Pharmaceutics 7202, Spring 2016, 2nd Exam

Student’s Name: ______________________ ID: _______________________

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

(1-17: 3 points each: 18: 4 pts.19: 8 pts; 20-21: 4 pts; 22: 5 pts; 23-25: 8 pts; Total 100 points)

Questions 1-13 are true or false. Write T for true and F for false, respectively, in the left margin
preceding the question number.

1. For endothermic substances, the degree of hydration is so high that more order exists in
the solution than in the separate solid and liquid.

2. The undissociated form of a weakly acidic or basic drug generally has a higher
therapeutic activity than the dissociated salt form.

3. A colligative property is dependent on the size and number of particles in the solution.

4.The expression “common ion effect” was developed by considering the effect of a salt on
the ionization of a weak acid when the salt and the acid have an ion in common.

5.Buffer Region is defined as the region that is used to choose a suitable weak acid with a
pKa of no more than one unit greater or less than desired pH.

6.Blood is considered as having the same osmotic pressure as ‘a mixture of 5% dextrose and
0.2 % sodium chloride solution’.

7.The pH of acidic buffer solutions was found to change more markedly with carbon dioxide
in the air than that of basic buffer solutions.

8.Van’t Hoff Equation is used to estimate the maximum buffer capacity.

9. The highest dose strength of given drug is defined as the maximum dosage a day for
exerting extra strength that does not fully dissolve in 250 ml of aqueous media at any pH
between 1 and 7.5.

10. As a general rule, the alkali metals easily lose electron and are readily soluble.

11. Lung removes CO2 during strenuous exercise and subsequently increases the amount of
hydrogen in the blood.

12. Sulfate containing drugs, such as atropine sulfate and codeine sulfate, are more readily
soluble in ethanol than water.

13. Any compounds which satisfy the conditions of ‘parts of solvent required for one part of
solute > 3.3%‘ are considered as ‘soluble’ (among those solubility expressions).

1
The following questions are multiple-choice questions. Select the best choice. Circle the
letter of the best answer.

14. Which of the following buffers is not present in the plasma (i.e., not a primary buffer)?

a. Plasma proteins (acid)/Lipids (base)

b. Carbonic acid/bicarbonate
c. Hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin
d. phosphoric acid (base)/Basic sodium salts
e. All of the above are in the plasma

15. Which of the following statements/definitions is not correct?

a. Solution is isotonic with a living cell if no net gain or loss of water is experienced
by the cell and no other change is present when the cell contacts that solution.
b. In the medical setting, the term isotonic is used synonymously with isosmotic.
c. Osmosis is defined as the movement of material (mostly water) through semi-
permeable membrane to equalize osmotic pressure.
d. Dialysis is defined as follows; A separation process based on unequal rates of
passage of solutes and solvent through microporous membranes, carried out in
batch or continuous mode.
e. All of the above are correct statements.

16. Which system has the characteristics of ‘energy exchange with surroundings, but no
matter exchange’?

a. adiabatic system
b. closed system
c. isolated system
d. open system
e. None of the above

17. A process that occurs at constant volume is referred to as:

a. Isobaric
b. Isochoric
c. Isothermal
d. Adiabatic
e, Diabetic

Solve these questions. Show all the steps to get the answers. Include units for any parameter
values reported. If you need more space, please use the space on the reverse of these pages.

2
18. Assume the sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid pair is the only buffering system in the
blood. The individual concentration of bicarbonate acid [HCO3-] and carbonic acid
[H2CO3] in the system are 0.025 and 0.00125 moles/liter, respectively. pKa of carbonic
acid is 6.1. What is the pH of blood with this buffering system (i.e., under the normal
condition)? (4 pts)

19. a) What would be the buffer capacity of this system (Qs 18) at pH = 7.4? (pKa value is 6.1),
(The individual concentration of bicarbonate acid [HCO3-] and carbonic acid [H2CO3] in the system are 0.025
and 0.00125 moles/liter, respectively.) b) What would be the maximum buffer capacity of this
buffer? (Note: at pH 7.4, H3O += 4 x 10-8 M). (8 pts)

20. What is the freezing point lowering (Δ Tf) of a 3 % solution of sodium propionate
(molecular weight 96)? (Sodium propionate is a uni-univalent electrolyte; its Liso value is
3.4) (4 points)

21. What is the amount of sodium acetate required to prepare a liter of acetate buffer solution
using water already containing 0.01 mole of acetic acid? (Molecular weight of
CH3COONa (i.e., acidic salt) is 82) (The desired pH of the buffer is 5.2, pKa of acetic
acid is 4.76) (4 points)

22. Determine whether the following reaction is feasible at 15oC given that it has an enthalpy
change of -855 kJ mol-1 and an entropy change of -292 J K-1 mol-1. Hint: Gibbs Free
Energy (5 pts.)
MnSO4(s) -> Mn+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq)

23. When 100 cm3 of an aqueous solution containing 3.0 g of the organic dye Z was shaken
with 20 cm3 of hexane, it was found that 1.6 g of the dye had been extracted into the
hexane. (8 pts)
(i) Calculate the partition coefficient of Z between hexane and water.
(ii) Calculate the minimum volume of hexane needed to reduce the amount of Z in the
aqueous layer to less than 1.0 g.

3
24. Calculate the approximate E value for benadryl hydrochloride (molecular weight 292,
Liso = 3.4). How much NaCl is needed to make this benadryl hydrochloride (2 %, 500
Liso
ml) solution isotonic? (E= 17 x ). (8 pts.)
MW

25. 40 g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 mL of water at 34 °C. How will this affect the
freezing point of the water? Assume the sodium chloride completely dissociates in the
water. Given: density of water at 34 °C = 0.994 g/mL
Kf water = 1.86 °C kg/mol (NaCl --.> Na + Cl . Therefore, i = 2, MW 58.44) (8 pts)
+ -

26. Use the solubility rules to determine whether each salt is (S) soluble or (I) insoluble.
Explain.
A. Na2SO4
B. MgCO3
C. PbCl2
D. MgCl2

A. Na2SO4 (S) soluble; contains Na+

B. MgCO3 (I) insoluble; contains carbonates
C. PbCl2 (I) insoluble; insoluble chloride
D. MgCl2 (S) soluble; only chlorides of Pb2+, Ag+ and Hg22+ are insoluble

4
Phar 7202, Pharmaceutics I, Spring 2017, 2nd Exam

Student’s Name:______________________ ID:_______________________

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

(1-18: 3 points each: 19: 5 pt; 20 - 25; 41 pts, Total 100 points)

Questions 1-11 are true or false. Write T for true and F for false, respectively, in the left margin
preceding the question number.

1. The uncharged form of a weakly acidic or basic drug often has a lower solubility than the
salt form.

2.The expression “common ion effect” was developed by considering the effect of a salt on
the ionization of a weak acid when the salt and the acid have an ion in common.

3.Buffer Region is defined as the region that is used to choose a suitable weak acid with a
pKa of no more than two units greater or less than desired pH.

4.Removal of carbon dioxide from the blood helps increase pH of blood.

5.An injectable solution containing a mixture of 5% dextrose and 0.2% sodium chloride is
considered as an ‘Isotonic’ solution.

6.Two compounds Magnesium Sulfate (Mg+2 + SO4-2 ) and Sodium Sulfate (Na+ + SO4-2)
have the same Liso value.

7.The maximum buffer capacity of the acidic buffer solutions occurs when [H3O] + = Ka.

8.In the interstitial compartment in the body, tonicity is maintained by the total ions (cation +
anion), whose number is almost same as that of plasma.

9.The term ‘supersaturated’ is used to describe a solution that contains the upper limit of the
solute’s solubility.

10. Phosphoric acid (base)/Basic sodium salts is one of the secondary buffer components in
the plasma.

11. As a general rule, compounds with the cation from ‘alkali metal’ group are always
soluble.

12. Any compounds which satisfy the conditions of clogP < 0.5 (c: calculated) are
considered as ‘soluble’ (among those solubility expressions).

13. Both MgCO3 and MgCl2 are insoluble in water.

5
 14. A few solutes like NaOH with negative heats of solution, ΔH< 0, are more soluble in hot
water.

The following are multiple-choice questions. Select the best choice. Circle the letter of the best answer.
15. If a chemical reaction is spontaneous, the total entropy of the chemical system and its
surroundings

a. increases only if the reaction is exothermic

b. increases only if the reaction is endothermic
c. always increases
d. always decreases
e. None of the above

16. The pH of an Ammonium Chloride Buffer (pKa=9.24) was later found to be different
from pH 9.24, the intended pH. Which of the following is not one of the factors that
could cause the solution not to be pH 9.24?

a. Original pH of the water

b. The presence of ions (including protons themselves) in the water
c. Carbon dioxide in the water
d. Evaporation of Ammonia from the solution
e. All of the above are factors that could cause the solution not to be pH 9.24.

17. A process that occurs at constant volume is referred to as:

a. Isobaric
b. Isochoric
c. Isothermal
d. Adiabatic
e, Diabetic

18. Which of the following statement about partition coefficient (PC) in pharmaceutical
sciences is NOT true?

a. The partition coefficient of a drug depends upon both polarity and size.
b. It (PC) may be used to compute and predict drug solubility and bioavailability.
c. It (PC) may be used to optimize preservatives concentration in oil/water emulsion.
d. It (PC) may be used to predict and optimize drug action at specific receptor site.
e. All of them are true statements.

Answer these questions. Define all the parameters within equations. Include units for any
parameter values reported. If you need more space, please use the space on the reverse of these
pages.

6
 19. Define the experimental conditions and criteria of ‘Low Solubility ‘ in terms of the
highest dose strength (i.e., the maximum dosage per day for exerting Extra Strength) (5
pts.)

Solve these questions. Show all the steps to get the answers. Include units for any parameter
values reported. If you need more space, please use the space on the reverse of these pages.

20. Assuming the sodium bicarbonate/carbonic acid is the only buffering system in the blood,
1) what are the required concentrations (Ct = 0.027) of bicarbonate and carbonic acid,
respectively, at pH 7.4? pK1 of carbonic acid in plasma at body temperature is about 6.1
(K1= 7.49 x 10-7). 2) What is buffer capacity for this bicarbonate system (pH 7.4, H3O +
= 4 x 10-8)? 3) What is the maximum buffer capacity for this bicarbonate system? (8 pts)

21. Calculate the buffer capacity of the following two solutions. (6 pts.)

7
 22. Calculate the approximate E value for a new apomorphine hydrochloride derivative
(MW: 312.79). How much NaCl is needed to make this amphetamine hydrochloride (1
%, 200 ml) solution isotonic? Liso (apomorphine hydrochloride ) = 2.6 (E= 17
Liso
). (8 pts.)
MW

23. Determine whether the following reaction is feasible at 298K given that it has an enthalpy
change of -825 kJ mol-1 and an entropy change of -272 J K-1 mol-1. Hint: Gibbs Free
Energy (5 pts.)
2Fe (s) + 1.5O2 (g) ® Fe2O3 (s)

24. Calculate the freezing-point depression at 25°C of an aqueous solution containing 7.8 g/L
of a protein (molar mass = 9.0 multiplied by 104 g/mol), if the density of the solution is
0.98 g/cm3. i (van 't Hoff factor) is 1, K f = depression in freezing constant of water =
1.86 o C/m. (m: Molality). (8 pts.)

25. When 100 cm3 of an aqueous solution containing 2.2 g of the organic dye Z was shaken
with 20 cm3 of hexane, it was found that 1.6 g of the dye had been extracted into the
hexane. (6 pts)
(i) Calculate the partition coefficient of Z between hexane and water.
(ii) Calculate the minimum volume of hexane needed to reduce the amount of Z in the
aqueous layer to less than 0.3 g.

8
Phar 7202, Pharmaceutics I, Spring 2018, 2nd Exam

Student’s Name:______________________ ID: _______________________

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

(1-17: 3 points each; 20: 4 points; 18, 19, 21, 22, 25; 5 points each; 23, 26: 6 points, 24: 8
points, Total 100 points)

Questions 1-12 are true or false. Write T for true and F for false, respectively, in the left margin
preceding the question number.

1. The two forces that drive chemical changes in thermodynamics are entropy and enthalpy.

2. A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is referred to as ‘isochoric’.

3. If a chemical reaction is spontaneous, the total entropy of the chemical system and its
surroundings always increases.
4. At a low pH, a base is predominately in its ionized form, which is usually very soluble in
aqueous media.
5. The dissociated form of a weakly acidic or basic drug often has a higher therapeutic
activity than the undissociated salt form.
6. A solution is isotonic with a living cell if no net gain or loss of water is experienced by
the cell and no other change is present when the cell contacts that solution.
7. Among solubility expressions, the term ‘solute’ is defined as the condition which satisfies
‘clogP < 0.33’.
8. Cryoscopy refers to the examination of liquids based on the principle that the freezing
point of solutions varies according to the amount and the nature of the substance
dissolved in the solution.
9. The buffer capacity of the solution, whose pH is changed from 6.0 to 6.2 when Ca(OH)2
concentration in the solution is changed from 0.1 M to 0.15 M, is 0.25. (Hint: use the
simple formula for the buffer capacity)
10. Lipophilicity generally decreases as molecules become more ionized, but their
lipophilicity increases with salt concentration.

11. Sodium sulfate has the same Liso value as Zinc chloride. (Hint: The ionic type of Sodium
sulfate is uni-divalent electrolyte, whereas Zinc chloride is di-univalent electrolyte.)
12. The pH of most acidic buffers was found to change more markedly with carbon dioxide in
the air as compared with that of most basic buffers.

The following 13-17 are multiple-choice questions. Select the best choice. Circle the letter of the best
answer.
13. How does an increase in pH affect the solubility of aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) in aqueous
solution?

9
 a. Solubility increases
b. Solubility decreases
c. Solubility is unaffected
d. Precipitation occurs
e. None of the above

14. The preferred direction in nature is toward

a. Maximum entropy
b. Minimum entropy
c. Zero entropy
d. Zero enthalpy
e. None of the above

15. The pH of an Ammonium Chloride Buffer (pKa=9.24) was later found to be different
from pH 9.24, the intended pH. Which of the following is not one of the factors that could
cause the solution not to be pH 9.24 ?
a. Original pH of the water
e. The presence of ions (including protons themselves) in the water
f. Carbon dioxide in the water
g. Evaporation of ammonia from the solution
e. All of the above are factors that could cause the solution not to be pH 9.24.

16. Which of the following statements regarding the effects of temperature or physical form
on solubility is not a true statement?
a. Most solutes (NH4CL, NH4NO3, NaCl) absorb heat upon dissolution and have a
positive heat of solutions.
b. A few solutes (and Gases) have a negative heat of solution (due to very weak
solute-solute interactions), indicating that they are endothermic.
c. Solvates and hydrates in different polymorphic forms will have different
solubilities.
d. Non-crystalline (amorphous) solids are generally more soluble than crystalline
solids.
e. All of them are true statements.

17. Which of the following salts is soluble (according to the solubility rules)?
a. CuS
b. MgCO3
c. PbCl2

10
 d. Ca(NO3)2
e. All of the above are insoluble.

Solve these questions. Show all the steps to get the answers. Include units for any parameter values
reported. If you need more space, please use the space on the reverse of these pages.
18. What is the amount of sodium acetate required to prepare a liter of acetate buffer solution
using water already containing 0.02 mole of acetic acid? (Molecular weight of CH3COONa
is 82) (The desired pH of the buffer is 5.2, pKa of acetic acid is 4.76) (5 points)

19. What is the freezing point lowering (Δ Tf) of 2 % solution of sodium sulfite (molecular
weight 126)? (sodium sulfite Liso value is 4.8). (5 points)

20. Why are compounds with the cation from ‘alkali metal’ group readily soluble? (4 points)

21. Determine whether the following reaction is feasible at 298K given that it has an enthalpy
change of -825 kJ mol-1 and an entropy change of -272 J K-1 mol-1. (5 points)
2Fe (s) + 1.5O2 (g) ® Fe2O3 (s)

22. When 100 cm3 of an aqueous solution containing 2.0g of the organic dye X was shaken
with 25 cm3 of hexane, it was found that 1.6g of the dye had been extracted into the
hexane.
Calculate the partition coefficient of X between hexane and water. (5 points)

23. Calculate the E value for a new apomorphine hydrochloride derivative (MW: 312.79).
How much NaCl is needed to make this amphetamine hydrochloride (1 %, 300 ml)
solution isotonic? Liso (apomorphine hydrochloride ) = 2.6 (6 points)

11
24. a) What would be the buffer capacity of bicarbonate-carbonic acid system, whose total
concentration is 0.025? b) What would be the maximum buffer capacity of this buffer?
(pH 7.4, H3O += 4.0 x 10-8) (pK1 of carbonic acid in blood at body temperature is about
6.3; K1= 5.0 x 10-7). (8 points)

25. Calculate the freezing-point depression at 25°C of an aqueous solution containing 7.8 g/L
of a protein (molar mass = 9.0 x 104 g/mol), if the density of the solution is 1.0 g/cm3. i
is 1 (a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent), K
o
f = depression in freezing constant of water = 1.86 C /m (5 points)

26. How much sodium chloride is required to render 100 ml of a 2% solution of apomorphine
hydrochloride isotonic with blood serum? A 2% solution of apomorphine hydrochloride
has a freezing point lowering of 0.16, whereas a 0.9% of sodium chloride (isotonic
solution) has a freezing point lowering of 0.52. (using cryostat method) (6 points)

12
7202 Exam 2 Lee Answers (2018)

1. T 2. T 3.T 4.T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T 11. F 12.F

13. a 14. a 15.e 16. b 17. d

[S ]
18. 5.2 = 4.76 + log
[ A]

[S ]
0.44 = log
[ A]

[S]/0.02= 100.44 = 2.75

[S] = 0.02 x 2.75 = 0.055 Mole.

0.055 x 82 = 4.51 (g)

19. Tf = Liso x M
20
= 4.8 x
126
= 4.8 x 0.158
= 0.76

20.
THE IONIZATION ENTHALPIES OF THE ALKALI METALS ARE
CONSIDERABLY LOW AND DECREASE DOWN THE GROUP FROM LI TO CS.

21.
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔG = -825 - (298 x -272)/1000
ΔG = -744 kJ mol-1
Since ΔG is negative, the reaction is feasible, and the reaction will occur.

22.
(i) If 1.6g of X had been extracted by the hexane,
(ii) 0.4g must have been left in the aqueous layer.
The two concentrations are therefore:
In the hexane layer: 1.6 / 25 = 0.064 g cm-3
In the water layer: 0.4 /100 = 0.004 g cm-3
Kpc = [X(hexane)] / [X(aq)] = 0.064 / 0.004 = 16
(Log 16 = 1.2)

13
23. The quantity of the drug is multiplied by its sodium chloride equivalent E, giving the weight
of sodium chloride to which the quantity of drug is equivalent in osmotic pressure

Sodium Equivalent value of apomorphine hydrochloride, E = 17 * 2.6/312.79 = 0.14

Amount of apomorphine hydrochloride: E x W = 0.14 x 3.0 g (in 300 ml) = 0.42 g

Since a total of 0.9 g x 3 = 2.7 g (in 300ml) of sodium chloride is required for isotonicity,
Thus, 2.7 - 0.42 = 2.28 g of NaCl must be added.

(5 x10 7 ) x(4 x10 8 )

24. β = 0.025 x 2.3 x
(5 x10 7  4 x10 8 ) 2

20 x10 15
= 0.0575 x
(54 x10 8 ) 2

0.0575 x 0.0686
= 0.0039

2.303 2.303
βmax = x Ct = x (0.025)
4 4
= 0.014

25.
We know that ΔT f = i* Kf * m
Where
ΔT f = depression in freezing point
= freezing point of water - freezing point of solution
= 0 oC - Tf

i is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent
K f = depression in freezing constant of water = 1.86 oC / m
m = molality of the solution
= (mass / Molar mass ) / weight of the solvent in Kg
= ( 7.8 g / ( 9*104 g/mol) / 1 Kg Since density of water = 1g/cm^3

So the mass has equal magnitude as that of density

= 8.33*10^-3 m
Plug these values into the equation, then we get
Δ Tf = 1.86*8.33*10^-3
---> Tf = - 0.015 oC

26.

14
It is found that a 2% solution of apomorphine hydrochloride has a freezing point lowering of
0.16.
To make this solution isotonic with blood, sufficient sodium chloride must be added to reduce
the freezing point by an additional 0.36° (0.52 – 0.16).
We know that a 0.9 % solution of sodium chloride (isotonic) has a freezing point lowering of
0.52.

By the method of proportion,

0.9: X = 0.52: 0.36 X= 0.62 %
Thus, 0.62% sodium chloride will lower the freezing point the required 0.36°and will render the
solution isotonic.

The solution is prepared by dissolving 2.0 g of apomorphine hydrochloride & 0.62 g of

sodium chloride in water to make 100 mL of solution.

Pharm 7202, Winter 2017, 2nd Exam

ANSWER SHEET

1. T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. F

14. F 15. c 16.e 17. b 18.e

19. Low solubility

When the highest dose strength (i.e., the maximum dosage a day for exerting Extra
Strength) of given drug does not dissolve in 250 ml of aqueous media at any pH between 1 and
7.5

20. Assuming the sodium bicarbonate/carbonic acid is the only buffering system in the blood,
1) what are the required concentrations (Ct = 0.027) of bicarbonate and carbonic acid,
respectively, at pH 7.4? pK1 of carbonic acid in plasma at body temperature is about 6.1
(K1= 7.49 x 10-7). 2) What is buffer capacity for this bicarbonate system (pH 7.4, H3O +
= 4 x 10-8)? 3) What is the maximum buffer capacity for this bicarbonate system ? (6 pts)

[ HCO3 ]
① pH = 6.1 + log
[ H 2CO3]

[ HCO3 ]
7.4 = 6.1 + log
[ H 2CO3]

15
 [ HCO3 ] 20
=
[ H 2CO3] 1

20
[HCO3-] = x 0.027 = 0.0257
21
1
[H2CO3] = x 0.027 = 0.00128
21

(7.49 x10 7 ) x(4 x10 8 )

② β = 2.3 x 0.027 x
(7.49 x10 7  4 x10 8 ) 2
= 2.3 x 0.027 x 0.045

= 0.0028

2.3 o
③ βmax = x Ctot =
2.303
x 0.027
4 4
= 0.0155

21. β=?

0.1 N 1
1) x
100 4

= 0.00025

0.1 N 1
2) x
100 0.09

= 0.0111

Liso
22. E = 17 x
M .W

16
 2.6
= 17 x = 0.14
312.8

Evalue x W = 0.14 x (1 x 2) (g) = 0.28 (g) is already present in the solution

0.9 % NaCL in 200 ml

2 x 0.9 = 1.8 (g) of NaCL needed for 200 ml isotonic

solution

1.8 - 0.28 = 1.52 ( g) of NaCL should be added.

23. Determine whether the following reaction is feasible at 298K given that it has an enthalpy
change of -825 kJ mol-1 and an entropy change of -272 J K-1 mol-1.
2Fe (s) + 1.5O2 (g) ® Fe2O3 (s)

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔG = -825 - (298 x -272)/1000
ΔG = -744 kJ mol-1
Since ΔG is negative, the reaction is feasible, and the reaction will occur.

24.We know that ΔT f = i* Kf * m

ΔT f = depression in freezing point = freezing point of water - freezing point of solution = 0 oC -

Tf
i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent
K f = depression in freezing constant of water = 1.86 oC / m
m = molality of the solution = (mass / Molar mass ) / weight of the solvent in Kg
= ( 7.8 g / ( 9*104 g/mol) / 0.95 Kg (Since density of water= 0.95 g/cm^3)

So mass has equal magnitude as that of density

= 8.33/0.95*10^-3 m = 8.77* 10^-3 m
Plug the values we get Tf = 1.86*8.77*10^-3 ---> Tf = - 0.016 oC

25.
(iii) If 1.6g of X had been extracted by the hexane,
0.6 g must have been left in the aqueous layer.
The two concentrations are therefore:
In the hexane layer: 1.6 / 20 = 0.08 g cm-3
In the water layer: 0.6 /100 = 0.006 g cm-3
Kpc = [X(hexane)] / [X(aq)] = 0.08 / 0.006 = 13.3
(Log 13.3 = 1.12)

17
(ii) If the mass left in the aqueous layer is to be less than 0.3 g, then the mass extracted in Hexan
must be at least 1.9 g. The corresponding concentrations are as follows:

In the hexane layer: 1.9/v g cm-3

In the water layer: 0.3/100 = 0.003 g cm-3
(where v = volume of hexane needed)

Kpc = [X (hexane)] / [X (aq)]

∴ 13.3 = (1.9/v) / 0.003
v = 1.9 / (13.3 x 0.003) = 47.6 cm3

Pharm 7202, Spring 2016, 2nd Exam ANSWER SHEET

1. F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. F, 13 T

14. c 15. e 16: B 17: B


[ HCO3 ]
18 pH = pka + log
[ H 2CO3 ]

? = 6.1 + log
0.025

0.00125

 pH = 7.4 = 1.3 + 6.1

(10 6.1 ) x(4 x10 8 )

19. a) β = 2.303 x (0.02625) x
(10 6.1  4 x10 8 ) 2

= 2.303 x 0.0265 x 0.04535

= 0.0027
2.303 2.303
b) βmax = x Ctot = x 0.02625
4 4

= 0.0151

20. Tf = Liso x C

3
96 = 30 = 0.312
100 96
1000

18
 3.4 x 0.312 = 1.06
21
[ salt ]
5.2 = 4.76 + log
[acid ]
[salt ]
0.44 = log
[0.01]

[salt ]
100.44 = 2.754 = = salt
[0.01]
= 0.0275 x 82 = = 2.26 (g)

22. Determine whether the following reaction is feasible at 15 oC (288K) given that it has an
enthalpy change of -855 kJ mol-1 and an entropy change of -292 J K-1 mol-1.
ZnSO4(s) -> Zn+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq)

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔG = -855 - (288 x -292)/1000
ΔG = -771 kJ mol-1
Since ΔG is negative, the reaction is feasible, and the reaction will occur.

23. If 1.6 g of X had been extracted by the hexane, 1.4 g must have been left in the aqueous
layer. The two concentrations are therefore:
In the hexane layer: 1.6 / 20 = 0.08 g cm-3
in the water layer: 1.4 / 100 = 0.014 g cm-3

Kpc = [X(hexane)] / [X(aq)] = 0.08 / 0.014 = 5.7

Log 5.7 = 0.76
(ii) If the mass left in the aqueous layer is to be less than 1 g, then the mass extracted in Hexan
must be at least 2.0 g. The corresponding concentrations are as follows:

In the hexane layer: 2.0/v g cm-3

In the water layer: 1/100 = 0.01 g cm-3
(where v = volume of hexane needed)

Kpc = [X (hexane)] / [X (aq)]

∴ 5.7 = (2.0/v) / 0.01
v = 2.0 / (5.7 x 0.01) = 35 cm3

Liso
24. E = 17 x
M .W

19
 3.4
= 17 x = 0.198
292

Evalue x W = 0.198 x (2 x 5) (g) = 1.98 (g) is already present in the solution

0.9 % NaCL in 500 ml

5 x 0.9 = 4.5 (g) of NaCL needed

4.5 – 1.98 = 2.52 (g) of NaCL is added

25. Step 1 Calculate the molality of the NaCl

molality (m) of NaCl = moles of NaCl/kg water

atomic mass Na = 22.99; atomic mass Cl = 35.45

moles of NaCl = 40 g x 1 mol/58.44 g

moles of NaCl = 0.684 mol

kg water = density x volume; kg water = 0.994 g/mL x 220 mL x 1 kg/1000 g

kg water = 0.219 kg

mNaCl = moles of NaCl/kg water; mNaCl = 0.684 mol/0.219 kg; mNaCl = 3.125 mol/kg

Step 2 Determine the van 't Hoff factor

The van 't Hoff factor, i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in
the solvent. For substances which do not dissociate in water, such as sugar, i = 1. For this
example NaCl completely dissociates into the two ions, Na+ and Cl-. Therefore, i = 2 for this
example.

Step 3
Find ΔT

ΔT = iKfm

ΔT = 2 x 1.86 °C kg/mol x 3.125 mol/kg

ΔT = 11.63 °C
Adding 40 g of NaCl to 220.0 mL of water will lower the freezing point by 11.63 °C.

20