rate per unit volume.

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 From analogies to heat transfer without mass transfer, a first approximation to the
liquid pool burning rate may be written as = G since,
Where: g is the gravitational constant
and β1 is the coefficient of expansion.

J. Warnatz, U. Maas, R.W. Dibble,(2006) “Combustion”Physical And Chemical

Fundamentals, Modeling And Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation, 4th Edition

[J. Warnatz et .al 2006]

 Case II The Longitudinally Burning Surface
 convective atmospheres may be approximated by considering a
burning longitudinal surface.
 Itdiffers from the stagnant film case in that it involves gradients in the
x direction as well as the y direction.

[J. Warnatz et .al 2006]

 Contd…
 
this case burning rate of condensed phase fuel based on [J.Warnatz et. al

 For

2006] is given by the form:

 For prandtl number=1 and Blasius boundary layer thickness ()

 Case III the Flowing Droplet Case
   When droplets are not at rest relative to the oxidizing


atmosphere, the quiescent results no longer hold, so forced

convection must be considered.

 It is complex case because of turbulent flow.

 An overall heat transfer relationship could be written to define

the boundary condition by the equation h(∆T) =
 Case III the Flowing Droplet Case Contd…
Under forced convection case and for higher Reynolds number problems
with some simplification classical expression for Nu with mass transfer is:

To
 account for the convective effects which enhanced the heat and mass
transfer rates around the droplet;


Sherwood number and Nusselt numbers are a functions of Reynolds
number, expressions above show that the heat and mass transfer rates
increase with increasing Reynolds number.
 Introduction to combustion of fuel sprays
 The word fuel spray implies it is a collection of drops formed from a bulk
liquid source
 Fuel droplets are typically formed when liquid fuel injected through an
orifice into a gas phase combustion environment.
 Liquid fuels should have to atomized using fuel injector to reduce the
liquid fuel to small and dense droplets to create spray.
 Which initially highly evaporated in the throat of a burner and gives rise
turbulence diffusion of flam.
 fuel evaporates into gas phase until subsequent gas phase ignition process
starts hyperlinked\Large Eddy Simulation of Fuel Spray Combustion.mp4
 This is the last phase and combustion takes place mostly.
 Contd…
 At this level the gaseous fuel and the co-burnt mixed in the burner and
gives a regular turbulent diffusion flame.
 since spray combustion is a complex phenomenon, in which the
dispersion of fuel droplets, their evaporation and a chemical reaction of
the fuel vapor with oxidizer take place simultaneously and interact
with each other.
 The fuel is transmitted from the fuel storage tank by a fuel handling
system that incorporates pumps, filters and some means of control to
an atomizer by means of which the fuel is atomized into small droplets.
 Contd…
 But spray combustion process is very complexity because of different processes
such as the injection to liquid breakup, dispersion, and mixing with the air.
 Practically every spray combustion process occurs in a turbulent environment.
 Contd…
 Spray combustion involves many physical processes, including
32

atomization, droplet collision and vaporization, heat and mass transfer,

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droplet air and vapor air mixing, ignition, turbulence, pre- mixed
flames and diffusion flames.
Formation of sprays
 The spray is formed, as a fuel jet engine coming from nozzle is
shattered (braking up) by shear forces during injection
hyperlinked\Large Eddy Simulation of Fuel Spray Combustion.mp4
 Thereare several mechanisms which lead to a break- up of the fuel jet
and this governed by an interaction of stabilizing and de-stabilizing
processes.
 Contd…
  Two

important dimensionless numbers characterizing this process namely:
A. Weber number: is a measure for the ratio between drag forces and
the surface tension. Numerically: Weg=
Where: ρg- the density of the gas phases
d1 – diameter, - are velocities of the liquid and the gas phase,
respectively
σ – Surface tension
B. Ohnesorage number : it describes the ratio of viscous effects in the liquid and
surface tension. Numerically: Ohd= Where: -
viscosity of the liquid
- Density of the liquid
 Dense spray combustion or burning modes of spray droplets
34

 A burning spray differs from a premixed, combustible gaseous

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system in that it is not uniform in composition.
 The fuel is present in the form of discrete liquid droplets which
may have a range of sizes
 they may move in different directions with different velocities
to that of the mainstream of gas.
 Contd…
 The general nature of the processes involved in spray combustion in such an
idealized case for the combustion of a dilute spray is shown as below figure.

 Such systems containing droplet diffusion flames

are characterized by their yellow nature.

Diagrammatical model of
idealized heterogeneous spray
 In this one-dimensional case the individual droplets that make up the spray burn
as discrete droplets in a surrounding oxidizing atmosphere which is most
commonly air.
 Contd…
 The Contd…
clouds of fuel vapor are actually burning rather than droplets.
 Such flames are characterized by their blue color and are usually
associated with sprays of volatile fuels which have small initial droplet
diameters (eg.10 μm).

[RAFAL et.al 2000]

Diagrammatic model of idealized homogeneous spray

 Contd…
Spray Contd…
burns either with a single flame surrounding it or with clusters
of flames enveloping groups of droplets. Such combustion mode has
been termed cloud combustion or group combustion.

Chiu and coworkers has proposed the use of group combustion

numbers, G which is G ⁓N(dL,o/L)
depending on this G value several spray combustion modes are listed.
There are four cloud spray combustion modes can be identified.
 Contd…
38

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[Chiu Hh et.al 1982]
 MINIMUM DIAMETER OF DROPLETS IN SPRAY COMBUSTION

   The characteristics time of traversing through the preheat zone is given by: 39
= =
where: LD = is flame length and SL = is flame speed
 Droplet vaporization time is given by:
= surface area/evaporation constant = =
Where: B = , Lvis latent heat of vaporization
 Droplet vaporization time indicates how long it does take for a droplet to evaporate
versus how long is going to be in the preheat zone.
 k s
ha n
T