Margie Lumanggaya-Bibat, MSA

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 •The nutritional needs of animals change
throughout the animal’s life. The amount and
type of feed depends on the stage of life and use
of the animal.

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 A. Maintenance is the keeping the body at a
constant state.
Every second an animal is alive it requires
energy.
The amount of energy needed by an animal for
maintenance is known as the basal
maintenance requirement.
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 A maintenance diet is usually high in
carbohydrates and fats.
A maintenance diet should contain a small
amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins.
On average, about 50 percent of an animal's
diet is used for maintenance.
Carbohydrates Fats
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 B. Growth is defined as the increase in size of the
muscles, bones, internal organs, and other parts of
the body.

Animal growth requires mostly energy.

Very high levels of carbohydrates and fats in the
animal’s diet provide this energy.

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 C. Reproduction - Proper nutrition is the key
to successful and efficient reproduction in
animals.
Most reproductive failures are caused by
poor nutrition in the female.

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 • A proper reproduction ration typically includes higher levels of
protein,
minerals, and vitamins.
This is especially needed in the last three months of
gestation (pregnancy) because this is when the fetus or
unborn offspring experiences the most growth.
Poor nutrition also affects males.
A lack of proper nutrients can lower sperm production and
fertility rates.

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 D. Lactation is the production of milk.
A lactation ration requires even higher
levels of protein, calcium, and phosphorus
than reproduction.

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 E. Work - A work ration is needed by animals that
are expected to conduct all types of work and
activity for the operation.

Examples could include draft animals.

These animals require increased carbohydrates
and fats.

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 F. Egg Production - Eggs are produced by laying hens.
 Poultry require higher levels of macro minerals and
lower levels of microminerals in their diets. The
microminerals include copper, iodine, iron,
manganese, selenium, and zinc. Although poultry have
lower requirements for microminerals, these minerals
play essential roles in the body's metabolism.

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 G. Wool Production – produce a fabric that has become
one of the most effective natural forms of all-weather
protection known to man.
 sheep do not require specific feeds. They require
energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water.
Many different feedstuffs can meet their nutritional
requirements. Energy makes up the largest portion of
the diet and is usually the most limiting nutrient in
sheep diets.

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 A feedstuff is an ingredient used in making the feed
for animals.

Feed is what animals eat to get nutrients.

Feedstuffs can be added to feed to provide
flavor, color, or texture to increase palatability.
Palatability is how well an animal likes a feed.

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 A. Roughages Livestock feeds that contain more than
18 percent crude fiber when dry are called
roughages.

This type of feed is mostly leaves and tender

stems of plants. These plants are also known as
forages.
Forages can be grouped into two general classes:

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 1. A legume is a plant that can take nitrogen from the air.
Legumes are plants that bear their fruit in pods,
which are casings with two halves, or hinges.
 Legumes are very healthy food because it is low in
fat and high in protein.
 Legumes are also very high in fiber and other
nutrients. They are made up of beans, lentils, peas
and peanuts.
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 KUDZU
CENTROSEMA CALOPOGONIUM (Pueraria phaseoloides)

IPIL-IPIL TRICANTHERA MADRE DE CACAO

(Leucaena leucocephala) (Trichantera gigantean) (Gliricidia sepium)
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 2. Nonlegume roughages cannot use the nitrogen from
the air.
They are usually lower in protein than the legume
roughages.
Some examples of this type of roughage are: corn
silage, fodders, bluegrass, timothy, redtop, brome
grass, orchard grass, fescue, and prairie grasses.

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 CORN SILAGE FODDERS BLUE GRASS TIMOTHY GRASS

BROME GRASS ORCHARD GRASS FESCUE GRASS PRAIRIE GRASS

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 B. Concentrates - livestock feeds that contain less
than 18 percent crude fiber when dry are called
concentrates.
This type of feedstuff is high in energy.
Higher producing animals need more
nutrients from concentrates.

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 1. High-energy concentrates are feeds that contain less than 20
percent crude protein.
Some common sources of high-energy concentrates are
maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, and oats.

2. High-protein concentrates are feeds that contain 20 percent

or more protein.
Examples of high-protein concentrates are soybean meal,
cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal.

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 MAIZE WHEAT SORGHUM

RYE BARLEY OATS

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 SOYBEAN MEAL COTTONSEED MEAL SUNFLOWER MEAL

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 C. Supplements - A supplement is a feed material high in a
specific nutrient.
Supplements are often added to feeds to increase protein
content.
Protein supplements can be divided into two groups based
on the source of the protein.
1. Animal proteins - Protein supplements that come from
animals or animal by-products.

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 BONE MEAL BLOOD MEAL FEATHER MEAL FISHMEAL

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 Common animal proteins are tankage, meat scraps, meat and
bone meal, fish meal, and blood meal.
Tankage is animal tissues and bones from animal
slaughterhouses and rendering plants that are cooked,
dried, and ground.
2. Vegetable Proteins – Protein supplements that come from
plants.
Common vegetable proteins are soybean oil meal,
cottonseed oil meal, peanut oil meal, and corn gluten feed.

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SOYBEAN OIL MEAL COTTONSEED OIL MEAL PEANUT OIL MEAL CORN GLUTEN MEAL

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 •How and when animals are fed is an important
component of animal production.
•This affects the growth and development of the
animal.
•There are two basic methods in which feed can be
provided to animals: free access and scheduled
feeding.
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 A. Free access or free choice is allowing animals to eat feed
when they want feed.
The feed is available to the animal at all times.
This method is good for some species and with some
feedstuffs but not others.
For example, poultry can be fed concentrates free access
because they will not overeat.
However, cattle should not be fed concentrates free
access because they will overeat and could possibly
founder and die.
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 B. Scheduled feeding is providing feed at certain times of
the day.

Feeding times and regularity should be based on

the needs of the animal or management practices.

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 Discuss comprehensively
1. What are the functions of feed?
2. What are the various feed types?
3. What are some ways to feed animals?

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 • Collect roughages in your area. Use the illustrations in
this powerpoint presentation as reference for
identification. Collect some feed ingredients and
supplements. Take note on the physical characteristics
of the different feed ingredient.

• Using the feed composition table(see next slide),

classify feeds according to nutrient composition.

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 • https://www.feedipedia.org/node/321
• http://tropical.theferns.info/image.php?id=Calopogonium+mucunoides
• https://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/kudzu
• http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=23
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/7270
• https://nda.da.gov.ph/index.php/en/12-services/232-let-s-learn-gras
• ses-and-forage
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gliricidia_sepium_(Madre_de_
cacao_-_Mindanao,_Philippines).jpg
• https://www.ec21.com/product-details/Corn-Silage-Animal-Feed--
10147005.html
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 • https://cattleraiser.blogspot.com/2012/01/green-fodder-without-needs-
of.html
• https://www.carousell.ph/p/frog-grass-carabao-grass-blue-grass-
270616033/?t-id=SD1Ag0EhFD_1604397306736&t-
referrer_request_id=0xcUojuJcolCR1dC
• https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-how-farmers-produce-
food-sustainably/0/steps/60791
• https://poultry.extension.org/articles/feeds-and-feeding-of-poultry/basic-
poultry-nutrition/
• an%20meet%20their%20nutritional%20rwww.sheep101.info/201/nutritio
nreq.html#:~:text=As%20with%20people%2C%20sheep%20do,cequireme
nts.&text
• https://www.econation.co.nz/wool/#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20natural%20fi
bre,wool%20a%20renewable%20fibre%20source.
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 • http://www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/uwplant/forages/grasses/timothy.html
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/395
• https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2011/04/27/how-to-make-broom-
tiger-grass-or-walis-tambo/
• http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/prairie/
• http://www.mmjphilippinescorp.com/yellow-corn.htm
• https://www.world-grain.com/articles/9556-wheat-imports-rising-in-the-
philippines
• https://www.philstar.com/business/agriculture/2018/11/04/1865582/sweet-
sorghum-eyed-alternative-animal-feed
• https://originalpurebarley.wordpress.com

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 • https://www.britannica.com/plant/ryegrass
• https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/whole-oats-seeds-for-sprouts-
and-microgreens-1kg-i317844084.html
• https://www.tradeindia.com/fp5541514/Soybean-Meal-for-Animal-
Feed-Soybean-Cake-Soyabean-Cake.html
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/550
• https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/three/protein_animal_
trans.htm
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/208
• http://www.sapei.com.ar/website/category/news--/692-outlook-for-
international-markets-of-vegetable-oil-meals
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 • https://twitter.com/PeanutFarmers/status/1255195136557895680
• https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/corn-gluten-
feed_50045112800.html
• https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/corn-gluten-
feed_50045112800.html

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