Sociolingistic 2

Nama: Rahmad Hari Wibowo

NIM: 043443736

1. a. Positive face is the desire to be liked, appreciated, approved, etc. Positive politeness addresses
positive face concern, often by showing prosocial concern for the other’s face.

b. Negative face is the desire not to be imposed upon, intruded, or otherwise put upon. Negative
politeness addresses negative face concern, often by acknowledging the other’s face is threatened.

2. The parameters of politeness:

 Cultural values: Different cultural values generate different definition of politeness

and different interpretation toward the same thing. Example: Body Posture “Bowing
shows politeness in most Asian culture like in Japan or in Korea”
 Face: public self-images that one wants to claim for oneself. The greater the effort
expanded in face-maintaining behaviour, the greater the politeness. Example:
 Rank and Role: The way to address teacher’s name. In most Asian and African
cultures, it is considered disrespectful to address teacher by his/her first name. And
host/guest in many cultures, guest is god. Host need to be polite to the guest even is
the guess has lower status.
 Status: The higher the status, the more politeness expected from the lower status
participants in and interaction. In Japan there is Politeness Assignment Rule, Speaker
has higher social status needs to be polite when talking with the lower status.
 Age: The relative ages of the speaker and the hearer determine how politeness is to
be expressed. Example: Among the Near people of south Sudan, the use kinship
term to address younger or older men.
 Power: the ability to impose one’s will on others. Example: The language use by
monarchs signal their high status and power.
 Sex: Different cultural values shape different expectations how male and female
should behave. Example: in Hindi, men way swear words to express intimacy and
solidarity.
 Social distance: The more intimate the participants are, the less social distance there
is between them. Example: curse and swear words used by man in many cultures
represents high degree of intimacy.
 Intimacy: The interaction between brother and sister allows participants for
relaxations of rules of politeness.
 Kinship: In India, one uses the honorific/plural forms of pronouns and agreement
patterns addressing or referring to one’s parents-in-law.
 Group membership: In Japan, certain honorifics are used with out-group members
only. With in-group members, a different set of honorifics is used or dispensed.
3. The instrument of politeness:
 Pronouns of address: In Javanese language term to use you “Panjenengan” vs
“Sampean”
 Honorifics: we often use honorifics Tuan (male) /Nona (female who is not yet
married) /Nyonya (married female).
 Kinship terms: In Indonesia we call our mother’s or father’s friends using tante
or om (they are not family related to us).
 Set Formulas: “mari” that means healing in Javanese language versus “mari” tah
means come one in Indonesian Language.
 Plurals:
 Questions:
 Indirect speech acts:
 Topicalization and focus:
 Effort:
 Use of ‘little’
 Hedges
 Gaze, gesture, and body posture

4. Teaching English as an International Language is a challenging task, particularly when it is

done in places where English serves a very limited purpose. The challenges are coming from
students, partly from teachers, and partly from the facilities. Namely, students‘ lack of
vocabulary mastery, students’ low concentration, students’ low motivation, students’ lack of
discipline, students’ boredom, speaking problem, shortage of teachers’ training, teachers’
language proficiency issue, limited mastery of teaching methods, teachers’ unfamiliarity to
high-tech, teachers’ lack of professional development, inadequate resources and facilities,
and time constraint.