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Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. vol.17 no.11 Campina Grande Nov. 2013
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S141543662013001100004
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SOIL MANAGEMENT, WATER AND PLANT
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Uses of fertigation and N doses and K in chili Curriculum ScienTI
cultivation in protected environment * Automatic translation
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Francisco A. de Oliveira I ; N. Sergio Duarte II ; José F. de Medeiros I ;
Share
Nildo S. Dias I ; CP Ricardo da Silva I ; Carlos JG S. Lima III
more
I Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology / UFERSA. CP 137,
more
CEP 59625900, Natal, RN. Av. Pádua Dias, 11. CEP 13418900. Piracicaba,
SP. Email: snduarte@esalq.usp.br III Department of Agricultural Permalink
Engineering and Soil Science, Centre of Agricultural Sciences / UFPI.
Campus Socopo. CEP 64049550. Teresina, PI. Email: kj.gon@bol.com.br
SUMMARY
This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the effects of managements and fertigation of nitrogen
and potassium levels on growth and chili production plants in a greenhouse. We used a randomized complete
block design with 18 treatments and four replications. The treatments resulted from the combination of three
managements of fertigation and six of nitrogen and potassium. six samples were collected and, in them,
assessments of the number, average weight and fruit production as well as growth indicators (leaf area, height
and biomass accumulation). The results show that the growth and yield of pepper depend, in addition to N and
K, the fertigation management adopted. The management of fertigation by monitoring the concentration of N
and K ions with the help of solution extractors, or the electrical conductivity of the soil solution is more efficient
than the traditional management. Monitoring of soil solution should be done by using as reference
concentrations ranging from 200 to 250% of N and K corresponding to the recommendation for the bell pepper
crop hydroponically.
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Keywords: Capsicum annuum L., ion concentration, porous capsule extractors, nitrogen, potassium
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out for Evaluating the effects of fertigation management and levels of nitrogen and
potassium on growth and yield of bell pepper in protected environment. The experimental design was in a
completely randomized block, with 18 treatments and four replications. Treatments resulted from the
combination of three fertigation Managements and six nitrogen and potassium doses. There Were six harvests,
When Evaluations Were made of fruit number, mean mass and yield, as well as indicators of growth (leaf area,
plant height and dry mass). Results Showed que, fouled the N and K doses, bell pepper growth and yield Also
depend on the management of fertigation used. Fertigation Managements based on concentration of N and K
ions using solution extractors, and monitoring of soil electrical conductivity Were better than the usual
management. Soil monitoring solution must take the reference N and K Concentrations between 200 and 250%
of recommendation for bell pepper production in hydroponic system.
Key words: Capsicum annuum L., ionic concentration, porous ceramic cup extractors, nitrogen, potassium
Introduction
The fertigation is one of the technologies used in cultivation in protected environment standing out as one of the
forms of fertilizer with the greatest efficiency in the use of fertilizers; However, the development of research is
still needed to obtain maximum efficiency of this technology.
For the sweet pepper, specifically, potassium and nitrogen are the nutrients most extracted by plants (Marcussi
et al . , 2004; Fontes et al . , 2005); but in the literature are found divergent results on the requirement of chili
culture in relation to N and K fertigation, especially when grown in a protected environment. For nitrogen
recommendations are found ranging from 221 to 400 kg ha 1 (Campos et al, 2008;. Araújo et al . , 2009). As
for the potassium fertilizer recommendations vary 80200 kg ha 1 K (Melo et al, 2009;. Albuquerque et al,
2011.).
From these results it is clear that there is wide divergence in chili crop response to nitrogen and potassium,
especially the different environmental conditions and genotypes used by these authors. Thus, to obtain high
productivities excessive amounts of fertilizer are applied which may result in waste and increased soil salinity.
In addition to the appropriate dose of fertilizer other crucial factor is their way of application throughout the
crop cycle. Thus, in an appropriate program of nutrition and fertilization should follow the growth curves and
absorption of crop nutrients for each stage of development since they allow to precisely know the amount and
the necessary time to apply the nutrient indicating the time propitious to administer it according to their daily
demands.
However, Marcussi et al. (2004) found that working with fertigation from mineral absorption of culture, the
plants treated with an amount of N and K, corresponding to a 50% increase compared to the set dose on
mineral absorption were those that achieved higher production fruit. Thus, the authors concluded that the
nutrient accumulation curve serves as a basis for N and K fertigation; however, the values shall be adjusted
according to weather conditions, mainly temperature.
Because of this problem, studies have been developed to the development of new technologies that enable the
management of fertigation more rationally, among which stands out the management of the concentration of
ions in the soil solution. For this, provided extractors porous capsules were used that were investigated and
showed satisfactory results for many researchers, is to monitor the electrical conductivity of the soil solution
(Dias et al, 2006;. Medeiros et al, 2012;. Silva et al ., 2013) or for monitoring the concentration of ions in the
soil solution (Silva Júnior et al, 2010;. Oliveira et al, 2011)..
Thus, the use of soil solution extractors is a viable tool for monitoring the concentration of ions and / or
electrical conductivity during the crop cycle, but further more studies to improve this technology. Based on the
above developed this work was to evaluate the use of different managements of fertigation in chili crop
cultivated in greenhouse using the solution extractors.
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Material and methods
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, on the campus of
the Federal Rural University of SemiArid UFERSA in Mossoro, RN (5 11 'LS; 37 20' LO and 18 m above sea
level) with an average annual temperature is 27 , 4 ° C, the relative humidity is 68.9% and the rainfall is 673.9
mm, which is quite irregular and concentrating in the first months of the year. According to Köppen, the climate
is BSwh type ', ie warm and dry with the rainy season that prospers in the fall.
It used soil material classified as Alfissol (EMBRAPA, 2006) collected in the layer 00.20 cm; their physical and
chemical properties (EMBRAPA, 1997) are shown in Table 1 .
The work was performed in two stages; the first developed in Laboratory and the second in a protected
environment. The first step was the calibration of extractors for use in the monitoring of soil solution while the
second was developed with the bell pepper crop in a protected environment. The calibration step was performed
according to the procedures described by Smith Jr. et al. (2010) and Oliveira et al. (2011) in which it is defined
the levels of N and K (M 2 ) and electrical conductivity (M 3 ) of the soil solution ( Table 2 ).
The second experimental phase was conducted in greenhouse using a randomized complete block design with
treatments arranged in a factorial 3 x 6, with four replications, each experimental unit represented by a vase
containing a plant.
The treatments were formed by the combination of three managements of fertigation (M 1 Fertirrigation based
on mineral absorption, M 2 control of the concentration of ions NO 3 and K + in the soil solution; M 3 control
of electrical conductivity soil solution with six levels of nitrogen and potassium) with six levels of nitrogen and
potassium (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300%).
For the management M 1 were used six doses of N and K, having as reference the doses used by producers of
chili agropolo AssuMossoró region, corresponding to 215 and 314 kg ha 1 N and K, respectively (Freitas ,
2009). The six levels of N and K corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300% of the recommendation for
both nutrients so that we applied the following doses of N and K, respectively: D 1 = 0 and 0; D 2 = 157 and
107.5; D 3 = 215 and 314; D 4 = 322,5 and 471; D 5 = 430 and 628; D 6 = 645 and 942 kg ha 1 . For the
spacing used these doses corresponded to the theoretical doses of N and K: D 1 = 0; D 2 = 8.1 and 11.8; D 3 =
16.1 and 23.5; D 4 = 24.2 and 35.3; D 5 = 32.3 and 47.1; D 6 = 48.4 and 70.6 g plant 1 . They considered
these theoretical doses due to make adjustments according to the crop cycle. These amounts of nutrients were
applied at weekly fertigations in preestablished quantities, divided according to the running culture of
absorption (Fontes et al., 2005).
We used chili culture, hybrid 'Atlantis' (Topssed ® ) because it is one of the most cultivated in the region. They
were used seedlings 35 days after sowing, coming from a company specializing in the area which were
transplanted into plastic pots with a capacity of 25 liters of soil. In its bottom the vessel containing a drainage
system formed by an envelope 2 cm layer (crushed geotextile +).
To manage fertigation were installed in each experimental unit (vessels) one tensiometer and solution extractor,
both in the depth of 15 cm, the first for monitoring of moisture and quantification of water depth to be applied in
each irrigation and the second to the soil solution collection; then the solutions were applied showing ion
concentration according to the results obtained in the first step by applying a sufficient amount to moisten the
soil to a moisture regarding the maximum water holding capacity.
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Weekly Soil solution sampling were performed using extractors porous capsules. For the collection of soil
solution was applied vacuum of approximately 70 kPa after 8 hr fertigation and 8 hours after the solution is
collected through a 60ml plastic syringe coupled to a microtube, following methodology Dias et al. (2004).
Immediately after each collection soil solution was taken to measure voltage in order to obtain the current soil
moisture to make the correction of ion concentrations for when the soil is at field capacity. The fertigation were
carried out when the analysis detected 20% reduction in relation to concentrations of íonss of NO 3 and K +
and electrical conductivity used as a reference at the beginning of the experiment (Silva Júnior et al, 2010;.
Medeiros et al. 2012).
Samples of the collected soil solution were transported to the laboratory Irrigation and salinity UFERSA for
determination of EC using a conductivity meter with an automatic temperature compensation, Tec4MP (Tecnal
® ). Were determined, too, K and N. Potassium was determined by flame photometry, Model DM62 (Digimed).
The values of electrical conductivity and ion concentration determined by the solution extracted by porous
capsules were corrected for moisture field capacity since, after fertigation, soil moisture was with this. Aiming
at the correction was used Eq. 1 recommended by Silva et al. (2000) with some modifications adapted for this
work.
on what:
UCP Soil moisture at the time it was given the vacuum in the extractor porous capsule, gg 1
Ucc Soil moisture at field capacity, gg 1
After those corrections were calculated amounts of fertilizer to be applied amount for that essential that the soil
solution remained at the initial level EC (M 2 ) or the concentration of NO 3 and K + start (M 3 ). The electrical
conductivity (EC) of the solution to be applied so as to maintain the initial EC treatments (F 2 ), was calculated
by means of equation 2.:
on what:
VV soil volume contained in the vessel, L
θ CC Volumetric Soil moisture at field capacity, LL 1
θ A Current volume humidity, or immediately before fertigation measured by tensiometer, LL 1
VC C Volume of solution required for the soil reaches field capacity, L
Throughout the experiment were carried out spraying of insecticides and fungicides at fortnightly intervals. They
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were performed weekly foliar applications of micronutrients using Quelatec AZ (solid mixture containing EDTA
chelated nutrients: 0.28% Cu, 7.5% Fe, 3.5% Mn, 0.7% Zn, 0.65 % B and 0.3% Mo at a dose of 2.50 kg ha 1
recommended for pepper, 70 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT). also weekly was carried foliar application
of CaB2 (2% boron and 10 % calcium) according to the manufacturer's recommendation in order to provide Ca
and B, important in the fruiting stage.
During the experiment six samples were collected, the first held at 60 DAT the seedlings and the last to 120
DAT; the remaining samples were collected according to the ripeness of the fruit; adopted the point of harvest
when the fruits reached commercial size and glossy dark green color.
The following parameters were evaluated:
Commercial production of fruit: fresh pasta obtained from commercial fruit of plants of the floor area, free
from burns, disease and pest attack and mechanical damage, expressed in grams and recorded as production
per plant (g plant 1 );
Number of commercial fruit: obtained by commercial fruit count of all crops, expressed in fruits plant 1 ;
Average commercial fruit weight: obtained by adding the fresh mass of commercial fruit divided by the
number of commercial fruits, expressed in grams (g).
The experiment was terminated at 120 days after transplanting, after six fruit harvests are carried out when the
plants were cut close to the ground and then analyzed for growth parameters.
The following characteristics were evaluated: height: using a graduated measuring tape in centimeters and
measuring the stem to the apex of the main stem; leaf area area using an integrator liquor brand Model LI
3100; dry weight of stem, leaf, fruit and whole the plants were separated these three parts (stems, leaves and
fruit); then they were placed in paper bags and put to dry in a forced air circulation oven and then immediately
weighed on a precision scale (0.01 g).
The data were submitted to analysis of variance applying F test and performing the split, where the interaction
was significant. For the quantitative factors on the levels of N and K, was conducted statistical analysis by
regression. For the qualitative factor was carried out statistical analysis using the average comparison test to
differentiate between the managements of fertigation applying the Tukey test at the 0.05 level of probability.
Statistical analyzes were performed by applying statistical software Sisvar 4.1 (Ferreira, 2008).
Results and discussion
There was an increase in the EC s depending on the levels of N and K to the three handlings fertigation, namely
for the managements M 2 and M 3 data were fitted to quadratic equations with higher EC values es occurring at
levels 196 % of m 2 (2.81 dS m 1 ) and 184% for m 3 (2.98 dS m 1 ) ( Figure 1 ). In fertirrigated soil from
handling F 1 there was a linear increase of the CE s , most estimated value for the higher level of NK (300%) to
afford EC s 3.15 dS m 1 .
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Chilli is moderately sensitive to salinity presenting threshold salinity of 1.5 dS m 1 (Mass & Hoffman, 1990);
thus it can be seen that in all NK levels studied, the EC values es are over the limit theoretically tolerated by
culture, especially in the higher levels increase this already expected given that there is a direct relationship
between concentration of salts in solution fertigation and CE s ground (Dias et al., 2007). Silva et al. (2001) also
found working with the bell pepper crop in a protected environment, the higher electrical conductivity values
have been related to higher doses of potassium applied.
A significant effect of the interaction between the factors managements of fertigation and levels of N and K for
plant height (ALT), leaf area, number of fruits (NFR) and fruit production (PROD) level of 0.01 probability and
total dry biomass (FST) at the 0.05 level of probability. Whereas the effect of factors alone it was found to N
and K factor levels, significant response at all variables (p <0.01). For fertigation management factor was found
that, except for the NFR variable in which there was no significant response, all other variables significantly
accounted for the 0.01 level of probability ( Table 3 ).
Medeiros et al. (2012) found that fertigation management means monitoring the salinity of the soil solution (M 3
) provided higher tomato plants and higher fruit yield in comparison with the operation in which predefined
doses were used (M 1 ). Silva et al. (2013) observed that eggplants showed higher dry biomass fertigated based
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gait culture absorption and found no significant difference for MMFR and PROD. The differences between these
results demonstrate the importance of developing research on each species and specific environmental
conditions.
Evaluating the effect of the levels of N and K for the height of the plants was found in the three quadratic
managements fertigation; Nevertheless, the greatest percentage gains were obtained in the managements M 2
at a concentration of 178% (81.7 cm) and handling F 3 at a concentration of 299% (79.7 cm) increments
corresponding to 37.1 and 28.9% compared to plants not receiving nitrogen fertilizer or potassium ( Figure 2A ).
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Marcussi et al. (2004) observed, working with NK doses of the bell pepper crop, greater heights in fertigated
plants NK doses equivalent to 107% of the accumulated amount by the plant, very close to that obtained for the
management M results 1 .
The literature reports on the development of pepper plants yielding plants with heights ranging from 50 to 200
cm, depending on genetic material, environmental conditions, crop cycle and management practices cultures
applied to the crop (Fontes et al. 2005; Charlo et al, 2011)..
Analyzing the effect of levels of N and K on the AF was found for the three managements of fertigation, the data
showed better adjustment to the quadratic model; M for management 1 , the largest AF was estimated to NK
level of 178% in which it was estimated leaf area 7570 cm 2 plant 1 , corresponding to an increase of 439% in
relation to the treatment of absence of NK; already to the managements M 2 and M 3 , the highest values were
estimated for the levels of 219 and 229%, leaf area and estimated 9839.7 and 9574.2 cm 2 plant 1 ,
respectively, compared to plants not nitrogen fertilization received or potassium, yielding 1619.2 cm 2 plant 1
for M 1 ( Figure 2B ).
Silva Júnior et al. (2010) found similar results for the melon crop when used the fertigation management similar
to M management 2 adopted in this study, where they obtained a quadratic response to the number of leaves
and leaf area due to the increase of nitrogen concentrations and potassium in the soil solution.
Regarding the accumulation of total dry biomass (FST) it was similar to behavior observed in leaf area in which
quadratic responses were obtained; from the regression equations obtained for each management fertigation, it
was found that the highest values were estimated for the levels of 142, 196 and 183% NK, with a total
accumulation of biomass in 164, 230 and 219 g plant 1 , for managements M 1 , M 2 and M 3 , respectively (
Figure 2C ). This result was expected as a result of this behavior has already occurred to FSC, FSF and FSFR.
Medeiros et al. (2012) obtained similar results working with the tomato crop cultivated in greenhouse and also
observed a quadratic effect for FST in response to the increased concentration of ions in the soil solution.
This effect can be attributed to increased soil salinity due to accumulation of ions in the soil (Dias et al., 2007)
and probably above the soil salinity tolerated by culture (Mass & Hoffman, 1990). Whereas the N and K levels
corresponding to 150 and 200% of the recommendation, the electrical conductivity of the soil solution was 3.1
and 3.8 dS m 1 ( Table 2 ) can be seen, then, that the plants used in this study showed greater tolerance than
that described by Mass & Hoffman (1990).
It is noteworthy that the increase in soil salinity occurred as a result of increased fertilizer application. Marcussi
et al. (2004) observed major development with salinity of 2.3 dS m 1 . Medeiros et al. (2009) working with the
cucumber crop and Eloi et al. (2011) and Medeiros et al. (2012), working with the tomato crop, also found that
in salinity conditions provided by the addition of fertilizer, the plants showed higher tolerance to salinity.
With respect to the performance parameters it is seen that for the three NFR managements fertigation showed
better fit to the second degree polynomial models; for managing M 1 , the higher NFR was estimated at 29 fruits
per plant, to the level of N and K corresponding to 126% of the recommended dose for culture, which
corresponds to a percent increase of about 63.4% by the value obtained in the plants that did not receive
applications of N and K (17 fruits plant 1 ); for managements based on monitoring of soil solution there were
higher values f or equivalent levels to 237 and 193% NK estimating 30 to 29 fruits per plant, for M 2 and M 3 ,
respectively, and percentage increase of 98 6% (M 2 ) and 93.1% (M 3 ) ( Figure 3A ).
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The decrease in NFR observed in higher levels of NK may have occurred as a result probably the high abortion
rate in plants that received higher doses as a result of increased soil electrical conductivity (Leonardo et al.,
2008).
quadratic for NFR in fertilizations function nitrogenous and potassic was also observed by other authors (Campos
et al., 2008). In the literature great variety of reports are found in chili culture NFR being found values r anging
344 fruits per plant (Marcussi et al., 2004; Campos et al, 2008;. Freitas, 2009;. Melo et al, 2009 , Albuquerque
et al, 2011).; however, despite this wide variation all these authors obtained crop response to nitrogen or
potassium fertigation.
Much of this variation may be attributed to the crop cycle adopted by the authors, which directly affects the
total number of harvested fruits. From the results obtained in this study and in comparison to the literature, it
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appears that it is very difficult to compare production between different research with the bell pepper crop in a
protected environment, because of various managements used by the authors.
With respect to the effect of the levels of N and K on MMFR, it was found to best fit cubic model having initially
increased with increasing doses up to about 90% NK (55.7g Fruit 1 ) decreasing thereafter and presenting
increased again at higher level of NK (61.9 g fruit 1 ) ( Figure 3B ). In general, the MMFR obtained in this work
(51.17 g Fruit 1 ) is described below for the characterization cultivar, which is 200 to 260 g.
This difference can be attributed to climatic conditions in which the study was conducted and the region where
the company conducts evaluation culture of performance. The inferiority of MMFR obtained in this study in
comparison with the literature may be related to the high temperatures occurring during the experimental
period being in agreement with the results obtained by Erickson & Markhart (2001) who found a reduction in
MMFR when pollinated fruits occurred under temperature above 33 ° C, it is observed also effect on the length
of the fruit.
Another probable cause for the reduction in fruit size is related to the shorter time occurred between
fertilization and maturation of the fruit, which is actually considered a mechanism of adaptation to heat stress
(Pagamas & Nawata, 2008).
For fruit production was observed response similar to that experienced for the NFR showing that the yield of a
plant depends directly on the number of fruits. For the three types of management data were adjusted to the
regression equations quadratic with higher values estimated for the N levels and K corresponding to 140, 244
and 195.2% for the managements M 1 , M 2 and M 3 respectively, the recommended doses for culture, either for
conventional fertigation (M 1 ) or the hydroponics (M 2 and M 3 ). The highest yields were 1392.8 g plant 1 for
M 1 , 1.618 g plant 1 for M 2 and 1.531 g plant 1 for M 3 , which corresponds to the percentage increase of
109.6% (M 1 ), 65.3% (F 2 ) and 73.4% (F 3 ) as shown in Figure 3C .
In the literature several studies have shown the positive effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the
yield of sweet pepper. Some observed linear response (Marcussi et al., 2004; Araújo et al., 2009) or square
(Campos et al, 2008;. Melo et al., 2009). The reduction in the production of fruit per plant when doses were
applied over that which provided the maximum yield can be explained by the toxic effect of accumulated soil
fertilizer reducing the absorption of water and nutrients by plants. Attention must be paid also to the possible
energy demand of the plant to the osmotic adjustment and absorption of nutrients and water, which could be
converted production (Taiz & Zeiger, 2009).
conclusions
1. fertigation based on monitoring of soil solution was more efficient than made based gait culture absorption.
2. The management of nitrogen and potassium fertigation from the monitoring of the soil solution can be
realized from the concentration of specific ions of N and K or electrical conductivity.
3. more developed and without doubt the most productive plants are obtained by performing fertigation via
monitoring of soil solution and using doses ranging from 200 to 250% of the recommended for hydroponics
Thanks
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq, by granting financial assistance to
carry out the research; CAPES, the first author's doctoral scholarship and the Federal Rural University of Semi
Arid UFERSA, the granting of the infrastructure necessary for the development of the experiment.
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Protocol 233.12 09/10/2012
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* Part of the first author 's PhD thesis, presented at ESALQ / USP, Piracicaba, SP
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