1.

Background
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances. A mixture can consist of several
elements or compounds. The components that make up a mixture can be separated according to
the physical properties of the substances that compose it. There are two kinds of mixtures,
namely homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures (Hart H, 2003).
Heterogeneous mixtures can still be distinguished by the naked eye. So that we can know
the constituent components without taking special actions. While heterogeneous mixtures are
usually used to separate mixtures, including filtration, centrifugation, decantation, evaporation,
distillation, chromatography, sublimation, sample separation, extraction and magnetic attraction
(Hart H, 2003) .
Sublimation is a change of state from solid to gas without melting first, for example ice
that evaporates without melting first. At normal pressure more matter and matter has three
different states at different temperatures. In this case the transition from a solid to a gas requires
an intermediate state. However, for some, its form can directly change to gas without melting.
This can happen when the air pressure in the substance is too low to prevent these molecules
from escaping from the solid state. Sublimation can also be interpreted as a mixture separation
method based on a mixture of substances that have one substance that can sublimate (change
from solid to gas), while other substances cannot sublimate. For example, a mixture of iodine
and salt can be separated by a sublimation procedure (Nurul A, 2016).
2. Purpose
The purpose of this sublimation experiment is to separate the mixture by sublimation
3. Benefits
The benefits of sublimation experiments are that students can find out how to separate mixtures
by sublimation
4. Theory
Sublimation
Sublimation is the process of changing solids into steam and the steam will be condensed
directly into solids without going through the liquid phase. Based on the pressure-temperature
(PT) diagram for water, sublimation will occur for substances that have a triple point above the
triple point of water. solids can directly turn into vapor or vice versa without going through the
liquid phase. One of the changes in form that can be used for the separation of mixtures is
sublimation or sublimation (Nurul A, 2016).
Sublimation is one of the separations of substances that easily sublimate, changing the
state of a solid to a gas or from a gas to a solid. When the particles that make up a substance are
given an increase in temperature, the particles will sublimate into a gas, on the other hand, if the
temperature of the gas is lowered, the gas will immediately change its form to become hot. The
resulting gas is collected and then cooled again. The condition for separating mixtures in
sublimation is that the mixed particles must have a large difference in boiling points so that we
can produce steam with a high level of purity. Likewise, the sample requirements for sublimation
are with volatile chemical properties so that the sublimation process is easy (Nurul A, 2016).
In sublimation experiments, purification of naphthalene using the sublimation process is
due to the nature of naphthalene which easily sublimes and is a colorless crystalline solid.
The reaction of naphthalene is very fast. This is because solids in the sublimation process
undergo a direct process of changing into gas without going through the liquid phase, then
condensing into solids or crystals again. So that in the sublimation process, naphthalene does not
change into other compounds, only changes form (phase) from solid to gas (Ismayani A, 2007).
Separation of mixtures by sublimation is a mixture separation process that can be used to
separate sublime components from non-sublimable mixtures. For example:
1. The process of separating camphor from sand
2. How does the separation of camphor from sand work
3. Camphor is a substance that can sublimate when heated.
If this camphor is mixed with impurities such as sand, to separate the camphor with impurities
can be done by the sublimation process.
How to separate camphor from sand:
1. Ice cubes are placed on top of the camphor.
2. Crystallized camphor.
3. The result is a mixture of camphor and sand.
Crystallization is a method for purification of solid compounds resulting from organic reactions.
The recrystallization method involves 5 steps:
Solvent selection
The best solvents are those in which the compound being purified is only slightly soluble
at room temperature but very soluble at high temperatures, for example at the boiling point of the
solvent. The solvent must dissolve impurities easily and must be volatile, so that it can be
separated easily from the material being purified. . The boiling point of the solvent must be lower
than the melting point of the solid to prevent formation of oil. The solvent should not react with
the substance to be purified and must be easy to price (Nurul A, 2016).
Solubility of solid compounds in hot solvents
The solid to be purified is dissolved in a minimum amount of hot solvent in an Erlenmeyer flask.
At the boiling point, a small amount of solvent is added until it is seen that no additional material
has dissolved. Avoid excessive additions.
Solution filter
The saturated solution which is still hot is then filtered through filter paper which is
placed in a filter funnel.
Crystallization
The hot filtrate is then allowed to cool in a beaker. The substance in pure separates some
of the crystals. Crystallization is complete if a large number of crystals are formed. If
crystallization does not occur during cooling of the filtrate for a sufficiently long time, the
solution must be made more saturated.
Crystal separation and drying
The crystals are separated from the mother liquor by filtration. Filtration is generally
carried out under pressure using a Buchner funnel. When the mother liquor is finished, the
crystals are washed with pure cold solvent to remove adhering impurities. The crystals are then
dried by pressing filter paper in an oven, vacuum desiccator or drying piston (Nurul A, 2016).
5. Practical Method
Implementation Time and Place
The time for the Sublimation practicum on April 8, 2019 at 13.50-15.20 WITA at the Chemical
Laboratory of STIKES Bina Mandiri Gorontalo.
Tools and materials
The tools and materials used in this practicum are 100 ml Chemical Glasses, 500 ml Chemical
Glasses, Porcelain Cups, Mortal and Pastels, Watch glasses, tripods, Bunsen burners, wire gauze,
stirring rods, color markers (H, M, B). ,HJ), Ruler, pencil, 20 cm filter paper,
naphthalene/camphor, sand powder, aquadest.
Work procedures
1. Mix 2 g of crushed naphthalene/camphor with 1 g of sand powder into a porcelain cup.
2. Stir with a stirring rod until the two are completely mixed.
3. Heat the mixture of naphthalene/camphor with sand powder (in a porcelain dish) over the
flame of a spirit burner (don't forget to use tripod and wire gauze) and cover the top of the
porcelain cup with a watch glass.
4. Heat until a change occurs on the watch glass.
5. Observe the changes that occur.
6. Turn off the flame of the spritus burner, (let it sit until the porcelain cup and watch glass)
7. Observe the changes that occur in the watch glass.

6. Results
The results obtained in this practicum are as follows:
Table 4.1.1 Observations using CaCO3
No Observable Data Observation Results
1. Changes that occur when heating (in a porcelain
dish) There are crystals
2. Changes that occur in the watch glass (when There are crystals
heating)
3. Substance that forms on the watch glass after Crystal
cooling (form and type/name)
4. The color of the substance on the watch glass is Brown
5. The state of the mixture in a porcelain dish after The only impurity left is
heating CaCO3
Table 4.1.2 Observation Results using Sand Powder

No Observable Data Observation Results

 1. Changes that occur when heating (in a porcelain There are crystals
dish)
2. Changes that occur in the watch glass (when There are crystals
heating)
3. Substance that forms on the watch glass after Crystal
cooling (form and type/name)
4. The color of the substance on the watch glass Brown

5. The state of the mixture in the porcelain dish The state of the mixture
after heating in the porcelain dish
after heating

7. Discussion
Sublimation is one of the separation of substances that easily sublimate. change of state
from solid to gas or from gas to solid. If the particles that make up a substance are given an
increase in temperature, the particles will sublimate into a gas, otherwise if the temperature of
the gas is lowered, the gas will immediately change its form to heat. The resulting gas is
collected and then cooled again. The condition for separating mixtures in sublimation is that the
mixed particles must have a large difference in boiling points so that we can produce steam with
a high level of purity. Likewise, the sample requirements for sublimation are with volatile
chemical properties so that the sublimation process is easy.
In the first experiment using samples of naphthalene and sand powder. Using
Naphthalene or camphor is a compound that is very easy to sublimate. Naphthalene is easily
isolated because it sublimes from solution as colorless crystalline flakes with a melting point of
800C. The reaction of naphthalene is very fast. This is because solids in the sublimation process
undergo a direct process of changing into gas without going through the liquid phase, then
condensing into solids or crystals again. So that in the sublimation process, naphthalene does not
change into other compounds, only changes form (phase) from solid to gas.
Then there will be a change when heating in the porcelain cup that is there are crystals.
While the changes that occur in the glass When the watch warms up, there are crystals.
Substances that form on the watch glass after cooling are crystals. Then the color of the
substance on the watch glass is brown. And the state of the mixture in the porcelain cup after
heating only left impurities in the form of sand powder.
 In the second experiment using samples of naphthalene and CaCO3. Using naphthalene
or camphor is a compound that is very easy to sublimate. Naphthalene is easily isolated because
it sublimes from solution as colorless crystalline flakes with a melting point of 800C. The
reaction of naphthalene is very fast. This is because solids in the sublimation process undergo a
direct process of changing into gas without going through the liquid phase, then condensing into
solids or crystals again. So that in the sublimation process, naphthalene does not change into
other compounds, only changes form (phase) from solid to gas.
Changes that occur when heating in a porcelain dish are crystals. While the changes that
occur in the watch glass when heating is there are crystals. Substances that form on the watch
glass after cooling are crystals. Then the color of the substance on the watch glass is brown. As
well as the state of the mixture in the porcelain cup after heating, only impurities in the form of
CaCO3 remain.
In the last experiment, the sublimation of camphor (naphthalene). Purification of
naphthalene using the sublimation process is due to the nature of naphthalene which easily
sublimes and is a colorless crystalline solid. The reaction of naphthalene is very fast. This is
because solids in the sublimation process undergo a process of direct change into gas without
going through the liquid phase, then condensed into solids or crystals again. So that in the
sublimation process, naphthalene does not change into other compounds, only changes form
(phase) from solid to gas.

8. Conclusion
The conclusion in this practicum is that sublimation is one of the separations of
substances that easily sublimes. change of state from solid to gas or from gas to solid. If the
particles that make up a substance are given an increase in temperature, the particles will
sublimate into a gas, otherwise if the temperature of the gas is lowered, the gas will immediately
change its form to heat.
The resulting gas is collected and then cooled again. The condition for separating
mixtures in sublimation is that the mixed particles must have a large difference in boiling points
so that we can produce steam with a high level of purity. Likewise, the sample requirements for
sublimation are with volatile chemical properties so that the sublimation process is easy.
9. Suggestions
 As for suggestions that can be given in this sublimation experiment, students can find out
how to separate mixtures by sublimation
10. Bibliography
Dede Sutriono, 2019. Analytical chemistry. As Salam Library
Hart Harold, 2003. Organic Chemistry. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Ismayani Arifin, 2007. Separation and purification of solids
Nurul Azizah, 2016. Purification of camphor with sublimation