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Classifications by Cancer Site 127
Classifications by Cancer Site 127
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
1
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
2
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
3
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Painting Diazinon
Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution Fibrous silicon carbide
Plutonium Frying, emissions from high-
Radon-222 and its decay products temperature
Rubber production industry Hydrazine
Silica dust, crystalline Insecticides, non-arsenical,
occupational exposures in
Soot
spraying and application
Sulfur mustard
Printing processes
Tobacco smoke, secondhand
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
Tobacco smoking para-dioxin
Welding fumes
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Bone, skin, and mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue
Bone Plutonium Radioiodines, including Iodine-
Radium-224 and its decay products 131
Radium-226 and its decay products
Radium-228 and its decay products
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Skin (melanoma) Solar radiation
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Skin (other malignant Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Creosotes
neoplasms) Azathioprine Human immunodeficiency virus
Coal-tar distillation type 1
Coal-tar pitch Human papillomavirus types 5
and 8 (in patients with
Cyclosporine
epidermodysplasia
Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A verruciformis)
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated Hydrochlorothiazide
Shale oils Merkel cell polyomavirus
Solar radiation (MCV)
Soot Nitrogen mustard
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Petroleum refining,
occupational exposures
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning
devices
4
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
5
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal
therapy
Tamoxifen
Ovary Asbestos (all forms) Talc-based body powder
Estrogen menopausal therapy (perineal use)
Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Male genital organs
Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
type 1
Human papillomavirus type 18
Prostate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
compounds
Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Firefighters, occupational
exposure
Malathion
Night shift work
Red meat (consumption of)
Rubber production industry
Thorium-232 and its decay
products
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Testis DDT
Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in
utero)
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Firefighters, occupational
exposure
Perfluorooctanoic acid
6
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Urinary tract
Kidney Tobacco smoking Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Trichloroethylene compounds
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Printing processes
Welding fumes
Renal pelvis and Aristolochic acid, plants containing Aristolochic acid
ureter Phenacetin
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
Tobacco smoking
Urinary bladder Aluminum production 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
4-Aminobiphenyl Coal-tar pitch
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Dry cleaning
Auramine production Engine exhaust, diesel
Benzidine Hairdressers and barbers,
Chlornaphazine occupational exposure
Cyclophosphamide 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Magenta production Pioglitazone
2-Naphthylamine Printing processes
Painting Soot
Rubber production industry Tetrachloroethylene
Schistosoma haematobium Textile manufacturing
Tobacco smoking
ortho-Toluidine
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Eye, brain, and central nervous system
Eye Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Solar radiation
Ultraviolet emissions from welding
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Brain and central X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radiofrequency
nervous system electromagnetic fields
(including from wireless
phones)
7
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Endocrine glands
Thyroid Radioiodines, including Iodine-131
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissue
Leukaemia and/or Azathioprine Benzeneb
lymphoma Benzeneb Bischloroethyl nitrosourea
Busulfan (BCNU)
1,3-Butadiene Chloramphenicol
Chlorambucil DDT
Cyclophosphamide Diazinon
Cyclosporine Dichloromethane (Methylene
chloride)
Epstein-Barr virus
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin
Etoposide
Fission products, including Strontium-90
Firefighters, occupational
Formaldehyde
exposure
Helicobacter pylori
Glyphosate
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis B virus
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Magnetic fields, extremely low
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 frequency (childhood
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus leukaemia)
Lindane Malaria (caused by infection
Melphalan with Plasmodium
falciparum in holoendemic
MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen areas)
mustard-procarbazine mixture)
Malathion
Pentachlorophenol
Mitoxantrone
Phosphorus-32
Nitrogen mustard
Rubber production industry
Painting (childhood leukaemia
Semustine (methyl-CCNU)
from maternal exposure)
Thiotepa Petroleum refining,
Thorium-232 and its decay products occupational exposures
Tobacco smoking Polychlorinated biphenyls
Treosulfan Polychlorophenols or their
X-radiation, gamma-radiation sodium salts (combined
exposures)
Radioiodines, including Iodine-
8
List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 127a,c
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
131
Radon-222 and its decay
products
Styrene
Teniposide
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
para-dioxin
Tobacco smoking (childhood
leukaemia in smokers’
children)
Trichloroethylene
Multiple or unspecified sites
Multiple sites Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides
(unspecified) Fission products, including strontium-90 Plutonium
X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in
utero)
All cancer sites 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
(combined)
a This table does not include factors not covered in the IARC Monographs, notably genetic traits,
reproductive status, and some nutritional factors.
b For benzene, the evidence in humans is sufficient for acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, including
acute myeloid leukaemia; and the evidence in humans is limited for non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
chronic lymphoid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and acute myeloid
leukaemia in children
c This table does not include the results of Meeting 126, which is scheduled for September 2020
Adapted from Table 4 in Cogliano et al. (2011) available at:
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/11/jnci.djr483.short?rss=1
Last update: 26 June 2020