ckX{¥w

Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
`mKw˛2
NT-877-1-CHEMISTRY-10-M-VOL.2

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
s]mXphnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2019
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°s - fbpw Kpcp-°∑
- m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n
{]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
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- ƒ N¿®sNøm\pw Cu ]p-kvXIw {ian-
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ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm\pw ck-X-{¥-Øn¬ tamƒ Af-hn-\p≈
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- fpw ¢mkvdqw
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- ƒ Bbm-kc - l
- n-Xhpw ck-Ic
- hpw B°nØo¿°pw.
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tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\]pWn N´-°q-Spw (F≥.-F-kv.-Iyp.-F-^v), ImenI-
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]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.
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hnP-bm-iw-k-I-tfm-sS,

tUm. sP. {]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 `mc- X - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \
`mKw ,9I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:

(I) `c- W - L - S - \ sb A\p- k - c n- ° p- I bpw AXns‚ BZ¿i- ß - s fbpw ÿm]- \ - ß - s fbpw

tZiob]Xm-Is - bbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-cØ - n\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al-\o-bm-
Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-Sc
- p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-XØ
- ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fiX
- bpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-
Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ
A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]c
- hpw `mjm-]c
- hpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-bh
- p-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-Xa - mbn `mc-
X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-Sb - n¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb kmtlm-Zc - y-at- \m-`m-hhpw
]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-Øp∂ BNm-cß - ƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂a
- mb ]mc-ºc
- ysØ hne-aX
- n-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-
Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-Iß
- fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo-ba- mb ImgvN∏
- mSpw am\-hn-IX
- bpw, At\z-jW
- Ø
- n\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈
at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c£
- n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\Ø- n-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-XX
- e
- ß
- f
- n-te°v \nc¥cw Db-cØ- -
°-hÆw hy‡n-]c - hpw Iq´m-bX
- p-amb {]h¿Ø-\Ø- ns‚ F√m afi-eß - f
- nepw D¬Ir-
jvSX
- b
- v°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈
Ip´n-Iƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p≈ Ah-kc - ß
- ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
5 - ƒ ........................... 79
Ateml-kwbp-‡ß

6 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS
\ma-Ic- Whpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw ............... 96

7 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß- ƒ ............................. 119
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ kuIcyØn\mbn
Nne ap{ZIƒ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p.

A[nIhmb\bv°v
(hnebncpØen\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√)

Bibhy‡X hcpØp∂Xn\v ICT km[yX

hnebncpØmw

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃
Nn{X-¯n ImWp¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä \n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amtWm?
ImÀjnIcwK¯pw hymh-km-bnIcwK¯pw Cu cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä¡v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-
­v. Bb-Xn-\m Ah h³tXm-Xn D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hymh-km-bnI {]m[m-\y-apÅ C¯cw
Nne kwbp-à-§-fpsS \nÀam-W-co-Xnbpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.
Atam-Wnb (NH )
3

kky-§-fpsS hfÀ¨-bv¡m-h-iy-amb ss\{S-P³hf-§-fpsS \nÀam-W-¯n\v th­ Hcp {][m\

Akw-kvIrX cmkhkvXp-hmWv Atam-Wnb.
¢mkvapdnbnÂ, AtamWnb \nÀan¡p¶Xv F§-s\-bmWv? Hcp ]co£Ww sNbvXpt\m¡mw.
hm¨v ¥mkn A¸w AtamWnbw t¢mssdUv (NH Cl FSp¡pI. AXnte¡v A¸w ImÂkyw
)

sslt{UmIvsskUv (Ca(OH) ) tNÀ¯v \¶mbn Cf¡pI.

4

Fs´¦nepw KÔw A\p`hs¸Sp¶pt­m?

\oebpw Nph¸pw enävakv t]¸dpIÄ \\-¨-Xn-\p- tijw hm¨v ¥mkn\v apIfn Hmtcm-¶mbn
ImWn¡q. GXp enävakv t]¸dn\mWv \ndw-amäw D­m-bXv?
hmXI¯n\v AknUnIv kz`m-h-amtWm? t_knIv kz`m-h-amtWm?
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

]co£Wimebn AtamWnb \nÀan¡p¶ hn[w Nn{XoIcn¨ncn

¡p¶Xp t\m¡q (Nn{Xw 5.1).

NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2

Kymkv PmÀ

CaO

timjIkvXw`w

Nn{Xw 5.1

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

hnse
 DÅ Atam-Wnb hmXIw \oäp-I-¡-bn-eqsS (CaO) IS¯nhn«Xv F´n-\m-
IT@School Edubuntu
School Resourses
 bn-cn¡pw?
Chemistry for Class X
\n¶pw. Nne Bteml
- Ä F¶ t]Pnse AtamWnbbn AS§nbn«pÅ Pemwiw \o¡w sN¿m³ \oäpI¡
kwbp-à§
Atam-Wnb \nÀamWw
hoUntbm \nco-£n-¡p-I. (CaO) \nd¨ timjIkv X w`¯neqsS AXns\
(Drying tower)

IS¯nhnSp¶p.
D­mIp¶ AtamWnb tiJcn¡p¶ Kymkv PmÀ Iagv¯n h¨n-cn-
¡p-¶Xp {i²n-¨tÃm?
$ C§s\ tiJcn¡p¶Xn\p ImcWsa´mhmw?
$ CXnÂ\n¶v AtamWnbbpsS km{µXsb¡pdn¨v F´v A\p
am\n¡mw?
Atam-Wn-b hmX-I-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v \aps¡mcp ]co£Ww sNbvXp
t\m¡mw.
NphSpcp­ Hcp ^v f mkv I n CuÀ¸clnXamb AtamWnb
tiJcn¡pI.
80
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
Nn{X¯n ImWp¶Xpt]mse D]IcW§Ä
kÖoIcn¡pI (Nn{Xw 5.2). sPäv Syq_v _o¡dnse
^nt\m^vXen³ tNÀ¯ Pe¯n Xmgv¯nhbv¡pI.
Hcp kndn©v D]tbmKn¨v GXm\pw XpÅn Pew Pe[mc
AtamWnb tiJcn¨ ^vfmkvIn\pÅnte¡v hogv¯pI.
F´mWv \nco£n¨Xv? AtamWnb

Atam-Wn-b-bpsS Pe-¯nse teb-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn¨v F´v

A\p-am-\n¡mw? Pew ^vfmkvIn\pÅnte¡v Cc¨p
Ibdm³ ImcWsa´mbncn¡pw? Pew
^vfmkvIn Ibdp¶ Pe¯n\v \ndwamäap­mIm³
ImcWsa´v?
Atam-Wn-b-bpsS GXp kz`m-h-amWv Cu \ndwamä-¯n\v kndn©v
Imc-Ww?
Atam-Wnb Pe-¯n ebn-¨p-­m-Ip¶ D¸¶w ^nt\m-^vXe
- n³
GsX¶v Xmsg X¶n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-k-a-hmIyw ]qÀ¯o- tNÀ¯ Pew
I-cn¨v Is­¯pI.
NH + H O → .....................
3 2
Nn{Xw 5.2
NphsS ]«nIs¸Sp¯nbn-cn-¡p-¶hbn (]-«nI 5.1)
Atam-Wn-bbv¡v _m[-I-am-bh SnIv ( ) sN¿q.
\ndw D­v / CÃ
KÔw cq£-KÔap­v / KÔ-anÃ
KpWw t_knIv / Akn-UnIv
Pe¯nse tebXzw Ipd-hmWv / hfsc IqSp-X-emWv IT@School Edubuntu
 DÅ
School Resourses
hnse
AtamWnbbpsS km{µX hmbp-hn-t\-¡mÄ Ipdhv / IqSp-XÂ Â
Chemistry for Class X
\n¶pw. Atam-Wn-bm-bpsS
Pe-¯n-epÅ tebXzw þ
]«nI 5.1 hoUntbm \nco-£n-¡p-I.
$ Atam-Wnb Sm¦À adnªv tNmÀ¨ D­m-Ip-
t¼mÄ, shÅw kvt{] sNbvXv Atam-Wn-b-bpsS
Xo{hX Ipd-¡m-dp-­.v CXnsâ ImcWw F´mWv?
AtamWnbbpsS KmV Peo-b-em-b-\n-bmWv en¡À
Atam-Wn-b (Liquor Ammonia). aÀZw D]-tbm-Kn¨v
hfsc thK-¯n Atam-Wnb hmXIw {Zho-I-cn-¡mw.
{Zho-I-cn¨ Atam-Wnb enIznUv Atam-Wnb (Liquid

Ammonia) F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Atam-Wn-b-bpsS D]-tbm-K-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv
t\m¡q.
81
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv -X

$ Atam- W nbw kÄt^äv , Atam- W nbw t^mkv t ^äv , bqdnb

apX-emb cmkhf§Ä \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v.
IT@School Edubuntu hnse
School Resourses  DÅ $ sFkv¹mâpIfn ioXoImcnbmbn.
 \n¶pw.
Chemistry for Class X
ss\{S-P\pw ssl{UP\pw $ ssSepIfpw P\epIfpw hr¯nbm¡m³.
D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ Atam-Wnb
\nÀamWw ]co-£Wime-bnÂ
\nco-£n-¡p-I. $
Hcp t_mbn-enwKv Syq_n AÂ]w Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv (NH4Cl)
FSp¯v NqSm-¡p-I. Hcp {]tXy-I -KÔw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶ntÃ?
$ D­mb hmXIw GXmhm\mWv km[yX?
IT@School Edubuntu hnse
 DÅ
School Resourses
Â
Chemistry for Class X
\n¶pw. Atam-Wnb ¹mâ v
hoUntbm \nco-£n-¡p-I. $ CuÀ¸-apÅ Nph¶ enävakv t]¸À t_mbn-enwKv Syq_nsâ hmbv
`mK¯v ImWn-¡q. F´p- am-ä-amWv \nco-£n-¨Xv?

Cu amäw hmX-I-¯nsâ t_kn-Ikz`m-h-atà kqNn-

tl_À {]{Inb ¸n-¡p-¶-Xv?

Atam-Wnb hymh-km- cq£ K

- Ô
- hpw t_knI kz`m-hh
- p-apÅ Cu hmXIw
bnI- a- mbn \nÀan¡
- p-¶- Atam-Wnb (NH3) BsW¶v Dd-¸m-btÃm?
Xn\v 1912 PÀa³ Ipd- ¨ p- t \cw IqSn enäv a kv t]¸À t_mbn- e nwKv
imkv { X- Ú - \ mb Syq_nsâ hmbv`mK¯v ]nSn¨v \ndw amäw \nco-
{^nävkv tl_À Bhn- £n¡q.
jvI-cn¨ coXnbmWv
tl_À {]{Inb. $ F´v amä-amWv D­m-bXv?
{^n-ävkv tl_À

(1868 þ 1934)
D¶XaÀZ- ¯ nepw
ssl{U-P³ t¢mssdUv (HCl) hmX-I-¯nsâ km¶n-
(200 atm) 450 C Xm]-\n-eb
o
- nepw ss\{S-
[y-amWv CuÀ¸-apÅ enävakv ho­pw Nph¸v \nd-am-
P\pw ssl{U-P\pw 1:3 A\p-]m-X¯ - nÂ
Im³ Imc-Ww. Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv (NH4Cl)
kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨mWv Cu {]{In-b-bnÂ
NqSm- ¡ p- t ¼mÄ km{µX Ipdª NH 3 BZyw
Atam-Wnb \nÀan-¡p-¶Xv. kvt]m©n
]pd¯phcp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v AXns\-¡mÄ km{µX
Ab¬ DÂt{]-cI - a- mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
IqSnb HCl hmX-I-hpw.
¶p. cmkhf\nÀam-W-¯n\v h³tXm-
Xn D]- t bm- K n- ¡ p¶ Hcp {][m\ $ Cu {]hÀ¯-\¯
- nsâ cmk-ka
- h
- mIyw FgpXn
cmkhkvXp-hmWv Atam-Wnb. `£y-kp- t\m¡q.
c£, `£y kzbw]cym-]vXX F¶n-h-
bn-te¡v \½psS cmPyw F¯n-t¨À¶Xv sSÌv Syq_nsâ hi--§-fn Hcp shfp-¯-s]mSn ]än-
lcnXhn¹-h¯ - n-eq-sS-bmWv. lcnXhn¹- ¸n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¨ntÃ? CXv Atam-Wnbw
h-¯nse {][m\ X¯z§fn-sem¶v cmk- t¢mssdUv BWv. ]pd-t¯¡v hcp¶ NH3 bpw HCl
h-f§- f- psS D]-tbm-Ka- m-Wv. hmX-Ihpw {]hÀ¯n-¨mWv CXv D­m-Ip-¶Xv.

82
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
CXv Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v asämcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXp t\m¡mw.
Atam-Wnb hmXIw \nd¨ Kymkv Pmdn-\p-f-fn-te¡v KmV sslt{Um-
t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Un ap¡nb ¥mkv tdmUv ImWn-¡p-I.
F´mWv \nco-£n-¨Xv? ............
cmk-{]-hÀ¯\ ka-hmIyw ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n D¸¶w Is­-¯p.
NH3 + HCl → ......
Hcp ¥mkv Syq_v FSp-¡p-I. Syq_nsâ Hc-ä¯v HCl  ap¡nb ]ªnbpw
atä Aä¯v Atam-Wnb emb-\n-bn ap¡nb ]ªnbpw Syq_nsâ
AI-¯m-bn hc-¯-¡-hn[w h-bv¡p-I. Syq_nsâ c­-ähpw tImÀ¡p-
sIm­v \¶mbn AS-bv¡pI. ¥mkv Syq-_n-\p-Ån D­m-Ip¶ amä-
§Ä \nco-£n-¡p-I.

HCl  ap¡nb ]ªn Atam-Wnb emb-\nbn ap¡nb ]ªn

NH4Cl sâ shfp¯ I«n-bpÅ ]pI

Nn{Xw 5.3
shfp¯ I«n-bpÅ ]pI D­m-b-tÃm? HCl hmXIw NH3 hmX-I-hp-
ambn kwtbm-Pn-¨-XmWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv
L\o-`-hn-¨p-­mb shfp¯ s]mSn ]än¸nSn¨ `mK¯v ¥mkv Syq_v
NqSm¡n t\m¡q.

$ NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ shfp¯ s]mSn¡v F´v kw`-hn-¡p¶p?

NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv hnL-Sn-¡p-¶Xnsâbpw hnL-

Sn-¨p-­mb D¸-¶-§Ä ho­pw kwtbm-Pn-¡p-¶Xnsâbpw ka-hm-
Iy-§Ä t\m¡q.

$ NH4Cl (s) → NH3 (g) + HCl (g)

$ NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)
Ch Hä ka-hm-Iy-ambn Fgp-Xn-bmtem?

NH4Cl (s) U NH3 (g) + HCl (g)

"U " NnÓw Ccp-Zn-i-I-fn-te¡pw {]hÀ¯\w \S-¡p-¶-Xns\ kqNn-
¸n-¡p-¶p.

(" U " NnÓw dnth-gvkn-_nÄ F¶p hmbn-¡Ww)

83
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

Ccp-Zn-i-I-fn-te¡pw \S-¡p¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf D`-b-Zn-im-{]-

hÀ¯-\-§Ä (Reversible reactions) F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
D`-bZ- n-im{]-hÀ¯-\¯- n A`n-Im-cI
- §
- Ä D¸-¶§
- f- mbn amdp¶
IT @ School Edubuntu {]hÀ¯-\s¯ ]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯\w (Forward reaction) F¶pw
hnse School Resources D¸¶- § Ä A`n- I m- c - I - § - f mbn amdp¶ {]hÀ¯- \ s¯
epÅ Chemistry for
Class X open sNbvXv
]ÝmXv{]hÀ¯\w Backward reaction F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
( )

Nne Atem-l- kwbp-à- Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-kahm-Iy-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n¨v ]ptcm-{]-

§Ä F¶ t]Pn \n¶v hÀ¯-\hpw ]Ým-Xv{]-hÀ¯-\hpw GsXm-s¡-sb¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯pI.
Atam-Wnbbpw ssl{U-
P³ t¢mssdUpw $ N (g) + 3H (g) U 2NH (g)
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ 2 2 3

hoUntbm \nco-£n-¡p-I. $ 2SO (g) + O (g) U 2SO (g)

2 2 3

$ H (g) + I (g) U 2HI (g)

2 2

\mw CXp hsc ]cn- N - b - s ¸« cmkka- h m- I y- § Ä C¯- c - ¯ n-

epffXmbn-cpt¶m? tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUpw sslt{Um-t¢m-
dnIv BknUpw X½n-epÅ \nÀho-cn-I-cW {]hÀ¯\ ka-hmIyw
{i²n-¡q.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
C¯c-¯n A`n-Im-c-I-§Ä {]hÀ¯n¨v D¸-¶-§-fm-hp-I-bpw,
F¶m CtX kml-N-cy-¯n D¸-¶-§Ä A`n-Im-c-I-§-fmbn
amdm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv GI-Znim{]hÀ¯\-
§Ä.
IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä...
C + O2→ CO2
NaCl + AgNO3→ NaNO3 + AgCl

cmk-kw-Xp-e-\w
D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-
\- ¯ nsâ {Km^v
(Nn{Xw 5.4) hni-I- ]pt
cm{
e\w sNbvXv \ÂIn- ]h
cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\- \nc¡v →

À¯
bn-cn-¡p¶ tNmZy- B
-\w
§Ä¡v D¯cw A
Is­-¯m³ {ian- C kwXp-e-\mhØ
¡pI. -\w
À¯
Xv{]h
m
]Ý
kabw →
Nn{Xw 5.4
84
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
$ kabw Ign-bp-t´mdpw ]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯-\-th-Kw, ]ÝmXv{]hÀ¯-
\-thKw F¶n-hbv¡v D­m-Ip¶ amäw F´v?

$ ]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-tâbpw ]ÝmXv {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-sâbpw \nc-

¡p-IÄ Xpey-am-Ip¶ _nµp GXv?

Hcp D`- b - Z nim- { ]- h À¯- \ - ¯ n ]ptcm- { ]- h À¯- \ - kwhr-Xh- yqlw

¯nsâbpw ]ÝmXv{]hÀ¯-\¯ - n-sâbpw \nc¡v Xpey- (Closed System)
ambn hcp¶ L«s¯ cmk- k w- X p- e - \ w (Chemical Hcp hyql-¯n-te¡v ]pXpXmbn
equilibrium) F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. bmsXm¶pw tNÀ¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw
AXn \n¶pw bmsXm¶pw \o¡w
CXphsc sNbvX ]co-£W \nco-£W-§-fn-eqsS Is­-
sN¿m- X n- c n- ¡ p- I bpw sNbv X mÂ
¯nb kwXp-e\ - m-hØ
- bpsS khn-ti-jX-If - mWv NphsS sImSp-
A¯cw hyql- a mWv kwhr- X -
¯ncn¡p-¶Xv. hyqlw. kwhr- X - h yq- l ¯nÂ
$ kwXp-e-\m-h-Ø-bn A`n-Im-c-I-§fpw D¸-¶-§fpw am{Xta kwXp- e - \ m- h Ø
kl-hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. (Equilibrium) km[y-am-Iq.
$ kwXp-e-\m-h-Ø-bn ]ptcmþ-]-ÝmXv {]hÀ¯-\ -\n-c-¡p-IÄ
Xpey-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
$ cmk-kw-Xp-e\w X·m-{X-mX-e-¯n KXn-I-am-Wv.
$ kwhrXhyql-§-fn-emWv cmk-kw-Xp-e\w ssIh-cp-¶-Xv.
FÃm kwXp-enXhyql-§-fnepw A`n-Im-c-I-§fpw D¸-
¶-§fpw \ne-\n¡p¶p F¶v \½Ä I­tÃm? kwXp-
e-\m-h-Ø-bn ]ptcm]Ým-Xv{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Htc kabw
Htc thK-¯n \S-¡p¶p. CXn\memWv cmk-kw-Xp-e\w cmk-kw-Xp-e\w
X·m-{Xm-X-e-¯n KXn-I-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. KXnIkwXp-e\w
Hcp hyqlw kwXp-e\
- m-hØ
- - {]m]n-
cmk-kw-Xp-e-\m-h-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {][m-\-s¸« Hcp
¡p¶Xv cmk{]hÀ¯\w \nebv-
imkv{X-X¯z-amWv se -jmävenbÀ F¶ imkv{X-Ú³
¡p-¶-Xp-aqe-aÃ, adn¨v ]ptcm-
Ah-X-cn-¸n¨Xv. ]ÝmXv {]hÀ¯-\§
- f
- psS \nc¡v

Xpey-am-hp-¶X
- p-sIm-­mWv. kwXp-

se jm-även-bÀ X¯zw (Le Chatelier's Principle) e-\m-hØ

- b
- nepw A`n-Im-cI X·m-

""kwXp-e\
- m-hØ
- b
- n-epÅ Hcp hyql-¯n KmVX, aÀZw, {X-IÄ {]hÀ¯n¨v D¸-¶X
- ·
- m-{X-

Xm]-\ne F¶n-hb
- n GsX-¦nepw H¶n\p amäw hcp-¯n- Ifpw D¸-¶-X-·m-{X-IÄ

bm hyqlw Cu amäw-aq-e-ap-­m-Ip¶ ^ew CÃmbva {]hÀ¯n¨v A`n- I m- c - I - X - · m- { X-

sN¿-¯¡hn[w kzbw Hcp ]p\x{I-ao-I-cWw \S¯n Ifpw D­m- b n- s ¡m- ­ n- c n- ¡ p- ¶ p.

]pXnb kwXp-e\
- m-hØ
- b
- n-se-¯p¶p''. CXmWv seþjmäven- AXn-\m cmk-kw-Xp-e\w X·m-

bÀ X¯zw. {Xm-X-e-¯n KXn-I-kw-Xp-e-\am-

sW¶ v (Dynamic equilibrium) ]d-

bmw.

85
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

kwXp-e\mh-Øbn KmV-X-bpsS kzm[o\w

tl_À {]{Inb hgn-bmWv Atam-Wnb hymh-km-bnIambn \nÀan¡p-
¶-Xv. CXnsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw NphsS sImSp-¡p-¶p.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2NH3 (g)
CsXmcp D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-am-WtÃm? kwXp-e\mh-Øbn A`n-
Imcamb ss\{SPsâ KmVX hÀ[n- ¸ n- ¨ p- s h¶v Icp- X p- I . se
jmävenbÀ X¯z-a-\p-k-cn¨v hÀ[n-¸n¨ A`n-Im-c-Is¯ D¸-¶-am¡n
amän-bmWv hyqlw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. F¦nÂ
$ ss\{S-Psâ KmVX Iq«n-bm GXv {]hÀ¯-\-amWv thK-¯nÂ
\S-¡p-¶Xv?
]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯\w/]Ým-Xv{]-hÀ¯\w (icn-bm-bXv ü sN¿p-I)
$ Atam-Wn-b-bpsS KmVX Iq«n-bmtem?

$ D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Atam-Wn-bsb XpSÀ¨-bmbn hyql-¯nÂ

\n¶v amän-bm ^ew F´m-bn-cn¡pw?

Cu kwXpenX-hyq-l-¯n KmV-X-bn D­m-Ip¶ amä-¯nsâ ^ew

FgpXn ]«nI 5.2 ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.
{]hÀ¯\w KmV-X-bnse hyXymkw thK-¯nse amäw

$ IqSp-X ssl{U-P³ $ A`n- I m- c - I - ¯ nsâ KmVX $ ]ptcm- { ]- h À¯\ thKw

tNÀ¡p-¶p. Iq«p-¶p. IqSp-¶p.
$ IqSp- X  Atam- W nb $ D¸-¶-¯nsâ KmVX Iq«p- $ .................................................
tNÀ¡p-¶p. ¶p.
$ Atam- W nb \o¡w $ D¸¶-¯nsâ KmVX Ipd- $ .................................................
sN¿p-¶p. bv¡p-¶p.
$ IqSp- X Â ss\{S- P ³ $ A`n- I m- c I- ¯ nsâ KmVX $ .................................................
tNÀ¡p-¶p. Iq«p¶p.
]«nI 5.2
kwXp-e\mh-Øbpw aÀZhpw
hmX-I-§-fn-emWv aÀZ-¯n\v {]I-S-amb kzm[o\w DÅXv F¶v
\n§Ä¡v- Adn-bm-atÃm?
Atam-Wnb \nÀam-W-¯n aÀZ- hy-Xym-k-¯nsâ kzm[o\w \ap¡v
]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2NH3 (g)
$ Cu cmk-ka
- h
- m-Iy-¯n A`n-Im-cI`mKs¯ X·m-{X-IÄ BsI
F{X tamÄ D­v?

86
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
$ D¸¶`mKt¯m?

ChnsS A`n-Im-c-I-§fpw D¸-¶-§fpw hmX-I-§-fm-W-tÃm.

]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯\w : 4 tamÄ A`n-Im-cI X·m-{X-IÄ → 2 tamÄ

D¸¶ X·m-{X-IÄ (hym]vXw Ipd-bp-
¶p)
]Ým-Xv{]-hÀ¯\w : ...... tamÄ DÂ]-¶ X·m-{X-IÄ → ......
tamÄ A`n-Im-cI X·m-{X-IÄ (hym]vXw
...........)
Hcp hmXIhyql-¯n X·m-{X-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-bp-¶Xv aÀZw Ipd-
bm³ klm-b-I-am-Ip-a-tÃm.
se jmävenbÀ X¯z-a\ - p-kc
- n¨v kwXp-e\ - m-hØ
- b
- n-epÅ hyql-¯nÂ
aÀZw Iq«n-bm hyqlw aÀZw Ipd¨v ho­pw kwXp-e-\m-hØ {]m]n-
¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p.
$ Atam-Wnb \nÀam-W-¯n GXv Zni-bn-te-¡pÅ {]hÀ¯\w
\S-¡p-t¼m-gmWv X·m-{X-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-bp-¶Xv?

$ hyql-¯nsâ aÀZw Iq«n-bm F´p kw`-hn-¡p-¶p?

$ hyql-¯nsâ aÀZw Ipd-¨mtem?

$ Atam-Wnb \nÀam-W-¯n 150 - 300 atm hscbpÅ DbÀ¶

aÀZw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv F´n-\m-bn-cn¡pw?

NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ hmXI cmk-{]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ -k-a-hmIyw

hnebn-cp-¯q.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) U 2HI (g)
$ A`n-Im-c-I`mKs¯ X·m-{X-I-fpsS BsI F®w F{X- tamÄ
BWv?

$ D¸¶`mKt¯m?

ChnsS ]ptcm-þ-]-Ým-Xv{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ^e-ambn A`n-Im-c-I-§-

fp-sSbpw D¸-¶-§-fp-sSbpw tamÄ F®-¯n hyXymkw D­m-Ip-
¶n-Ã-tÃm.
Hcp D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n A`n-Im-cIþD¸¶ `mK-§-fnse
hmXI X·m-{XIfpsS F®-¯n hyXym-k-an-sÃ-¦n A¯cw
cmk- { ]- h À¯- \ - § - f n aÀZ- ¯ n\v kwXpe\m- h ØbnÂ
bmsXmcp kzm[o-\-hp-ap­-mbn-cn-¡p-I-bnÃ.

87
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

kwXp-e\mh-Øbpw Xm]-\n-ebpw
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2 NH3 (g) + Xm]w

CXnse Xm]m-Kn-cW {]hÀ¯-\-taXv?

]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯\w/]Ým-Xv{]h-À¯-\w.

s{XtjmÄUv Xm]-\ne Iq«n-bm hyqlw AXv Ipd-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ^e-

F\ÀPn ambn Xm]m-Kn-c-W-{]-hÀ¯\w thK-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. XXv^-e-ambn D¸-

¶-amb Atam-Wnb hnL-Sn¨v ss\{S-P³, ssl{U-P³ F¶nh-bmbn
Hcp cmk- { ]- h À¯- \ - amdp-¶p. AXp-sIm­v Atam-Wnb IqSpX-ep-­m-Ip-hm³ se jmäven-
¯n GÀs¸-Sm³ A`n-Im- bÀ X¯z-{]-Imcw Xm]-\ne Ipd-bv¡p-I-bmWv th­-Xv. ]t£ Xmgv¶
cI X·m-{X-IÄ¡v D­m-bn- Xm]-\n-eb- n s{XtjmÄUv F\ÀPn ssIh-cn¨ X·m-{X-If - psS F®w
cn-t¡­ Gähpw Ipdª Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. X·qew ]ptcm-þ-]-ÝmXv {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS \nc¡v
Afhv KXn- t ImÀP- a mWv hfsc Ipd-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶X - n-\m hyqlw kwXp-e\- m-hØ {]m]n-¡m³
s{XtjmÄUv F\ÀPn. IqSp-X kabw th­n- h-cpw. AXn-\m hyh-km-bn-I-ambn NH3
\nÀan¡p-t¼mÄ 450oC F¶ A\p-Iqe Xm]-\n-e- (Optimum temperature)
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

kwXp-e\mh-Øbpw DÂt{]-c-Ihpw
cmk-{]-hÀ¯\thKw hÀ[n-¸n-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-§-fm-WtÃm t]mkn-äohv
DÂt{]-c-I-§Ä. D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn ]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯-\hpw
]ÝmXv{]hÀ¯-\-hp-ap-­v. Hcp DÂt{]-c-I-¯n\v GsX-¦nepw Hcp
{]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ am{Xw thKw hÀ[n-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã-. At¸mÄ
D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn DÂt{]-c-I-¯nsâ [Àaw F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
Hcp D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n DÂt{]-c-I-§Ä ]ptcm-þ-]-Ým-Xv{]-
hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS thKw Htc \nc-¡n hÀ[n-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ ^e-
ambn hyqlw hfsc thK-¯n kwXp-e-\m-hØ {]m]n-¡p-¶p.
kwXp-e-\m-hØ ssIh-cn¨ tijw hyql-¯n DÂt{]-cIw tNÀ¡p-
¶Xv KpWw sN¿ptam? D¯cw Is­-¯m³ {ian-¡q...

kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv (H SO ) 2 4

hymhkmbnIambn hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶ Hcp cmkhkvXp

hmWv kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv (H2SO4 ) . kÄ^yqcnIv BknUnsâ
hnhn[ D]tbmK§Ä Xmsg ImWp¶ ]Zkqcy³ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
a\Ênem¡q.

88
  
S + O2 → SO2   

     
SO2 

V2O5

2SO 2 + O 2   2SO3
450o C 

SO3

  →

NT-877-2-CHEMISTRY-10-M-VOL.2

 → 

 


ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

aªpt]mepÅ sNdpIW§fmbn (kvtamKv) amdpIbpw XpSÀ¶pÅ

eb\s¯ XSÊs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿pw.
AXpsIm­mWv kÄ^À ss{SHm- I v s skUns\ KmV H2SO 4Â
ebn¸n¨v Henbw \nÀan-¡p-¶Xv.
^vtfmNmÀ«v ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI
(a)

KmV
(b)

`uXnI KpW§Ä
$ \ndanÃ.
$ hnkvtIm-knän Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-XÂ.
$ Xo{h\miIkz`mhw.
$ Pet¯¡mÄ km{µX IqSpXÂ.
$ Pe¯n ebn¡p¶p.

cmkKpW§Ä
Hcp sSÌvSyq_n 5 mL PesaSp¯v AXnte¡v GXm\pw XpÅn
KmV H2SO 4 kmh[m\w tNÀ¡pI. sSÌv S yq_nsâ ASn`mKw
kv]Àin¨p t\m¡q. F´mW\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv?
{]hÀ¯\w Xm]tamNItam? Xm]mKncWtam?
kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv t\À¸n¡pt¼mÄ Pe¯nte¡v BknUv
A¸m¸-ambn tNÀ¯v Cf¡Ww. BknUnte¡v Pew tNÀ¯mÂ
{]hÀ¯\w Xm]tamNIambXn\m BknUv \½psS ico-c-¯n-
te¡v sXdn¡m\pw s]mÅ-ep-­m-Im\pw CSbmIpw.
\nÀP-eo-I-c-W-KpWw
Hcp hm¨v ¥mkn A¸w ]©kmcsbSp¯v AXnte¡v GXm\pw
XpÅn KmV kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv tNÀ¡pI. amäw \nco-£n-¡q.
]©km-c-bpsS X·m{Xm kq{Xw C12H22O11 BW-tÃm. Cu ]co£-W-
¯nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]cn-tim-[n¨v hne-bn-cp-
¯p-I.
KmV H SO
2 4
C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O

90
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
$ ]©-km-c-bnse LS-I-aq-e-I-§Ä GsXÃmw?
$ D­mb D¸-¶-§-fn Idp¯ ]ZmÀYw GXmWv?
$ ]©-km-c-bnse ssl{U-P-sâbpw HmIvkn-P-sâbpw A\p-]mXw
F´v?
$ ]©-km-c-bnse ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³ F¶o aqe-I-§sf
Pe-¯nsâ AtX A\p-]m-X-¯n BKn-cWw sNbvX ]ZmÀYw
GXmWv?
]ZmÀY-§-fn cmk-]-c-ambn kwtbm-Pn--¨n-cn-¡p¶ Pe-s¯, AsÃ-
¦n ]ZmÀY-§-fnse ssl{U-P-s\bpw HmIvkn-P-s\bpw Pe-
¯nse AtX A\p- ] mX- ¯ n BKn- c Ww sN¿m³ KmV
kÄ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Un\v Ign-bpw. Cu {]{In-b-bmWv \nÀP-eo-I-c-
Ww. KmV kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv iàn-tb-dnb Hcp \nÀPeo-Im-
cn-bm-Wv (Dehydrating agent).
NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§-Ä sNbvXv ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-
bm¡p-I.
\¼À {]hÀ¯\w \nco-£Ww
1. tIm«¬ XpWn- b n KmV kÄ^yq- c nIv BknUv .................................................
hogv¯p-¶p.
2. sNdnb _o¡-dn FSp¯ ¥qt¡m-knte¡v KmV .................................................
kÄ^yq-dnIv BknUv Hgn-¡p-¶p.
3. hm¨v ¥mkn FSp¯ tIm¸À kÄt^äv {InÌ-en-te¡v .................................................
KmV kÄ^yq- d nIv BknUv XpÅn XpÅn- b mbn
tNÀ¡p¶p.
]«nI 5.3
Cu {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn FÃmw kÄ^yq-cnIv B-kn-Unsâ \nÀP-
eo-I-cW KpW-amWv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
timj-Im-cI KpWw
Hcp ]ZmÀYt¯msSm- ¸ - a pÅ Pemwiw BKncWw sN¿m³
Ignbp¶ ]ZmÀY-§-fmWv timj-Im-c-I-§Ä (drying agents).
F¶o hmX- I - § - f psS \nÀamWthfbn KmV
Cl 2, SO 2, HCl
kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv timjImcIambn D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
NH3\nÀamWthfbn timjImcIambn KmV H2SO 4 D]tbmKn-
¡m¯sX´p-sIm­v?

91
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

ehW§fpambpÅ {]hÀ¯\w
KmV kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv t¢mssdUpIfpambn {]hÀ¯n¨v
ssl{UP³ t¢mssdUpw, ss\t{S-äpIfpambn {]hÀ¯n¨v ss\{SnIv
BknUpw D­m-Ip¶p. Cu {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS cmk-k-a-hm-Iy-§Ä
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl

KNO3 + H2SO4 → KHSO4 + HNO3

_mjv]-io-e-apÅ Bkn-Up-Isf Ah-bpsS eh-W-§-fnÂ\n¶v

BtZiw sN¿m³ KmV kÄ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Un\v km[n-¡pw.
sslt{Um-t¢m-dn-Iv BknUv, ss\{SnIv BknUv apX-emb Bkn-Up-
I-fpsS \nÀam-W-¯n\v Cu coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.
HmIvkoIcWKpWw
KmV kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv teml§fpambpw Ateml§fpambpw
{]hÀ¯n¨v Ahsb HmIvkoIcn¡p¶p.
Hcp sSÌvSyq_n A¸w ImÀ_¬ FSp¯v AXnte¡v KmV
kÄ^yqcnIv BknUv tNÀ¯v NqSm-¡p-I. F´p \nco-£n¡mw?
cmkkahmIyw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp \nco-£-W-¯n-\pÅ ImcWw
Is­-¯q.
C + 2H2 SO4 → CO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2
$ aqeI ImÀ_-Wnsâ HmIvkoIcWmhØ F{XbmWv?
$ ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUnse ImÀ_Wnsâtbm?
$ Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯n ImÀ_¬ HmIvko-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-IbmtWm
\ntcm-Ivko-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmtWm sNbvXXv?
$ HmIvko-Imcn GXv?
KmV kÄ^yqcn¡v BknUpw tIm¸dpambpÅ {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ
cmkkahmIyw t\m¡q.
Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2 O
ChnsS tIm¸À HmIvkoIcn¡s¸SpIbmtWm \ntcmIvko-I-cn-¡-s¸-
Sp-I-bmtWm sNbvXXv?
aqeI tIm¸-dn-sebpw tIm¸À kÄt^-än-se tIm¸-dn-sebpw HmIvko-
I-c-Wm-hØIfp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨p Nn´n-¡q.
Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯n HmIvko-Imcn GXv? \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cn- GXv?

kÄt^äv ehW§sf Xncn¨dnbp¶ hn[w

Hcp sSÌvSyq-_n A¸w tkmUnbw kÄt^äv emb\n FSp¯
tijw AXn-te¡v aqt¶m \mtem XpÅn t_cnbw t¢mssdUv (BaCl2)
92
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
emb\n tNÀ¡p-I. {]hÀ¯\^e-ambn shfp¯ Ah-£n]vXw D­m-
btÃm. CXn-te¡v \mtem At©m XpÅn t\À¯ sslt{Um-t¢m-
dnIv BknUv tNÀ¡pI. \nco-£Ww tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. \ÂIn-bn-cn-
¡p¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯\ ka-hmIyw hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

$ D¸-¶-§-fn Pe-¯n ebn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀYw GXmWv?

$ shfp¯ Ah-£n]vXw GXv ]ZmÀY-amWv?
$ t\À¯ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv tNÀ¯-t¸mÄ shfp¯
Ah-£n]vXw ebnt¨m?
Xmsg ]«n-I-bn sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ hnhn[ emb-\n-I-fn-te¡v 1mL
hoXw t_cnbw t¢mssdUv (BaCl ) emb\n tNÀ¯v \nco-£W ^ew
2
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

\¼À emb\n BaCl2 emb\n tNÀ¯-t¸mÄ AXn-te¡v t\À¸n¨ HCl tNÀ¯-t¸mÄ

1 MgSO4 .................................... ....................................

2. ZnSO4 .................................... ....................................

]«nI 5.4

kÄt^äv eh-W-§Ä t_cnbw t¢mssd-Up-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v

shfp-¯-\n-d¯n-epÅ t_cnbw kÄt^äv Ah-£n]vXw D­m-
Ip-¶p. CXv t\À¯ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Un ebn-¡p-¶nÃ.

93
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv -X

hne-bn-cp¯mw

1. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ D`-b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn GXn-emWv aÀZ-

¯n-ep-­m-Ip¶ amäw kwXp-e-\m-h-Øsb kzm[o-\n-¡m-¯Xv?
ImcWw F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
i) H2 (g) + I2 (g) U 2HI (g)
ii) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2NH3 (g)
2. ss\{S-P\pw ssl{U-P\pw tNÀ¶v Atam-Wnb D­m-Ip¶ {]hÀ¯-
\-¯n DbÀ¶ aÀZw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-­pÅ {]tbm-P-\-sa´v?

3. C (s) + H2O (g) U CO (g) + H2 (g)

a) Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nse A`n-Im-c-I-§fpw D¸-¶-§fpw
FgpXpI.
b) hyql-¯n \n¶v D¸-¶-§Ä CS-bv¡nsS amän-s¡m-­n-cn-
¡p-¶p F¶p IcpXp-I. hyql-¯n\v F´p amäw kw`-hn-¡p-
¶p? hyà-am-¡p-I.
4. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) U 2NO2 (g) + Xm]w
Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶h D¸-¶-¯nsâ Af-hns\
F§s\ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p?
a) Xm]-\ne Ipd-bv¡p¶p b) aÀZw Iq«p¶p
c) HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv Iq«p¶p
5. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2NH3 (g) + Xm]w
a) IqSp-X D¸¶w e`n-¡m³ aÀZ-¯n F´v amäw hcp-¯Ww?
b) ]ptcm-{]-hÀ¯\w thK-¯n-em-¡m³ KmV-X-bn hcp-t¯­ amä-
sa´v?
6. k¼À¡ {]{In-b-hgn kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUv \nÀan-¡p¶ hnhn[ L«-
§-fn-sem-¶nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw \ÂIn-bn-cn¡p-¶p. Cu {]hÀ¯-\-
¯n NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ LS-I-§-fpsS kzm[o\w F-s´¶v
Is­¯p-I.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) U 2SO3(g) + Xm]w
$ HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
$ aÀZw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
$ DÂt{]-cIw ht\-Unbw s]tâm-IvsskUv (V2O5) tNÀ¡p-¶p.
$ SO3 \o¡w sN¿p-¶p.
7. ]co-£-W-im-e-bn Atam-Wnb \nÀan-¡p-t¼mÄ timj-Im-c-I-ambn
ImÕyw HmIvsskUv (CaO) BWtÃm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. CaO \v
94
 Atem-lk- w-bp-à§- Ä
]Icw KmV kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUv timj-Im-c-I-ambn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡mtam? D¯cw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.
8. kÄ^yqcnIv Bkn-Unsâ GXv KpW-amWv Xmsg ImWp¶ kµÀ`-
§-fn {]IS-amIp-¶-sX¶v Fgp-Xp-I.
a) t¢mdnsâ \nÀamWthf-bn hmX-Is¯ KmV kÄ^yq-
cnIv Bkn-Un-eqsS IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶p.
b) XSn sIm­pÅ Ae-am-c-I-fn KmV kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUv
hogm-\nShcp¶ `mKw Icnªp t]mIp-¶-Xmbn ImWm-dp­v.
XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯\§Ä

1. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) U 2NH3 (g) + Xm]w F¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\s¯

kqNn¸n-¡p¶ {Km^mWv NphsS \ÂInbn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. -

{]
h
→

À
¯
cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\- \nc¡v

-\
w
C

A
kwXp-e-\mhØ

w
D
-\
¯
À
h
{]

kabw →

a) X¶n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-k-a-hm-Iy-¯n \n¶v {]hÀ¯\w C

bpw {]hÀ¯\w D bpw Xncn-¨-dnªv Fgp-Xp-I.
b) Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n DÂt{]-cIw D]tbm-Kn-¨mÂ
{Km^nse A F¶ _nµp-hnsâ Øm\-¯n\v F´p amäw
hcpw? {Km^v hc¨v ImWn-¡p-I.
2. kÄ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Unsâ D¸m-Z\w Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ hymh-
km-bnI hfÀ¨-bpsS Af-hp-tIm-em-sW¶v ]d-bm-dp-­v. kÄ^yq-
cnIv Bkn-Unsâ hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸Sp¯n
Ipdn¸v Xbm-dm-¡q.
3. Hcp 50mL _o¡-dn ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw ]©-kmc \nd-bv¡q. ]©-
kmc ap§-¯¡ hn[-¯n KmV H SO tNÀ¡p-I. amä-§Ä 2 4
\nco-£n-¡q. D­m-Ip¶ D¸-¶§Ä GsX-Ãm-amWv? kÄ^yq-
cnIv Bkn-Unsâ GXv KpW-amWv ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶Xv?
95
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fn ImÀ_¬ F¶ aqe-I-¯nsâ Øm\hpw

{]m[m\yhpw \n§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«p-­v. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ H«-\-h[n
kwbp-ৠ- f
- n ImÀ_¬ Hcp LS-Ia - m-Wv. DbÀ¶ Imän-t\-j³ Ignhpw
aäv aqe-I-§-fp-ambn hnhn-[-Xcw _Ô-\-§-fn GÀs¸-Sm\pÅ Ignhpw
ImÀ_-Wns\ aäv aqe-I-§-fn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am--¡p¶p. ImÀ_-WnI
kwbp-à-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p¶ ck-X-{´-im-J-bmWv HmÀKm-\nIv sIan-
kv{Sn-sb¶v \n§Ä¡v Adn-bm-atÃm?
hnhn[ Xcw ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS-\-, Ah-bpsS \ma-I-
cW coXn F¶nh \ap¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.
ImÀ_-Wnsâ hme³kn \mem-WtÃm?
Xmsg-sImSp¯ Nn{Xo-I-cWw {i²n-¡q...

| | |
− C− C= C − C≡ C−
|
96
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
ImÀ_-Wnsâ hme³kn- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶ LS-\-IfmWv apI-fn sImSp-
¯-Xv. CXn-te¡v ssl{UP³ Bä-§Ä IqSn-t¨-cp-¶p-sh¶v Icp-Xp-I.
LS\ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-t\m-¡q...

H
| | |
H −C −H C=C −C ≡ C−
| | |
H

Nne HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-§fpsS LS\bpw Ah-bpsS X·m-{Xm-kq-

{Xhpw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS\ X·m-{Xm-kq{Xw
H H
| |
H−C−C−H
| | C 2H 6
H H
H H
C=C
H H C 2H 4

H−C≡C−H C 2H 2

]«nI 6.1
]«n- I - b n \ÂIn- b n- c n- ¡ p¶ kwbp- à - § - f psS khn- t i- j - X - I Ä
Fs´Ãmw?
$ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ BWv.
$ ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡n-S-bn GI _Ô-\w, Zzn_-Ô-\w, {Xn_-
Ô\w DÅ kwbp-à-§Ä D­v.

H H H H
| | | |
H − C − C − H, C=C, H−C≡C−H
| | | |
H H H H

F¶o kwbp-à-§fpsS LS\

CH3 − CH3, CH2 = CH2, CH ≡ CH F¶v Npcp-¡nbpw Fgp-Xmw. C{]-
Imcw Fgp-Xp¶ coXnsb I­³kvUv t^mÀape F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡n-S-bn GI-_-Ô\w am{X-apÅ Hm¸¬ sNbn³
sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-Isf BÂs¡bv³
F¶ hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-
¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
BÂs¡-bv\p-I-fn Hmtcm ImÀ_¬ Bä¯nsâbpw FÃm kwtbm-P-
IXIfpw GI-_Ô - \w hgn ]qÀ¯o-Ic
- n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- n-\m Chsb ]qcnX
sslt{Um ImÀ_-Wp-Ifmbn
- IW-¡m-¡mw. 97
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

ImÀ_¬ BÂs¡-bv\p-I-fpsS I­³kvUv t^mÀape X·m{Xmkq{Xw

Bä-¯nsâ F®w LS\

1 CH4 CH4

2 CH3 - CH3 C2 H 6

3 CH3 - CH2 - CH3 C3 H 8

4 ........................... CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 ........

5 ........................... ........................... C5H12

]«nI 6.2

IUPAC
ck-X{- ´-¯n temI-sa-¼mSpw kw`-hn-¡p¶ \qX\ {]h-WX - I- Ä apt¶m«p sIm­p-t]m-Ip-
¶-Xn\pw AXp-hgn am\hcmin-bpsS ]ptcm-KX - nbv¡v ck-X{- ´-¯n-tâ-Xmb kw`m-h\ \ÂIp-
¶Xn-\p-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ A´m-cmjv{S kwL-S\ - b
- mWv IUPAC (International Union of Pure

and Applied 1919 cq]o- I - c n- ¡ - s ¸« Cu kwL- S - \ - b psS BØm\w

Chemistry).

kznävkÀem³Unse kqdn-¨m-Wv. aqe-I§

- f
- psSbpw kwbp-ৠ- f- psSbpw \ma-Ic- Ww, AtämanI
`mc¯nsâbpw `uXnI Øncm¦§fpsSbpw GIo-I-c-Ww, \qX\ ]Z-§-fpsS AwKo-Imcw
F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n hkvXp-XI - Ä bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-emWv Xocp-am-\n-¡s- ¸-Sp-¶Xv.
IUPAC

$ BÂs¡bv \ pIfn ImÀ_Wnsâbpw ssl{UPsâbpw

Bä§fpsS F®§Ä X½nepÅ _Ôsa´mWv?
$ Hcp BÂs¡bv\n "n ' ImÀ_¬ Bä§Ä Ds­¦n F{X

ssl{UP³ Bä§Ä D­mbncn¡pw?

$ F¦n BÂs¡bv\pIÄ¡v Hcp s]mXp kahmIyw cq]oIcn¨p

IqtS?

98
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
CH4, C2H6 F¶n-h-bpsS X·m-{Xm-kq-{X-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿q.
$ CH4Dw C2H6 Dw X½n ImÀ_¬, ssl{UP³ F¶o

Bä§fpsS F®¯n F´p hyXymkamWpÅsX¶v

Is­-¯q.
HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-§Ä
ssPh kwbp-à-§tfm?
$ C2H6 Dw C3H8 Dw X½nepw Cu hyXym-k-amtWm DÅXv?
HmÀKm- \ nIv kwbp- à - § Ä
ASp-¯-Sp¯ GXv c­v BÂs¡-bv\p-IÄ X½nepw X·m{Xm kky-þ-P´p P\y-amb hkvXp-
kq{X-¯n F´p hyXym-k-am-Wp-ÅXv? ¡-fn \n¶p am{Xta e`n-¡p-I-
bp-Åp-sh¶v BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ
C¯cw kwbp-à-§-fpsS koco-kns\ tlma- t emKkv hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶m 1828Â
kocokv (Homologous Series) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. s{^U- d n¨v thmfÀ (Friedrich
Wohler) F¶ PÀa³ imkv { X-
Hcp tlma-temKkv koco-knsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ t\m¡q.
Ú³ Atam-Wnbw kb-t\äv
$ AwK-§sf Hcp s]mXphmIyw sIm­v {]Xn\n[o
F¶ AssPh ]ZmÀY- ¯ nÂ
Icn¡m³ Ignbp¶p. \n¶pw HmÀKm\nIv kwbp- à -
$ ASp¯Sp¯ AwK§Ä X½n Hcp CH2 {Kq¸nsâ
amb bqdnb \nÀan- s ¨- S p- ¯ p.
CXns\ XpS˦v \nc-h[n ssPh
hyXymkw am{XamWp-Å-Xv.
kwbp-ৠ- Ä AssPh ]ZmÀY-
$ AwK§Ä cmkKpW§fn kmayw {]ISn¸n¡p¶p. §-fn \n¶pw \nÀan-¡s- ¸«p.
Xm]w
$ `uXnIKpW§fn {Iaamb hyXnbm\w ImWn-¡p¶p. NH4CNO → NH2-CO-NH2

ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡n-S-bn Zzn_-Ô-\-tam, {Xn_-Ô-\tam DÅ

sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wns\ s]mXp-hmbn A]q-cnX sslt{Um-ImÀ_¬

F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.

GsX-¦nepw c­v ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡n-S-bn Hcp Zzn_-Ô\w DÅ

sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-Isf B¡o-\p-IÄ F¶ hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q (]«nI 6.3).

ImÀ_¬ B¡o\p-If
- psS
I­³kvUv t^mÀape X·m{Xmkq{Xw
Bä-¯nsâ F®w LS\

2 CH2 = CH2 C2H4

3 CH2 = CH − CH3 C3H6

4 ............................. ............................. ........

5 ............................. CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 ........
]«nI 6.3
99
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X
$ ]«nI 6.3 hni-Ie- \w sNbvXv Hcp B¡o\n n ImÀ_¬ Bä§-
fps­¦n F{X ssl{U-P³ Bäap­mbncn¡psa¶v Is­-¯q.
$ F¦n B¡o\pIfpsS s]mXp kahmIyw cq]oIcn¨pIqsS?
Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q.

apI-fnse ]«n-I-bn \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ B¡o-\p-IÄ Hcp tlma-tem-Kkv-

ko-cokn\v DZm-l-c-W-amtWm F¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡q.

c­p ImÀ_¬ Bä§Ä¡nSbn {Xn_Ô\w (Triple bond)

ImWs¸Sp¶ sslt{UmImÀ_Wnsâ LS\ Nn{Xo-I-cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv
t\m¡q.
H C C H

sslt{UmImÀ_WpIÄ BÂss¡\pIÄ
GsX¦nepw c­v ImÀ_¬ Bä§Ä¡nSbn Hcp {Xn_Ô\apÅ
(alkynes) F¶v \maIcWw

sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶p.
]«nI 6.4 ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

ImÀ_¬ BÂss¡-\p-I-fpsS I­³kvUv t^mÀape X·m{Xmkq{Xw

Bä-¯nsâ F®w LS\

2 CH ≡ CH C2H2

3 CH ≡ C − CH3 C3H4

4 ...................... ..........

5 ...................... ...................... ..........

]«nI 6.4

$ ]«nI 6.4 hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hcp BÂss¡\n n ImÀ_¬

Bä§Ä Ds­- ¦ n F{X ssl{U- P ³ Bä§Ä
D­mbncn¡psa¶v Is­-¯q.
$ F¦n BÂss¡\pIfpsS s]mXphmIyw cq]oIcn¨pIqsS?
BÂss¡-\p-I-fpsS s]mXp-hm-Iyw FgpXnt\m¡q.
$ ]«n-I-bnse BÂss¡\pIÄ tlmatemKkv kocokn\v DZm-l-
cW-amtWm? ]cn-tim-[n¡q.

100
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
\mw CXp-hsc a\-Ên-em-¡nb sslt{UmImÀ_-Wp--I-fpsS hÀKo-I-cWw
NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡q.
sslt{UmImÀ_-Wp-IÄ

BÂs¡bv³ B¡o³ BÂss¡³

C-C C C C C

CnH2n + 2 CnH2n CnH2n - 2

slt{UmImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
ImÀ_- W nI kwbp- à - § - f psS F®- ¡ q- S p- X epw k¦oÀWamb
LS-\-Ifpw aqew Ah-bpsS \ma-I-cWw hfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv.
ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§-fpsS \ma-I-c-W-¯n\v Nne \nb-a§Ä
IUPAC

Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p­v. Ah-bn NneXv ]cn-N-b-s¸Smw. Hcp sslt{Um-

ImÀ_Wnsâ \ma-I-c-W-¯n\v Fs´-Ãm-amWv {][m-\-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-
t¡­Xv?
$ ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fpsS F®w.
$ ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡nS-bn-epÅ cmk-_-Ô-\-§-fpsS kz`mhw.
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fpsS F®w kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ kwJy-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-
¯n ]Z-aq-e-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p.
(Word Root)

C1 = aoXv (Meth) C6 = slIvkv (Hex)

C2 = CuXv (Eth) C7 = sl]väv (Hept)

C3 = s{]m]v (Prop) C8 = HIväv (Oct)

C4 = _yq«v (But) C9 = s\m¬ (Non)

C5 = s]â v (Pent) C10 = sUIv (Dec)

imJ-I-fn-Ãm¯ BÂs¡-bv\p-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw

Nne BÂs¡-bv\p-I-fpsS LS-\m-hm-Iyhpw X·m-{Xm-hm-Iyhpw IUPAC
\mahpw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]cn-tim-[n-¡q.

CH4 aosXbv³ Methane

C 2 H6 CusXbv³ Ethane

101
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

C3H8 s{]ms¸bv³ Propane

IqSp-X hyàX hcp- Ch-bpsS t]cp-I-fn Fs´-¦nepw khn-ti-jX ImWp-¶pt­m?

¯phm³ IT @ School ]Z-aq-e-¯nÂ\n¶p t]cn-te¡v F¯n-b-sX-§-s\-sb¶v hyà-am-Ip-
Edubuntu hnse
School Resources ¶pt­m?
epÅ Chemistry for BÂs¡-bv\p-IÄ¡v t]cp \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fpsS F®w
Class X open sNbvXv kqNn- ¸ n- ¡ p¶ ]Z- a q- e - t ¯m- s Sm¸w Fbv ³ (ane) F¶ {]Xybw
HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à- tNÀ¡p¶p.
§Ä \maI-c-Whpw
sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw aoXv (Meth) + Fbv³ (ane) → aosXbv³ (Methane)
F¶ t]Pn \n¶pw CuXv (Eth) + Fbv³ (ane) → CusXbv³ (Ethane)
HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-
§Ä \ma-Ic- Ww F¶ ]Z-aqew + Fbv³ → BÂs¡bv³
B\n-ta-j³ {]hÀ¯n- ]«nI 6.2 se FÃm BÂs¡-bv\p-I-fp-sSbpw IUPAC \maw FgpXp.
¸n¡pI.
imJ-I-fpÅ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-c-Ww
CXv 5 ImÀ_-¬ Bä-§-fpÅ Hcp sNbn-\m-Wv. F¶m CtX F®w
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä AS-§nb asämcp sNbn³ t\m¡q.
ChnsS ImÀ_¬ sNbn-\n h¶
amäw F´mWv? Hcp ImÀ_¬ Bäw

BÂss¡Â dmUn¡
- Â
]qcnX sslt{Um ImÀ_WpIfnse ImÀ-
imJ- b mbn h¶n- c n- ¡ p¶p F¶p
hyà-am-WtÃm?
_¬ Bä-§f- psS FÃm kwtbm-PI - X
- I- fpw
ssl{U-P-\m ]qÀ¯nbm¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
AXn- \ m cmk- ] - c - a mbn Ch s]m- X psh
DZmko-\a- m-Wv. Hcp BÂs¡-bv\n \n¶v Hcp
ssl{U-P³ Bäw \o¡w sN¿-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ
Ch {]hÀ¯-\-ti-jn-bpÅ Bäw {Kq¸p-I-
fmbn amdp-¶p. Ch-bmWv BÂss¡Â dmUn-
¡-ep-IÄ. aosX-bv\n \n¶pw Hcp ssl{U-
P³ Bäw \o¡w sN¿p-t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶
dmUn-¡Â BWv aossXÂ dmUn-¡Â.
CXp-t]mse
s\ CussXÂ dmUn-¡Â F¶pw
s\ s{]mss¸Â dmUn-¡Â F¶pw \ma-I-
cWw sNbvXncn¡p-¶p.
BÂss¡Â dmUn-¡-ep-Isf km[m-c-W-
bmbn R F¶mWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
Cu ImÀ_¬ sNbn-\n\p-
Ån ssl{U- P ³
Bä§Ä tNÀ¯v
sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wnsâ
LS\m hmIyw Fgp-Xn-bmtem?
C¯-c-¯n imJ-IÄ DÅ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-Isf
\ma-I-cWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ Nne Imcy-§-Ä {i²n-t¡-
­Xp­v. IUPAC \ma-I-c-W-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v Gähpw
\ofw IqSnb (ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fpsS F®w IqSnb)
sNbn-\ns\ {][m\ sNbn-\mbpw (main chain) _m¡n-
bp-Å-hsb imJ-bmbpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-Ww. {][m\ sNbn-
\nse ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡v \¼À \ÂIn imJ-bpsS
Øm\w Is­-¯mhp-¶XmWv.
ImÀ_¬ sNbn\ns\ \¼À sN¿p-
t¼mÄ imJ-IÄ DÅ ImÀ_-¬ Bä-
¯n\v Gähpw Ipdª Øm\-kwJy
hcp¶ coXn-bn Bbn-cn-¡-Ww \¼À
\ÂtI-­Xv.

102
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-¯n\v IUPAC \maw \ÂIp-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶v t\m¡mw.

CXnse ImÀ_¬ sNbn\n\v c­p coXn-bn \¼À \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡q.

(1) (2)
Chbn imJbpÅ ImÀ_¬ Bä-¯n\v Ipdª Øm\-kwJy h¶n-cn-¡p¶ sNbn³ GXmWv?
apJy-sN-bn-\nse ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fpsS F®w :
]Z-aqew :
]n³{]Xybw :
imJ-bmbn hcp¶ BÂss¡Â dmUn-¡-ensâ t]cv :
imJ-bpsS Øm\w :
IUPAC \maw = 2-þaossXÂ_yqs«bv³ (2-Methylbutane)
imJ-bpsS Øm\-kwJy + ssl^³ + dmUn-¡-ensâ t]cv +
]Z-aqew + ]n³{]Xybw
IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ A¡-§fpw A£-c-§fpw X½n ssl^³ ( ) hgn thÀXn-
cn-¡p-¶p.

X¶n-cn-¡p¶ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS \ofw IqSnb ImÀ_¬ sNbn\pw AXnse imJ-I-

fpsS Øm\hpw Is­¯n IUPAC \maw FgpXq (]«nI 6.3).
\ofw IqSnb
imJ-bpsS

kwbpàw sNbn-\nse
imJ-bpsS
Øm\w

IUPAC
\maw
t]cv

ImÀ_¬
Bä-§f- psS F®w
..................... ........... ........... .................................

..................... ........... ........... .................................

CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

..................... ........... ........... .................................

..................... ........... ........... .................................

]«nI 6.3
103
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X
H¶n-e[
- nIw imJ-IÄ AS§nb sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-If- psS \ma-Ic- Ww
Htc imJ- Xs¶ Hcp ImÀ_¬ sNbn-\n H¶n-e-[nIw XhW h¶mÂ
imJ-I-fpsS F®w kqNn-¸n-¡m³ ssU (2 F®w), ss{S (3 F®w)
XpS§nb {]Xy-b-§Ä imJ-bpsS t]cn\v ap¶n tNÀ¡-Ww.
Htc C\w imJ-IÄ H¶n-e-[nIw DÅ-t¸mÄ \ofw IqSnb ImÀ_¬
sNbn-\nse BZys¯ imJbv¡v sNdnb \¼À e`n¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ
CS¯v \n¶v he-t¯m-t«m, he¯p \n¶v CS-t¯mt«m \¼À sN¿-W-
sa-¶mWv IUPAC \nÀtZiw.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

apJy-sN-bn-\nse ImÀ_¬
Bä-§-fpsS F®w : 7
imJIfpsS F®w : 2
CS-¯p-\n¶v he-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
BZys¯ imJ-bpsS Øm\kwJy : 2
he-¯p-\n¶v CS-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
BZys¯ imJ-bpsS Øm\-kwJy : 4
icn-bmbn \¼À sNbvX coXn : CS¯p \n¶v he-t¯m«v
IUPAC \maw : 2,4þssUaossXÂsl]vsäbv³ (2,4-Dimethylheptane)

Nne LS-\m-hm-Iy-§Ä NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Ah \ma-I-cWw

sN¿q.

apJy-sN-bn-\nse ImÀ_¬
Bä-§-fpsS F®w :
imJ/imJ-IÄ :
CS-¯p-\n¶v he-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
BZys¯ imJ-bpsS Øm\ kwJy :
he-¯p-\n¶v CS-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
BZys¯ imJ-bpsS Øm\-kwJy :
ChnsS Øm\-hn-e-bn Fs´-¦nepw
amäw Dt­m? :

IUPAC \maw :

104
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw

apI-fn X¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-¯n apJy-sN-bn-\nse

imJ-I-fpÅ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§sf \¼À sN¿q. imJ-I-fpsS Øm\-kwJy-
WpI-fpsS \ma-I-cW-¯n-\pÅ
Ifn icn-bm-bXv ü sN¿q.
\nÀtZ-i-§Ä
$ {][m\ sNbn³ Is­-¯n,
2,4 imJ/imJ-IÄ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I.

3,5 $ imJ-bpÅ A{K-¯n \n¶pw

ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡v XpSÀ¨-

$ F´mWv IUPAC \maw. bmbn \¼À \ÂIp-I.

NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbpàw t\m¡q. $ H¶n-e-[nIw imJ-I-fpÅ

sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS

Imcy- ¯ n H¶m- a s¯ imJ

{][m\ sNbn-\nsâ GX-{K-¯n-

\-Sp-¯m-tWm, B A{K-¯p-

Cu kwbp-à-¯nse \ofw IqSnb ImÀ_¬ sNbn³ CS¯p \n¶pw \¼À sN¿-Ww.

\n¶v he-t¯m«pw he-¯p-\n¶v CS-t¯m«pw \¼À sN¿q. $ H ¶ m- a s ¯ i m J c ­ - { K - ¯ p -

\n¶pw Htc AI-e-¯n-em-hp-

c­p coXn-bnepw BZys¯ imJ-bpsS Øm\-kwJy Hcp t¼mÄ ASp¯ imJ ]cn-K-

t]mse Xs¶-btÃ? Wn¨v \¼À sN¿Â XpS-tc-­-

$ c­mas¯ imJ GXmWv? Xm-Wv.

$ CXn\v Gähpw Ipdª Øm\-kwJy e`n-¡p-¶Xv Ft¸m-gmWv?

icn-bm-bXv ü sN¿p-I.
CS-¯p-\n¶v he-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
he-¯p-\n¶v CS-t¯m«v \¼À sN¿p-t¼mÄ
IUPAC \maw : 2,3,5 þss{Sao- s sXÂsl- I v s kbv ³ (2,3,5 -
Trimethylhexane)
Xmsg X¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-¯nsâ IUPAC \maw FgpXn t\m¡q.

-------
Hcp ImÀ_-¬ Bä-¯n¯s¶ Htc-bn\w imJ-IÄ cs­®w
h¶m Øm\-kwJy-IÄ BhÀ¯n¨v Fgp-X-Ww.
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kwbpàw {i²n-¡q.
Cu kwbp-à-¯nse imJ-IfpsS F®w :
imJIfpsS t]cp-IÄ :
imJ-I-fpsS Øm\-kwJy-IÄ :
IUPAC \maw :
105
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X
Hcp kwbp-à-¯nsâ t]cv X¶m AXnsâ LS\mhmIyw Fgp-Xm³
Ign-bntÃ?
$ 2,3þssUao-ssXÂ_yq-s«bv³ (2,3-Dimethylbutane) F¶ kwbp-à-
¯nsâ LS\mhmIyw F§s\ FgpXmw?

$ CXnsâ apJy sNbn- \ n F{X ImÀ_¬ Bä- § Ä D­v ?

$ apJy sNbn³ Fgp-Xn-bm-tem?

$ imJ-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv?

$ Ah-bpsS Øm\w Fhn-sS-bmWv?

apJy sNbn-\n imJ-IÄ tNÀ¯v

LS\mhmIyw Fgp-Xn-bmtem?

ImÀ_-Wnsâ kwtbm-PI
- X
- I
- sf ssl{U-P³ \ÂIn ]qÀ¯o-Ic
- n-¨m-tem?

C¯-c-¯n aäv Nne kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS-\mhmIy§Ä IqSn FgpXn

t\m¡q.
NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI 6.4 ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI.
kwbpàw IUPAC \maw
...............................................

2, 3, 3þss{Sao-ssXÂs]sâbv³
...............................................
(2,3,3-Trimethylpentane)

3, 3þssUCu-ssXÂs]sâbv³
...............................................
(3,3-Diethylpentane)

]«nI 6.4
106
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
A]q-cnX sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
X¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-fn \n¶v BÂs¡-bv³, B¡o³,

BÂss¡³ F¶nh ]«n-I-s¸-Sp¯q (]«nI 6.5).

C5H10 , C6H10 , C2H4 , C5H12 , C6H12 , C7H12 , C10H22 , C4H10 , C4H8 , C4H6

BÂs¡bv³ B¡o³ BÂss¡³

]«nI 6.5
$ Ch-bn C2H4 F¶ kwbp-à-¯nsâ LS\mhmIyw Fgp-Xmtam?

$ CXnsâ ]Z-aqew F´m-bn-cn¡pw?

BÂs¡-bv\p-IÄ¡v t]cp \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v ]Z-aq-e-t¯m-sSm¸w "Fbv³'

F¶ {]Xybw tNÀ¡p-a-tÃm.
B¡o-\p-I-fpsS IUPAC \ma-¯n ]n³{]-Xy-b-ambn "Fbv³' amän
"Cu³' tNÀ¡p¶p.
alk + ene = alkene
C2H4 sâ IUPAC \maw : CuXo³ (Ethene)
C4H8 F¶ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wnsâ Hcp LS-\mhmIyw NphsS \ÂIn-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

CXnse ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡v Øm\-- kwJyIÄ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv

{i²n-¡q.

(coXn 1)

(coXn 2)
IUPAC \maIcWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ Zzn_-Ô\w hgn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä¡v Gähpw Ipdª Øm\-kwJy e`n-¡-¯¡
hn[-amWv \¼À \ÂtI-­-Xv.
C¯-c-¯n Øm\-kwJy-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv coXn (1)  BWtÃm.
F¦nÂ
F¶ kwbp- à - ¯ nsâ IUPAC \maw
F´mbncn¡pw?
_yq«vþ1þCu³ (But-1-ene)
$ F¦n _yq«vþ2þCu\nsâ LS-\m-hmIyw F´m-bn-cn-¡pw?

B¡o-\p-IÄ¡v \ma-I-cWw \S-¯p-t¼mÄ Zzn_Ô-\-¯nsâ Øm\w

IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.
107
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

]Z-aqew + Zzn_-Ô\-¯nsâ Øm\w + ]n³{]-Xybw

$ Cu kwbp-à-¯nsâ IUPAC \maw
Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn GXmWv? icn-bm-bXv (ü) sN¿q.
s]â vþ3þCu³
s]â vþ2þCu³
CXp t]mse-Xs¶ BÂss¡-\p-I-sfbpw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp-IqsS?
IUPAC \ma-¯n ]n³{]-Xy-b-ambn "sF³' tNÀ¡pI.
Alk + yne = Alkyne
CussX³ (Ethyne)

]Z-aqew + {Xn_-Ô\-¯nsâ Øm\w + ]n³{]-Xybw

_yq«vþ2þsF³ (But-2-yne)
Cu kwbp-à-¯nse {Xn_-Ô-\-¯nsâ Øm\w amän F{X sslt{Um-
ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ Fgp-Xmw? Ah-bpsS IUPAC \maw IqSn FgpXn t\m¡q.

he-b-kw-bp-à-§Ä (Cyclic or Ring Compounds)

ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä X½n kwtbm-Pn¨v heb cq]-¯n-epÅ kwbp-
à-§Ä D­m-Ip-¶p-sh¶v \n§Ä ]cn-N-b-s¸-«n-«p-­-tÃm. hebkwbp-
à-§sf c­mbn Xcw Xncn-¡mw.
he-b-kw-bp-à-§Ä

Ben-ssk-¢nIv Btcm-am-änIv
kwbp-à-§Ä kwbp-à-§Ä
Ben-ssk-¢nIv sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ
BÂs¡-bv³, B¡o³, BÂss¡³ F¶o Hm¸¬ sNbn³ sslt{Um-
ImÀ_-Wp-I-fp-ambn kmay-apÅ hebsslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fmWv Ch.
$ Nne Ben-ssk-¢nIv sslt{UmImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS LS-\bpw IUPAC
\mahpw NphsS \ÂIp-¶p.
H H
H H C C
C H H
H H H
H C C H
H H C C H C C
H H
ssk-t¢ms{]ms¸bv³ H H
(cyclopropane) C C ssk-t¢m_yqs«bv³
H H (cyclobutane)
ssk-t¢m_yq«o³
(cyclobutene)
108
BtcmamänIv sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ
HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw

X\-Xmb kpK-Ô-apÅ heb kwbp-à-§-

fmWv Ch. hymh-km-bnI {]m[m-\y-apÅ Hcp
Btcm- a m- ä nIv kwbp- à - a mWv s_³ko³
(Benzene). LS\ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-
¡pI.
s_³ko-sâ X·m{Xm hmIyw FgpXn t\m¡q.

^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸p-IÄ (Functional Groups)

HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-§-fn ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³ F¶nh am{X-aÃ
AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ssl{U-P\v ]Icw aäv Bä-§fpw Bäw {Kq¸p-Ifpw
AS-§nb kwbp-à-§fpw D­v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn aosX-bv\nse Hcp
ssl{U-P\v ]Icw OH {Kq¸v hcp¶ Hcp kwbp-à-amWv saX-t\mÄ.
CXp t]mse Hcp ImÀ_¬ DÅ H–COOH F¶ kwbp-à-¯ns\
saX-t\m-bnIv BknUv F¶p hnfn-¡p¶p.
aosXbv\nsâ cmk-`u-XnI kz`m-h-§-fn \n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-
Wv saX-t\mfnsâbpw saX-t\m-bnIv Bkn-Unsâbpw cmkþ`uXnI kz-
`m-h-§Ä. IqSp-X ]cn-io-e-
Nne Bä-§-fp-sStbm Bäw {Kq¸p-I-fp-sStbm km¶n[yw HmÀKm-\nIv \¯n\mbn IT @
kwbp-à-§Ä¡v Nne {]tXyI cmkkz`m-h-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. Chsb School Edubuntu
hnse School
^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸p-IÄ F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. Resources epÅ
Chemistry for Class X
\ap¡v Nne ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸p-IÄ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw. open sNbvXv HmÀKm-
\nIv kwbp-à-§Ä
1. sslt{Um-Ivkn {Kq¸v ( OH) \maI-c-Whpw sFtkm-
OH {Kq¸v AS-§nb Nne kwbp-à-§Ä ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw. sa-dn-khpw F¶
t]Pn \n¶pw HmÀKm-
CH3 OH CH3 CH2 OH \nIv kwbp-à-§Ä
ImÀ_¬ sNbn-\nt\mSv _Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ OH {Kq¸v BWv Ch-bpsS
\ma-I-cWw F¶
Interactive animation
{]tXyI kz`m-h-§Ä¡v Imc-Ww. AXn-\m OH {Kq¸ns\ ^Mvj- {]hÀ¯n-¸n¡pI
WÂ {Kq¸mbn IW-¡m-¡mw.

OH (sslt{Um-IvknÂ) ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸mbn hcp¶ kwbp-à-§sf

s]mXp-hmbn B¡-tlm-fp-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.

B¡-tlm-fp-Isf \ma-Ic
- Ww sN¿p-¶Xv ImÀ_¬ Bä-§f
- psS F®w
A\p-k-cn-¨pÅ BÂs¡-bv\nsâ t]cnse 'e' ¡v ]Icw HmÄ ('ol') F¶
{]Xybw tNÀ¯m-Wv.

Alkane - e + ol ® Alkanol
Methane - e + ol → Methanol (saX-t\mÄ)

Ethane - e + ol → Ethanol (FX-t\mÄ)

109
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kwbpàw t\m¡q.

$ X·m-{Xm-hmIyw FgpXq
F¶m Cu kwbp-àtam?

$ X·m-{Xm-hmIyw FgpXq
Ch X½n F´mWv hyXymkw?
ChnsS ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w amdn.
At¸mÄ Cu c­v kwbp-à-§-fp-sSbpw IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ
^MvjWÂ {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w IqSn tNÀt¡-­-XtÃ? ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸v
AS-§nb ImÀ_¬ Bä-¯n\v Ipdª Øm\kwJy-bmWv \ÂtI-
­Xv. ChnsS H¶m-as¯ kwbpàs¯ s{]m¸³þ1þHmÄ (Propan-1-
ol) F¶v hnfn¡mw.
$ F¦n c­m- a s¯ kwbp- à - ¯ nsâ IUPAC \maw Fgp- X n
t\m¡q.

2. ImÀt_m-Ivkn-enIv {Kq¸v
⎡
⎢⎣ AsÃ-¦n ⎤
⎥⎦

^Mvj-W {Kq¸mbn hcp¶ kwbp-à-§Ä ImÀt_m-Ivkn-

enIv Bkn-Up-IÄ (Carboxylic acids) F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ch-bpsS
IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ apJy sNbn-\nsâ t]cn-t\mSv tNÀ¶v HmbnIv
BknUv ( oic acid) F¶ ]n³{]Xybw tNÀ¡p-¶p.
-

alkane - e + oic acid ® alkanoic acid.

hn\m-Kncn Hcp ImÀt_m-Ivkn-enIv Bkn-Um-Wv. CXnsâ LS-\m-hmIyw

{i²n-¡q.

CXnsâ IUPAC \maw FX- t \m- b nIv Bkn- U v (Ethanoic acid)

F¶mWv.

110
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw

ImÀ_¬ AS-§nb ^Mvj-W {Kq¸p-I-fn ^Mvj-W {Kq¸nse

ImÀ_¬ Bäs¯ {][m\ sNbn-\nsâ `mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.
AXm-bXv ethane - e + oic acid ® Ethanoic acid

saX-t\m-bnIv BknUv (Methanoic acid).

s{]m¸t\m-bnIv BknUv (Propanoic acid)

^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸nse ImÀ_¬ Bäw apJy sNbn-\nsâ `mK-ambn ]cn-
K-Wn-¨-Xtà Cu t]cv hcm³ Imc-Ww?
3. lmtem {Kq¸v
^vfqtdm ( –F), t¢mtdm (–Cl), t{_mtam ( –Br), AbtUm ( –I) XpS-§nb
^Mvj-W {Kq¸p-IÄ DÅ HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-§Ä D­v. Chsb
lmtem kwbp-à-§Ä F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p. Chsb IUPAC \ma-I-cWw
sN¿p¶ hn[w NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.

lmtem {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w + -þ + lmtem {Kq¸nsâ t]cv + BÂs¡-

bv\nsâ t]cv

1þt¢mtdm-s{]m-s¸bv³ (1-Chloropropane)

2, 2-ssUt¢mtdm_yqs«bv³ (2, 2-Dichlorobutane)

4. BÂt¡mIvkn {Kq¸v ( )

BÂt¡mIvkn {Kq¸v AS-§nb kwbp-à-§-fmWv CuX-dp-IÄ (Ethers).

Ch-bpsS IUPAC \maIcWw F§-s\-sb¶v t\m¡mw.

CutXmIvknCusXbv³ (Ethoxyethane)

aotXmIvknCusXbv³ (Methoxyethane)
AXm-bXv BÂt¡mIvknBÂs¡bv³ F¶mWv CuX-dp-Isf \ma-I-
cWw sNt¿-­-Xv.
{Kq¸n\v Ccp-h-i-hp-apÅ BÂss¡Â dmUn-¡-ep-I-fn \ofw IqSn-
b-Xns\ BÂs¡bv³ Bbpw \ofw Ipd-ª-Xns\ BÂt¡mIvkn {Kq¸m-
bpw ]cn-K-Wn¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

111
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

apI- f n NÀ¨- s N- b v X - X nsâ ASn- Ø m- \ - ¯ n ]«nI 6.6 ]qÀ¯n

bm¡q.
^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸v ^MvjW
- Â {Kq¸v AS-§nb kwbpàw IUPAC \maw
.............................. ..............................
.............................. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH ..............................
Cl .............................. 2 þ t¢mtdms]sâbv³
.............................. CutXm-Ivko-s{]m-s¸bv³
]«nI 6.6
sFtkm-sa-dnkw (Isomerism)
c­v kwbp-à-§Ä NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡q.

IqSp-XÂ ]cn-io-e-
\¯n\mbn IT @
School Edubuntu
hnse School
Resources epÅ $ Cu c­v kwbp-à-§Ä X½n Fs´ms¡ kmay-ap-­v?
Chemistry for Class X
open sNbvXv HmÀKm-
\nIv kwbp-à-§Ä X·m-{Xm-hmIyw :
\maI-c-Whpw sFtkm- ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸v :
sa-dn-khpw F¶ $ F´mWv Ch X½n-epÅ hyXymkw?
t]Pn \n¶pw
sFtkm-sa-dnkw F¶
Interactive animation
{]hÀ¯n-¸n¡pI {Kq¸v tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ ImÀ_¬ Bä-¯nsâ Øm\kwJy hyXy-
kvX-a-tÃ? Cu kwbp-à-§Ä¡v Htc X·m-{Xm-hm-Iy-am-Wv DÅ-Xv.
F¶m ^Mvj-W {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w hyXy-kvX-hp-am-Wv. Chbv¡v
Htc X·m{XmhmIy-am-sW-¦nepw Ch hyXykvX kwbp-à-§Ä BWv.
Ch sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ (Isomers) F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu kwbp-
à§Ä cmk`uXnI kz`m-h-§fn hyXy-kvXX ImWn-¡p¶p.
Htc X·m-{Xm-hm-IyapÅXpw- hyXy-kvX `uXn-I-þ-cm-k-Kp-W-§-tfmSv
IqSn-bXpw Bb kwbp-à-§-fmWv sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ. Cu {]Xn-`m-
ks¯ sFtkm-sa-dn-kw F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
ta¸dª DZmlcW-¯n sFtkm-sa-dp-I-fpsS LS-\m-hm-Iy-¯n-em-
WtÃm hyXymkw DÅ-Xv. LS-\m-hmIyw hyXym-ks-¸-Sp¶ aäp Nne
DZm-l-c-W-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
Xmsg sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ c­v kwbp-à-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡q.

112
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw

$ c­n-sâbpw X·m-{Xm-hmIyw Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q. IUPAC \mahpw

\n§Ä¡v Fgp-Xm-a-tÃm?
$ Ch X½n-epÅ hyXym-kw F´mWv?
Ch-bpsS sNbn³ Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWm?
Htc X·m-{Xm-hm-Iy-ap-Å-hbpw F¶m sNbn³ LS-\-bn hyXy-
kvXX ]peÀ¯p-¶hbpw Bb kwbp-à-§-fmWv sNbn³ sFtkm-
sa-dp-IÄ (Chain isomers).
$ , Ch-bnse ^MvjWÂ {Kq¸p-IÄ
GsXm-s¡-bmWv?
$ Ch-bpsS X·m-{Xm-hmIyw Fgp-Xnt-\m-¡q.
Ch sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ BtWm? Ch-bpsS IUPAC \ma-§Ä bYm-
{Iaw FX-t\mÄ, aotXmIvknaosXbv³ F¶m-Wv.
kwbp-à-§-fpsS X·m-{Xm-hmIy§Ä H¶p Xs¶-sb-¦nepw Ah-
bnse ^Mvj-W {Kq¸p-IÄ hyXy-kvX-sa-¦n Ah ^Mvj-WÂ
sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p (Functional isomers).
Htc X·m-{Xm-hm-Iy-apÅ Cu kwbp-à-§-fn ^Mvj-W {Kq¸p-IÄ
hy-Xy-kvX-am-b-Xp-sIm-­mWv ^Mvj-WÂ sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ D­m-bXv
F¶v a\-Ên-em-bn-tÃ?
\n§Ä BZyw ]cn-N-b-s¸« c­v kwbp-à-§Ä {i²n-¡q.

Ch sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ BsW¶v Adn-bm-atÃm?

CXnse ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸mb {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w t\m¡q. c­pw
hyXy-kvX-a-tÃ?
ChbpsS IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xn-bncn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡q.
s{]m¸³þ1þHmÄ (Propan-1-ol)

s{]m¸³þ2þHmÄ (Propan-2-ol)

113
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

Ch s]mkn-j³ sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ (Position isomers) F¶v Adn-b-

s¸-Sp-¶p.
Htc X·m-{Xm-hm-Iyhpw Htc ^Mvj-WÂ {Kq¸pw DÅ c­v kwbp-
à-§f- n ^MvjW -  {Kq¸nsâ Øm\w hyXy-kvXamsW-¦n Ah
s]mkn-j³ sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ BWv.
$ Cu kwbp-à-¯nsâ s]mkn-j³ sFtkm-
sa-dp-IÄ FgpXn t\m¡q.

$ Xmsg sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n¨v Ch-bnse

sFtkm-saÀ tPmUn-IÄ GsXm-s¡-sb¶v Is­¯n Fgp-Xq.
Ah GXp hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¶-h-bmWv?
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

$ F¶ kwbp-à-¯n\v
F{X s]mkn-j³ sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ km[y-amWv?
CXnsâ ^Mvj-WÂ sFtkm-sa-dpI-fpsS LS-\m-hm-Iyhpw IUPAC
\mahpw FgpXpI.

$ F¶ kwbp- à - ¯ n\v
F{X sNbn³ sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ km[y-amWv? Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q.

$ hnhn[ kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS-\m-hmIyw X¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsb

hnhn[ sFtkm-saÀ tPmUn-I-fmbn ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

114
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw
Hmtcm kwbp-à-¯n-tâbpw IUPAC \maw IqSn Fgp-Xm-a-tÃm?

1.
2.

3.

4.

hne-bn-cp¯mw
1. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-«pÅ kwbp-à-§-fnse apJy sNbn-\p-IÄ AS-bm-
f-s¸-Sp¯pI.

2. Nne ImÀ_¬ sNbn-\p-Ifn Øm\-kwJy \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv

t\m¡q-I. Ahbn sXäp-Åh Is­¯n Xncp¯n Fgp-Xp-I.

a)

b)

115
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

c)

d)

3. X¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-fpsS IUPAC \ma-§Ä Fgp-XpI.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

i.

j.

116
 HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à§
- f- psS \ma-Ic- W
- hpw sFtkm-sa-dn-khpw

4. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS\mhmIy-§Ä Fgp-

XpI.
a. 2, 2þssUaossXÂ slIvskbv³

b. _yq«vþ2þCu³

5. C H F¶ X·m-{Xm-hm-Iy-apÅ B¡o\nsâ LS\mhmIyw FgpXp-

5 10
I. CtX kwbp-à-¯nsâ sFtkms-aÀ Bb Hcp Benssk¢nIv
kwbp-à-¯nsâ LS\m hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.

XpSÀ{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
1. Hcp sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Nne kqN-\-IÄ NphsS
sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ C5H10 F¶ cmk-kq{Xw
$ Hcp aossXÂ imJ-bp­v
a) Cu kwbp-à-¯n\v km[y-amb GsX-¦nepw c­v sFtkm-
sadp-I-fpsS LS-\mhmIy-§Ä FgpXpI.
b) ChbpsS IUPAC \ma§Ä Fgp-Xp-I.
2. NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-fpsS IUPAC \ma-§Ä
FgpXpI.
a)

b)

c)

117
ckX{´w $ ÌmtâÀUv - X

d)

e)

f)

g)

3. C4 H10O F¶ cmk-kq-{X-apÅ kwbp-à-¯n\v km[y-amb FÃm

sFtkm-sa-dp-IfpsSbpw LS\mhmIy-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. Ah-bn \n¶v
sFtkm-saÀ tPm-Un-Isf Is­¯n Ah GXv sFtkm-sa-dn-k-
¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-sW¶v Is­-¯p-I.
4. NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-fn \n¶v aq¶v tPmUn
sFtkm-sa-dp-IÄ Is­-¯p-I. Hmtcm tPmUnbpw GXpXcw
sFtkm-sa-dn-k-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-sW¶v Fgp-Xp-I.
a) s{]m¸³þ1þHmÄ

b) 2, 2, 3, 3þsS{Sm-aossXÂ_yqs«bv³

c) HIvsSbv³

d) s{]m¸³þ2þHmÄ

e) aotXmIvknCusXbv³

5. c­v HmÀKm-\nIv kwbp-à-§-fpsS LS-\m-hmIyw X¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

(i) (ii)

a) Hmtcm kwbp-à-¯n-sâbpw IUPAC \maw F´v?

b) Cu kwbp-à-§-fnse Hcp kmayhpw Hcp hyXym-khpw Fgp-
Xp-I.
c) Cu {]Xn-`mkw GXv t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p?

6. NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kwbp-à§

- f- psS LS-\m- hm-Iy-§Ä Fgp-
Xp-I.
a) sskt¢m-s]sâbv³

b) sskt¢m-_yq-«o³

118
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \nc-h[n ]Zm¿Y-߃ Hm¿Km-
\nIv ck-X-{¥-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. acp-∂p-I-ƒ, t]mfn-a-dp-I-ƒ, C‘-\-߃, B¬°-tlm-
fpIƒ, tkm∏v, Un‰¿P‚ v F∂nßs\ ]e-Xcw Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡-߃ F√mw \n¿an-°-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv hnhn[ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nne ASn-ÿm\ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
BtZi cmk-{]-h¿Ø\߃ (Substitution Reactions)
aosXbv≥ (CH4) kqcy-{]-Im-iØ
- ns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ t¢mdn-\p-ambn cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\Ø
- n¬ G¿s∏-
Sp∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-߃ {i≤n-°q.

L´w 1

ao-sXbv≥ t- ¢m-tdm-ao-sXbv≥

ChnsS aosX-bv≥ X≥am-{X-bnse Hcp ssl{U-P≥ B‰w amdn B ÿm\Øv t¢mdn≥ B‰w
h∂ptNcp-Ibt√ sNøp-∂Xv?
Cu {]-{Inb XpS¿∂mtem?
L´w 2, 3, 4 F∂nh bYm{Iaw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
ckX{¥w $ Ãmt‚¿Uv - X

L´w 2

ssUt¢m-tdm-ao-sXbv≥

L´w 3

ss{St¢m-tdm-ao-sXbv≥
(t¢mtdm-t^mw)

L´w 4

sS{Sm-t¢m-tdm-ao-sXbv≥
(Im¿_¨ sS{Sm-t¢m-ssd-bU v )v

aosXbv≥ t¢mdn-\p-ambn cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ L´w L´-

ambn Hmtcm ssl{U-P≥ B‰-sØbpw am‰n ]Icw t¢mdn≥ B‰w h∂p
tNcp-Ib
- mWv sNøp-∂X - .v X¬^-ea - mbn CH3Cl (t¢mtdmaosXbv≥), CH2Cl2
(ssUt¢mtdmaosXbv≥), CHCl3 (ss{St¢mtdmaosXbv≥), CCl4 (sS{Smt¢mtdm-
ao-sXbv≥) F∂o kwbp-‡ß - f
- psS an{in-Xw D≠m-Ip-∂p. CØcw {]h¿Ø-
\-ßsf BtZi cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Hcp kwbp-‡-Ønse Hcp B‰sØ am‰n AXns‚ ÿm\Øv as‰mcp
B‰tam B‰w {Kqt∏m h∂p tNcp∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv BtZi
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃.
$ CH3 ⎯ CH3 (CusXbv≥) t¢mdn-\p-am-bn BtZ-i-cmk {]h¿Ø-
\Øn¬- G ¿s∏- S p- t ºmƒ D≠mIp∂ kwbp- ‡ - ß ƒ GsX√mw?
FgpXn t\m°q.

AUo-j≥ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (Addition Reactions)

$ CusXbv≥, CuXo≥ F∂o X∑m-{X-I-fpsS LS\mhmIyw Fgp-Xn
t\m°q.

$ CuXo\nse Im¿_¨ -˛- Im¿_¨ cmk-_-‘\-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-

X-sb¥v?

CuXo-\n¬ Im¿_¨ ˛ Im¿_¨ Zzn_-‘-\ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v CXv Hcp

A]q-cnX kwbp-‡-amWv F∂v Adn-bm-at√m?
A]q-cnX kwbp-‡-߃ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah
]qcn-X -kw-bp-‡-߃ BIm≥ {ian-°pw.

120
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

\ap°v CuXo-≥ X∑m-{X-bpsS Hcp cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ \n°¬ (Ni) D¬t{]-c-I-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬
CuXo≥ ssl{U-P\ - p-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X
- ns‚ cmk-ka
- h
- mIyw \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Ni

Ni

CuXo≥ CusXbv≥

$ F¥mWv D¬∏∂-ambn e`n-®Xv?

kam-\-amb as‰mcp cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w {i≤n-°q.

s{]m∏o≥ 1, 2˛ssUt¢mtdms{]ms∏bv≥

$ ChnsS A`n-Im-c-I-amb sslt{Um-Im¿_-¨ GXmWv?

$ D¬∏-∂-ambn e`n® kwbp‡w ]qcn-X-amtWm A]q-cn-X-amtWm?

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ AUo-j≥ cmk{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse D¬∏-∂-

ßsf Is≠Øn ]´nI 7.1 ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w D¬∏∂w D¬∏-∂-Øns‚
IUPAC \maw
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 ............................... ...............................

CH2=CH2 + HCl ............................... ...............................

CH3−CH=CH2 + H2 ............................... ...............................

CH3−CH=CH−CH3 + HBr ............................... ...............................

]´nI 7.1
121
ckX{¥w $ Ãmt‚¿Uv - X

CXp-t]mse B¬ss°\pI-fn-sem-∂mb CussX≥ ssl{U-P-\p-ambn

AUo- j ≥ {]h¿Ø- \ - Ø n¬ G¿s∏- S p- ∂ - X ns‚ cmk- k - a - h mIyw
{i≤n°q.

CussX≥ CuXo≥

CuXo≥ CusXbv≥

Zzn_-‘\w/{Xn_-‘\w D≈ A]q-cnX Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ßƒ

a‰p Nne X∑m-{X-Ifp-ambn tN¿∂v ]q-cnX kwbp-‡-ßfmbn amdp∂
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv AUo-j≥ cmk{]h¿Ø-\w.

t]mfn-sa-ssd-tk-j≥ (Polymerisation)
CuXo≥ X≥am-{X-Iƒ AUo-j≥ cmk{]h¿Ø\w \SØn ]qcnX kwbp-
‡-ß-fm-Ip-∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.
At\Iw CuXo≥ X≥am-{X-Iƒ D∂Xa¿Z-Ønepw Xm]-\n-eb
- nepw D¬t{]-
c-I-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ H∂n®v tNcp∂ {]h¿Ø-\w t\m°q. Chn-
sS-bp-≠mIp∂ D¬∏-∂-amWv t]mfn-Øo≥.

CuXo≥ X∑m-{X-Iƒ

CuXo≥ t]mfnØo≥

eLp-hmb At\Iw X≥am-{X-Iƒ A\pIq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßfn¬ H∂n-

®p-tN¿∂v k¶o¿W-amb X≥am-{X-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv
t]mfn-sa-ssd-tk-j≥. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ X∑m-{X-I-fmWv t]mfnsa-
dp-Iƒ (Polymers).

C{]Imcw kwtbm- P n- ° p∂ eLp- X∑m- { X- I sf tamtWm- s a- d p- I ƒ

(Monomers) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂Xpw a\p-jy-
\n¿an-X-hp-amb At\Iw t]mfn-sa-dp-Iƒ \mw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p≠v.
ss]∏p-Ifpw a‰pw \n¿an-°m≥ km[m-cW- bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp t]mfn-
sadmWv PVC (Polyvinylchloride). At\Iw t¢mtdm-CX
- o≥ (hnss\¬t¢m-
ssdUv) X≥am-{X-Iƒ tN¿∂mWv CXv D≠mIp-∂-Xv.

122
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

hnss\-¬t¢mssdUv t]mfnhnss\-¬t¢mssdUv
(Vinylchloride) (PVC)

sS^vtfm¨ \ap°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp t]mfn-sa-dm-Wv. t\m¨ÃnIv ]mN-I-

∏m-{X-ß-fpsS Dƒ{]XeØnse Bh-c-W-ap≠m-°m≥ CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂p. CXns‚ tamtWm-sa¿ sS{Sm-^vfqtdmCuXo≥ BWv. ChnsS \S-°p∂
t]mfn-sassd-tk-j≥ {]h¿Ø\w ka-hm-Iy-cq-]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bncn-°p-
∂Xv {i≤n-°q.

sS{Sm-^f
v qtdmCuXo≥ sS^vtfm¨
Tetrafluroethene Teflon

\ap°v ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Nne t]mfn-sa-dp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS tamtWm-sa-dp-Ifpw

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]´nI 7.2 NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[w
]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
tamtWm-sa¿ t]mfn-sa¿ D]tbmKw
....... PVC .......
CuXo≥ ....... .......
{]Ir-Xn-ZØ d∫¿ .......
sFtkm-{]o≥ (t]mfnsFtkm-{]o≥)
....... sS^v-tfm¨ .......
]´nI 7.2

sslt{UmIm¿_-Wp-I-fpsS Pze\w
(Combustion of Hydrocarbons)

sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ an°-hbpw C‘-\a

- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h
- b
- m-Wv.
asÆ-Æ, s]t{Smƒ, F¬.-]n.Pn apX-em-bh CØ-cØ
- n-ep-≈h
- b
- m-Wv.

sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ IØp-tºmƒ Ch hmbp-hnse HmIvkn-P-\p-

ambn {]h¿Øn®v CO2, H2O F∂nhtbmsSm∏w Xm]hpw {]Im-ihpw
D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ Pze\w (Combustion) F∂p hnfn-
°p-∂p.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Xm]w

123
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Pze-\{- ]-{Inb Hcp Xm]-tam-NI {]h¿Ø-\a

- m-bX
- n-\m-emWv sslt{Um-
Im¿_-Wp-Isf C‘-\ß
- f
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂v a\- n-em-bt- √m.
$ - mb LPG bnse {][m\ LSIw _yqs´bv≥ BWv.
Km¿lnI C‘-\a
_yqs´bv≥ (C4H10) IØp-tºmƒ \S-°p∂ cmk{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
k-a-hmIyw \n߃°v Fgp-Xmtam?

Xm]ob hnL-S\w (Thermal Cracking)

X∑m-{Xm-`mcw IqSp-X-ep≈ Nne sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ hmbp-hns‚
Akm- ∂ n- [ y- Ø n¬ NqSm°p- t ºmƒ Ah hnL- S n- ® v X∑m- { Xm- ` mcw
Ipd™ sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Ifmbn amdp∂p. Cu {]{In-b-bmWv
Xm]ob hnL-S-\w.
\nc-h[n D¬∏-∂-߃ Cu coXn-bn¬ \n¿an-s®-Sp-°p-∂p≠v.
Xm]ob hnL-S-\-Øn\v km[y-X-bp≈ G‰hpw eLp-hmb sslt{Um
Im¿_-Wp-If
- n-sem-∂mWv s{]ms∏-bv≥. s{]ms∏bv≥ hnL-Sn°p-∂X
- ns‚
ka-hmIyw ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

CH3 − CH2 − CH3 → CH2 = CH2 + CH4

s{]ms∏bv≥ CuXo≥ aosXbv≥

IqSp-X¬ Im¿_¨ B‰-߃ Dƒs∏´ sslt{UmIm¿_-Wp-Iƒ Xm]ob

hnLS-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ Im¿_¨ sNbn≥ ]e coXn-bn¬
hnLSn-°-s∏-Sm-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-≠v. Xm]ob hnL-S-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn
GsX√mw D¬∏-∂-ßfmWv D≠m-Ip-I-sb-∂Xv hnL-S-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-
am-Ip∂ sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, Xm]-\n-e, a¿Zw F∂n-
hsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. as‰mcp DZm-l-cWw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
{i≤n°q.

CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3→ CH3 − CH2 − CH2− CH3 + CH3 − CH = CH2

sl]vs‰bv≥ _yqs´bv≥ s{]m∏o≥

Heptane Butane Propene

]qcnX sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ Xm]ob hnLS\Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-

tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fn¬ ]qcnX sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Ifpw
A]q-cnX sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

124
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

πmÃnIv amen-\y-߃ CØ-c-Øn¬ Xm]ob hnL-S\w \SØn eLp-

hmb X∑m{XIfm°n am‰m≥ Ign-bpw. aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n°m≥
Hcp ]cn[nhsc CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p.
sslt{UmIm¿_-Wp-If
- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI-
I-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
]´nI 7.3, 7.4 Ch ]q¿Ønbm-°q.

→ ....................
CH3Cl + Cl2 → .................... + HCl

.................... →

CH4 + .................... → CO2 + H2O

.................... →
]´nI 7.3

A, B, C F∂o tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh Is≠Øn

tN¿sØ-gp-Xq.

(A) (B) (C)

A`n-Im-c-I-߃ D¬∏-∂-߃ cmk-{]h-¿Ø-\-Øns‚ t]cv

CH3−CH3 + Cl2 CO2 + H2O AUoj≥ cmk{]h¿Ø\w

C2H6 + O2 CH2=CH 2 Xm]ob hnLS\w
nCH2=CH2 CH2=CH2 + CH4 BtZicmk{]h¿Ø\w
CH3−CH 2−CH3 CH3−CH2Cl + HCl t]mfns-a-ssdtk-j≥

Pze\w
]´nI 7.4
Nne {][m\ Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡-߃
C\n Nne Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
1. B¬°-tlm-fp-Iƒ (Alcohols)
c≠v kwbp-‡-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°q.
CH 3– OH
CH3–CH 2– OH

125
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Cu c≠v kwbp-‡-ß-fp-tSbpw IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xm-at√m?

CXn¬ saX-t\m-fns\ hpUv kv]ncn‰v (Wood spirit) F∂pw FX-t\m-fns\

t{Kbv]v kv]ncn‰v (Grape spirit) F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. −OH ^Mvj-W¬
{Kq∏p-I-fp≈ Im¿_-WnI kwbv‡-ß-fmWv B¬°-tlm-fpIƒ.
a. saXt\mƒ (CH3OH)
saX- t \mfns\ s]bn‚ v \n¿am- W - Ø nse emb- I ambpw hm¿Wn- j v ,
t^m¿am-en≥ apX-em-b-h-bpsS \n¿amWØnse A`n-Im-c-ambpw D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂p.
AXn-\m¬ CXns‚ hymh-km-bn-I- \n¿amW-Øn\v hfsc {]m[m\yw
Ds≠∂v hy‡-at√?
Im¿_¨ tamtWm-Ivssk-Uns\ Db¿∂ Dujvam-hnepw a¿±-Ønepw
D¬t{]-c-IØns‚ km∂n-[y-Ønepw ssl{U-P-\p-ambn {]h¿Øn∏n®mWv
saX-t\mƒ hymh-km-bn-Ia
- mbn \n¿an-°p-∂X
- v. CXv Hcp hnj-hk
- vXp-hmWv.
CO + 2H2 CH3 ⎯ OH
saX-t\mƒ

b. FX-t\mƒ (CH3CH2OH)
hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B¬°-tlm-fmWv
FX-t\mƒ.
hnhn[ Hm¿Km- \ nIv kwbp- ‡ - ß - ƒ , s]bn‚ v F ∂n- h - b psS \n¿am-
WØnepw, Hm¿Km-\nIv emb-Iambpw FX-t\mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p--∂p.
H‰bvt°m a‰p kwbp-‡-ß-fpambn tN¿tØm CXv C‘-\ambpw- D]-
tbmKn°p∂p-≠v. FXt\m-fns‚ IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-K-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn
]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm°q.

_nh-tdPv

................

Hm¿Km-\nIv
kwbp-‡ß- f- psS FX-t\mƒ C‘\w
\n¿amWw

................
acp-∂p-IfpsS embIw
{]nk¿th-‰ohv

FX-t\m-fns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿amWw

]©-km-c- \n¿amW ka-bØv ]©-kmc {InÃ-ep-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®-tijw
Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ]©-kmc AS-ßnb amXr-{Zm-h-IamWv (Mother liquor)
samfm- k kv (Molasses). CXns\ t\¿∏n® tijw boÃv tN¿Øv
s^¿at‚-j≥ \SØn-bmWv FX-t\mƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. boÃn-ep≈
126
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

C≥sh¿t´-kv, ssktakv F∂o F≥ssk-ap-I-fpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ CXv

GXm\pw Znh-k-߃°Iw FX-t\mƒ Bbn amdp∂p.

C12H22O11 + H2O C≥sh¿t´kv C6H12O 6 + C6H12O 6

kpt{Imkv (]©-km-c) •qt°mkv {^IvtSmkv

C 6 H 12 O 6 ssktakv 2C2H5-OH + 2CO2

FX-t\mƒ
CXn¬ 8 - 10% hsc FX-t\mƒ ASßnbn-cn-°pw. CXv hmjv F∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p. hmjns\ AwinI tkzZ\w \SØn 95.6% hocy-ap≈ FX-
t\mƒ AYhm dIv‰nss^-Uv kv]ncn‰v (Rectified spirit) \n¿an-°p∂p.
aZy-]m-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hyh-km-bnI Bh-
iy-Øn-\p≈ FX-t\m-fn¬ hnj-]-Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿°mdp≠v. Cu D¬∏-
∂sØ Unt\-t®¿Uv kv]ncn‰v (Denatured spirit) F∂v ]d-bp∂p. hnj-
]-Zm¿Y-ambn saX-t\mƒ tN¿Øm¬ e`n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-amWv saXn-te-
‰Uv kv]ncn-‰v (Methylated spirit). 99% Øne-[nIw ip≤-amb FX-t\mƒ
A_vk-eyq´v B¬°-tlmƒ (Absolute alcohol) F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
A_vkeyq´v B¬°-tlmfpw s]t{Smfpw tN¿∂ an{inXamb ]h¿
B¬°-tlmƒ (Power alcohol) hml-\-ß-fn¬ C‘-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p. Ãm¿®v AS-ßnb hkvXp-°-fmb _m¿en, Acn, ac-®o\n apX-em-
b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw FX-t\mƒ \n¿an-°mdp≠v.
2.Im¿t_m-Ivkn-enIv Bkn-Up-Iƒ (Carboxylic Acids)
−COOH ^Mvj-W¬ {Kq∏v AS-ßnb kwbp-‡-ß-fmWv Im¿t_m-Ivkn-
enIv Bkn-Up-Iƒ.
CH3−COOH, CH3−CH2−COOH F∂o kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS IUPAC \ma-߃
\n߃°v Adnbmat√m.
Nne Im¿t_m-Ivkn-enIv Bkn-Up-I-fpsS t]cpw LS-\bpw sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ ]´nI 7.5 {i≤n-°q.

X∑m{Xm hmIyw LS\m hmIyw IUPAC \maw- km[m-cW\maw-

saX-t\m-bnIv t^manIv
H ⎯ COOH
BknUv BknUv

CH3⎯ COOH FX-t\m-bnIv Ak-‰nIv

BknUv BknUv

CH3 ⎯ CH2 ⎯ COOH s{]m]t\m-bnIv s{]mt]ymWnIv

BknUv BknUv

]´nI 7.5

127
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an° ]g-ßf - nepw Hm¿Km-\nIv Bkn-Up-Iƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Im¿_¨

B‰-ßfpsS FÆw IqSp-X¬ D≈ Hm¿Km-\nIv Bkn-Up-Isf ^m‰n Bkn-
Up-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. GItZiw 5 - 8% hocy-ap≈ FX-t\m-bnIv
BknUv (Ak-‰nIv BknUv) BWv hn\m-Kncn F∂v Adn-bs∏Sp∂Xv.
FX-t\m-fns\ hmbp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Ak-t‰m-_m-IvS¿ F∂
_mIvSo-cnb D]-tbm-Kn®v s^¿a-t‚-j≥ \S-Øn hn\m-Kncn \n¿an-°mw.
FX-t\m-bnIv Bkn-Uns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿amWw
saX-t\m-fns\ D¬t{]-c-I-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ tamtWm-
Ivssk-Up-ambn {]h¿Øn-∏n®v FX-t\m-bnIv BknUv hymh-km-bn-I-
ambn \n¿an-°p∂p.

CH3 ⎯ OH + CO CH ⎯ COOH
D¬t{]-cIw
saX-t\mƒ FX-t3\m-bnIv BknUv

FX-t\m-bnIv Bkn-Uns‚ D]tbm-K-߃ \n߃°v enÃv sNømtam?

$ dtbm-Wns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn¬
$ d∫¿, kn¬°v hyh-km-b-Øn¬

3.FÃ-dp-Iƒ (Esters)
B¬°-tlm-fp-Ifpw Hm¿Km-\nIv Bkn-Up-Ifpw XΩn¬ {]h¿Øn-®m¬
FÃ- d p- I ƒ e`n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu {]h¿Ø- \ sØ FÃ- d n- ^ n- t °- j ≥
(esterification) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. ]g-ß-fp-sSbpw ]q°-fp-sSbpw kpK-‘-ap-
≈h-bmWv FÃ-dp-Iƒ. Aß-s\-sb¶n¬ FÃ-dp-Iƒ F¥ns\√mw {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-SpØmw F∂v enÃv sNøp-I.

FX-t\m-bnIv BknUv, FX-t\mƒ F∂nh KmV kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-

Uns‚ km-∂n-[y-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn®v CussX¬ FX-s\m-tb‰v F∂
Fÿ D≠m-Ip∂p. Cu cmk-{]-h¿Ø\Øns‚ ka-hm-Iy-am-Wv NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

FX-t\m-bnIv BknUvv FX-t\m-ƒ CussX¬ FX-s\m-tb‰v

FÃ-dp-I-fpsS LS-\m-hm-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂v CXns‚ ^MvjW¬ {Kq∏v

⎯ COO⎯ BsW∂v hy‡-am-bt√m?

128
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

X∂n-cn-°p∂ LS-\m-hm-Iy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v FÃ-dp-Isf sXc-s™-

Sp°q. Cu FÃ-dp-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\m-h-iy-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw Is≠-
Øm-a-t√m.
1. CH3–CH2– COO–CH3
2. CH3–CH2– COOH
3. CH3–CH2–CO–CH3
4. CH 3– OH
5. CH 3– CH2– CH 2OH
6. CH3– COOH
7. CH3–COO–CH2–CH2–CH3

tkm∏v
]man‰nIv Bkn-Uv, Ãnb-dnIv Bkn-Uv, Hen-bnIv BknUv apX-emb
^m‰n Bkn-Up-Ifpw •nk-tdmƒ F∂ B¬°-tlmfpw tNcp-tºmƒ
D≠m-Ip∂ FÃ-dp-I-fmWv FÆ-Ifpw sImgp-∏p-I-fpw. FÆ-Ifpw sImgp-
∏p-Ifpw B¬°-en-I-fp-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ eh-W-ß-
fmWv tkm∏v. km[m-c-W-bmbn CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ B¬°-en-I-
fmWv tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUpw s]m´mkyw sslt{Um-Ivssk-
Upw. hymh-km-bn-I-ambn tkm∏v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ (Hot
process) Dt]m¬∏-∂-ambn e`n-°p∂ •nk-tdmƒ Huj-[-߃, kuμcy
h¿≤I hkvXp-Iƒ XpSßn Ht´sd ]Zm¿Y-߃ \n¿an-°m≥ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p.

tkm∏v \n¿an°mw:
Hcp _o°-dn¬ 40 mL Pe-sa-SpØv AXn¬ 18 {Kmw tkmUnbw
sslt{Um-IvsskUv (ImÃ-nIv tkmU) ebn-∏n-°p-I. emb-\nsb
XWp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. 100 {Kmw shfn-s®Æ Cu emb-\n-bn-
te°v Aev]m-ev]ambn tN¿Øv Cf-°pI. D≠m-Ip∂ tkm∏ns\
A®p-I-fn¬ Hgn®v I´n-bm-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. tkm∏v D≠m-°m≥
Bh-iyamb hkvXp-Iƒ°v ]pdta h¿Æ-h-kvXp-°ƒ, kpK‘
{Zhy-߃ Ch tN¿°p-tºmƒ hyXykvX \nd-Ønepw K‘-Øn-
ep-ap-ff tkm∏v e`n-°p-∂p.

tkm∏v Agp°v \o°w sNøp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v t\m°mw. tkm∏n\v

FÆ-I-fn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hcp t\m¨t]m-fm¿ A{Khpw Pe-Øn¬ ebn-
°p∂ Hcp t]mfm¿ A{Khpw D≠v. tkm∏nse sslt{Um-Im¿_¨
`mKw FÆ-bn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw Atbm-WnI `mKw (t]mfm¿ `mKw)

129
ckX{¥w $ Ãmt‚¿Uv - X

Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tkm∏ns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬

Agp-°ns\ Ffp∏w \o°w sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IqSmsX Pe-Øn¬ tkm∏v
tN¿°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ {]X-e-_ew IpdbpIbpw XpWn \∂mbn \\-
bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Pe-Øn\pw Agp°n\pw CS-bn¬ tkm∏v Hcp IÆn-
bmbn {]h¿Øn®v Agp-°ns\ \o°w sNøp-∂p.
Un‰¿P‚ v
tkm∏p-Isft∏mep≈ ipNo-Im-cn-I-fmWv Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ. Chbv°pw
tkm∏ns\ t]mse FÆ-I-fn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hcp t\m¨t]m-fm¿ `mKhpw
Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hcp t]mfm¿ `mKhpw D≠v. tImƒ, s]t{Sm-fnbw
Ch-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-If
- n¬ \n∂mWv Un‰¿P‚p-
Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. an° Un‰¿P‚p-Ifpw kƒt^m-WnIv Bkn-Uns‚
eh-W-ß-fm-Wv.
Hcp {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXp t\m°mw.
Hcp sSÃv Syq-_n¬ 10 mL UnÃn¬Uv hm´dpw as‰m-∂n¬ Xpey Afhv
ITn\ Pehpw FSp-°p-I. c≠nepw GXm\pw Xpffn tkm∏v emb\n
tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. c≠v sSÃv Syq-_p-I-fnepw Htc Afhv ]X-
bp-≠m-Ip-∂pt≠m? GXv sSÃv Syq-_n-emWv IqSp-X¬ ]X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv?
\nßfpsS \nK-a\w F¥mWv?
as‰mcp ]co-£Ww IqSn sNømw.
c≠v sSÃv Syq-_p-I-fn¬ 10 mL hoXw ITn-\-P-e-sa-Sp-°p-I. H∂n¬
GXm\pw Xp≈n tkm∏v emb-\nbpw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ Xpey Afhv
Un‰¿P‚ v emb-\nbpw tN¿°p-I. c≠v sSÃv Syq-_p-Ifpw \∂mbn Ipep-
°p-I. F¥mWv \nco-£Ww? GXv sSÃv Syq-_n-emWv IqSp-X¬ ]X
D≠m-Ip-∂Xv?
ITn\ Pe-Øn¬ tkm∏v \∂mbn ]X-bp-∂n-√. Pe-Øns‚ ImTn-\y-Øn\v
ImcWw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p-ff Nne Im’yw, a·ojyw eh-W-ß-fmWv.
Cu eh-W-߃ tkm∏p-ambn {]h¿Øn®v Ateb kwbp-‡-߃ D≠m-
Ip-∂-Xm-Wv ]X Ipd-bm≥ Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ Cu eh-W-
ß-fp-am-bn- {]h¿Øn®v Ateb kwbp-‡-߃ D≠m-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬
ITn\ Pe- Ø n¬ Un‰¿P‚p- I ƒ tkm∏n- t \- ° mƒ ^e- { ]- Z - a m- W v .
CXpt]mse Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ Akn-UnIv emb-\n-I-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Un‰¿P‚p-If - psS AanX D]-tbmKw ]mcn-ÿnXnI {]iv\ß
- ƒ°v
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Un‰¿P‚ v IW-ßsf Pe-Ønse kq£va Pohn-Iƒ°v
Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hnL-Sn-∏n°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Pe-Øn¬
FØp∂ Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬]v A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-
∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v t^mkvt^‰v AS-ßnb Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ B¬K-I-
fpsS hf¿® Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pe-Ønse HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv ]cn-
an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS izk-\-Øn-\p-ff
130
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS \mi-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-

Ibpw sNøp∂p.
Un‰¿P‚n\v tkm∏ns\ At]-£n-®p-ff ta∑-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xnbpw enÃv
sNøp-I.

hne-bn-cpØmw
1. c≠v cmk kahmIy-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
a. CH2 = CH2 + H2 → A
kqcy-{]-Imiw
b. A + Cl2 B + HCl
A bpw B bpw GsX√mw kwbp-‡ßfmsW∂v Is≠-Øp-I. Hmtcm
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw GXv t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p?
2. sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS {][m\ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS t]cp-
Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pw Hmtcm DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-I.
3. s{]ms∏-bv\ns‚ cmk-kq-{X-sa-gp-Xp-I. CXp t¢mdn-\p-ambn BtZi
cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w \SØptºmƒ D≠m-Im-hp∂ c≠v kwbp-‡-ß-
fpsS t]cpw LS-\mhm-Iyhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
4. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ cmk{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ka-hmIyw ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-I. Cu cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-w GXv hn`m-KØn¬s∏Sp∂p?
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 + ... Ο2 → __________ + __________
5. X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ t]mfn-sa¿ D≠m-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ X∑m-{X-Iƒ
Gh?
_yqs´-bv≥, s{]ms∏-bv≥, s{]m∏o≥, aosX-bv≥, _yq´o≥

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃
1. sslt{UmIm¿_- W p- I - f psS hnhn[ cmk- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ
\n߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-amW-t√m. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ kμ¿`-߃ Is≠-ØpI.
2. FX-t\m-fns‚ hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-߃ enÃv sNøp-I. FX-t\mƒ
_nh-td-Pmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ cmk-]-c-ambn CXp a\p-jy-i-
co-c-Øn\v D≠m-°p∂ tZmj-h-i-ßfpw CXp-≠m-°p∂ kmaqly
{]iv\-ßfpw tN¿Øv Hcp {]_‘w Xbm-dm-°pI.
3. \n߃°v tkm∏p-≠m-°m-\-dn-bm-at√m? hnhn[ \nd-Ønepw aW-
Øn-ep-ap≈ tkm∏p-≠m-°m≥ {ian-°q. tkm∏ns‚ ck-X-{¥-sØ-
°p-dn®v Hcp sNdp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

131
ckX{¥w $ Ãmt‚¿Uv - X

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

132
 Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡ß
- f- psS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

133
ckX{¥w $ Ãmt‚¿Uv - X

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

134
 kpcIvjbv¡mbn Aán-ia- \- n-IÄ
Aán-i-a-\n-I-fpsS kne-­-dp-IÄ Hm^o-kp-I-fnepw sI«n-S-§-fnepw
Xntb-ä-dp-I-fnepw \n§Ä I­n-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. Chsb F§s\ D]-
tbm-Kn¡mw F¶v t\m¡mw. I¯p¶ hkvXp-¡-fpsS ASnØm-\-
¯n Xo A©mbn Xcw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
¢mkv A þ km[m-cW Xo ]nSn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-§-fmb t]¸À,
acw, ¹mÌn-Iv, XpWn-¯-c-§Ä F¶nh I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv B þ {Zmh-I-§-fmb s]t{Sm-fnbw DÂ]-¶-§Ä I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo
¢mkv C þ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Â D]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶p-­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv D þ aKv\o-jyw, tkmUn-bw, enXnbw, s]m«mkyw XpS-
§nb I¯p¶ teml-§-fn \n¶p-­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv K þ ]mNIw sN¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn¡- p¶ F®-IÄ I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo.
hnhn[ Xcw Xo AW-bv¡p-hm³ Htc C\w Aánia-\n-IÄ D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ ]mSn-Ã. GXv Xcw Xobv¡mWv D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-­Xv
F¶p-ÅXv Aán-i-a-\n-I-fn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡pw.
Aán-i-a-\n -{]-h-À¯n-¸n-t¡­ coXn
$ knen­dnsâ apI-fn lm³Un-en DÅ ]n³ hen-¡p-I.
$ AW-bvt¡­ Xobn-tebv¡v t\mkn Xncn-¡p-I.
$ lm³Un AaÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-bv¡p-I.
$ Xobn CO In«p¶ coXn-bn hoip-I.
2

]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nÄ 79