DR.

PANJABRAO DESHMUKH KRUSHI VIDYAPEETH,AKOLA

SEMESTER END THEORY EXAMINATION
B. Sc.(Hons.) (Agriculture)
Semester: II (New) Term : II Academic year: 2020-21
Course No.: GPB-121 Course Title: Fundamentals of Genetics
Credits: 3 (2+1)
Day & Date: 27.11.2021 Time: Total Marks: 80

Model Answer
Note: 1. Solve ANY EIGHT questions from SECTION- A
2. Solve ANY TWELVE questions from SECTION- B
3. All questions from SECTION-C are compulsory
4. Send the PDF file of answer sheet to the email id of
respective course teacher

SECTION-A
(Write the answers in 4-5 sentences only. Each question carries 4 marks)
Q. 1 Differentiate between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell.

S.N. Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

1 Nuclear is surrounded by nuclear envelop. Nuclear envelop is absent.
2 DNA associated with histon and non DNA is nacked.
histon protein to form chromatids fiber.
3 Cytoplasm contains ER, golgi bodies etc. ER, golgi bodies etc.are absent.
4 Mitochondria present. Mitochondria absent.
5 All green plans process chloroplast with Chloroplast is absent.
typical grana.
6 Cytoplasm have microtubules provides Do not have microtubules.
stability to cytoplasm.
7 Nucleolus is present in the nucleus. Nucleolus is absent in the nucleus.
8 Most of ribosomes attached to ER. All ribosomes are free in cytoplasm.

Q. 2 Difference between Mitosis Meiosis cell division.

S.N. Mitosis Meiosis

1 It occurs in somatic as well as It occurs in reproductive cell.

reproductive cell.
2 One parent cell produced two daughter One parent cell produced four
cells. daughter cells.
3 Chromosome number of the daughter cell Chromosome number of the
remains same as that of parent cell. daughter cell is reduced half as that
of parent cell.
4 Two daughter cells are genetically Two daughter cells are genetically
identical of each other. variable.
5 Each nucleus divides only once. Each nucleus divides twice.
6 Homologous chromosomes do not pair at Homologous chromosomes do not
prophase. pair at prophase I.
7 Crossing over does not occurs between
homologous chromosomes.
8 Each chromosome is unpaired at
metaphase.
9 Centromeres of all the chromosome lie on
equatorial plate during metaphase.
10 Daughter cells are (2n) diploid in nature.
Crossing over takes place between
homologous chromosomes.
Each chromosome is unpaired at
metaphase.
Chromosomes lie on either side of
equatorial plate during metaphase
I.
Daughter cells are (n) haploid in
nature.

Q. 3 Define Mutation. Characteristics of Mutation.

Mutation: Sudden heritable change in organism.
Characteristics of Mutation:
1. Generally mutant alleles are recessive in nature.
2. Mutations occur randomly.
3. Mostly mutations have harmful
4. The frequency of beneficial mutation is about 0.1%
5. Mutation are recovered
6. The rate of spontaneous mutation is very low ranging from 10 -6 to 10-7
7. The rate of spontaneous mutation varies from one gene to other gene
8. Mutation can occur in any cell of an organism.

Q. 4 Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative characters.

S.N. Qualitative character Quantitative characters

1 Characters are governed by one or few
genes.
2 They do not show continuous variability.
3 They are not influenced by the effect of
environment.
4 They are also known as oligogenic
characters.
5 It cannot measure with the help of metric
unit.
6 They are analysed by classical Menderian
Principles.
7 It shows skew type curve.
8 e.g. flower colour
Characters are governed by many
genes.
They show continuous variability.
They are influenced by the effect of
environment.
They are also known as polygenic
characters.
It can measure with the help of
metric unit.
They are analysed by statistical
method.
It shows bell shape curve.
e. g. plant colour

Q. 5 Define linkage. Describe in short types of linkage.

Ans: Linkage: Tendency of two or more gamets to be inherited together during
inheritative is known as linkage.
Two types of linkage:
1) Complete linkage: When only parental character combinations are recovered in
test cross progeny. It is called complete linkage.
2) Incomplete linkage: When recombinant types are also recommend in progeny
addition to the parental types in the test is called incomplete linkage.
Linkage also classified as:
 Coupling phase: When dominant alleles of the linked genes are present in the
same chromosomes it is called coupling phase.
Repulsion phase: When dominant allele of one gene is present with recessive allele of
second gene it is called repulsion phase.

Q.6 Difference between Protein synthesis in Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

S.N. Protein synthesis in Prokaryotes Protein synthesis in eukaryotes
1 Synthesis of three types of RNA is Several RNA polymerase are
controlled by single RNA polymerase. responsible for synthesis of cellular
RNA.
2 It uses 70s ribosomes with 30s & 50s sub It uses 80s ribosomes with 40s &
unit. 60s sub unit.
3 Process of transcription and translation There is no overlapping of
can overlap. transcription and translation.
4 Starting amino acid is N-formyl Starting amino acid is methionine
methionine.
5 Have several initiation and transmit sites. Have single initiation transmit site.
6 Three initiation factors are required for Several initiation factors are required
chain initiation. for chain initiation.
7 There are three chain elongation factor. There are two chain elongation
factor.
8 mRNA can be synthesized from DNA or mRNA can be synthesized from only
RNA as the case may be. DNA as the case may be.

Q. 7 Define multiple allele. Characteristics of Multiple allele.

Multiple allele: When many alleles of single gene are present it is called multiple
allele
Characteristics of Multiple allele:
1) Multiple allele are present at definite position on the same locus in the chromosome
2) Crossing over does not occur in multiple alleles
3) The normal allele is always dominant over the multiple allele
4) The multiple allele follow mendelian of segregation and assortment
5) When the individual are crossed together with multiple allele as one of them will
show dominance.
Q.8 Difference between Linkage and Crossing over
S.N. Linkage Crossing over
1 Ensures that the genes stay in a It is enable the separation of genen in a
chromosome to inherit together chromosome and separates it into various
gamets
2 The strength of the genetic linkage The probability of two crossing over is
between two genes is through to be directly proportional to the distance
inversely proportional to the distance between them in the chromosome
between them in the chromosome
3 The strength of the linkage between two The probability of two genes crossing over
genes can increase if the distance decreases if the distance between them
between them decreases
Q.9 Short note on Law of segregation
Law of segregation: The two alleles of two different parent comes together in F1
generation they remain together in F1 generation without contaminating with each
but they separate in their original form at all time of gamete formation.
Explanation: Consider two plant of a pea plant one is tall in nature and another is
dwarf. The first parent which is tall but homozygous for tallness (TT)and the second
parent which is homologous for dwarf ness having allele (tt).
When these two parents are crossed we get F1 generation . All the plants of F1
generation will be tall in nature.
Phenotype of parent Tall x Dwarf
Genotype of parent TT x tt
Gamete of parent T X t
F1 generation Tt (Tall)
Q.10 Define Dominance. Types of dominance. Describe in short complete dominance.
Dominance: The suppression of the expression of one trait of character by another
trait of the same character is called dominance
Types of dominance: 1) Complete dominance 2)Incomplete dominance 3)Co
dominance 4) Over dominance
Complete dominance: If the phenotypes of the heterozygote as well as homozygote
dominant individuals are identical then the concerned dominant allele is said to
complete dominance.

SECTION- B
(Choose correct option. Each question carries 2 marks)
Q. 11
a) Define Genetics: It is the branch of biological science which deals with study
of heredity and variation
b) Cytokinesis refers to division of cytoplasm and Karyokinesis refer to division of
nucleus
c) Mono hybrid genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 and phenotypic ratio is 3:1
d) Define phenotype: Externalappearance of an individual is known as phenotype
e) Define term Haploid: An individual, organism or cell containing single set of
chromosome and
Diploid: An individual, organism or cell containing two sets of chromosomes
f) Megasporogenesis: The formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell is
called megasporogenesis.
g) Define Eukaryotes: They are the multicellar well developed organism having
true nucleus
h) Define Inversion: When the segment of chromosome is present in reverse order
as compared to that normal chromosome segment is known as inversion.
i) Quantitative inheritance is also called as Polygenic inheritance.
j) Genetic code is overlapping (True or false)
k) Back cross is always attest cross (True or false)
l) Gene is the unit of inheritance.
 m) Define Transcription: The process of synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)from
a DNA template is known as Transcription.
n) Define Sex linkage: Association of a character with sex during inheritance is
called sex linkage.
SECTION – C
(Choose the correct option. Each question carries 1 mark)
Q.12
1) -----------a French geneticist studied lethal gene
a) Shull b) Cuenot
c) Mendel d) None of the above

2) NilsonEhle studied polymeric factor in-----------

a) Wheat b) Mustard
c) Rice d) None of the above

3) Diploid an individual having ------------- sets of chromosom

a) 2n b) n-1
c) n d) Batson

4) Jumping gene discovered by ------------

a) Nelson Ehle b) Johanson
c) Barbara Mcclintock d) None of the above

5) The ---------- character expressed in F1

a) Recessive b) Dominant
c) Both dominant & recessive d) None of the above

6) ----------- is a physical mutagen.

a) Sulphurmusturd b) ‘x’ rays
c) Gamma rays d) both b & c

7) Protein synthesis takes place in --------

a) Chloroplast b) ribosomes
c) Mitocondria d) None of the above

8) A new plant develops from embryo without fertilization is called-----------------

a) Apomixis b) Apogamy
c) Hybridization d) None of the above

9) ---------- described cytoplasmic male sterility in maiz.

a) H.J.Muller b) Rhoades
c) G. H. Shull d) None of the above

10) Mutation that occurs in natural population is known as----------------

a) Spontaneous mutation b) Induced mutation
c) Micro mutation d) Macro Mutation
11) ---------discovered mutagenic effect of ‘X’ rays on drosophylla
a) M.C.Lung b) H.J.Muller
c) Both a& b d) Intrageneric hybridization

12) When a chromosome segment in to a non homologous chromosome is called as

-------------
a) Transcription b) Translocation
c) Transformation d) None of the above

13) The set of all the codons that specify the 20 amino acids is called--------
a) Codon b) Genetic code
c) both a & b d) None of the above

14) Sex linkage was first discovered by ----------

a) Tomas Morgan b) Land Mark
c) Robert cook d) None of the above

15) Cytoplasmic inheritance was discovered by --------

a) Hull b) Johanson
c) J.H.Bittner d) None of the above

16) It is the dose of mutagen which would kill 50% of the treated individuals.
a) LD-60 b) LD-70
c) LD-50 d) None of the above

17) Transcription begins at a specific site in---------- called Promoter site.

a) Cistron b) Vacuoles
b) Cytoplasm d) None of the above
c)
18) Watson & Crick proposed the ---------- model of DNA.
a) Single helix b) Triple helix
c) Double helix d) None of the above

19) Chlorophyll is absent in ------

a) Animal cell b) Plant cell
c) both a & b d) None of the above

20) ----------- introduced the term Genetics

a) Bateson b) Hugo D Vries
c) Flemming d) None of the above

21) Cell wall is present in---------- cell

a) Animal b) Plant
c) both a & b d) None of the above
22) The term chromosome was coined by --------
a) Waldeyer b) Berg
c) Harshey d) None of the above

23) The process by which a DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as ---
-------
a) DNA replication b) RNA Replication
c) Both a & b d) None of the above

24) When one chromosome pair is missing from the somatic chromosome complex
it is called-------
a) Double monosomic b) Nullisomic
c) Trisomic d) None of the above

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