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10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
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Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
Submitted: 02 January 2018
Published online in ‘accepted manuscript’ format: 23 August 2018
Manuscript title: Behavior of Slender RC Columns with Inclination
Author: Rabab Allouzi
Affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Corresponding author: Rabab Allouzi, Department of Civil Engineering, the University of
Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Tel.: +962795288527.
E-mail: r.louzi@ju.edu.jo

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
Abstract

This paper investigates the non-linear behavior of slender reinforced concrete (RC) columns with inclination.

The available studies on the inclined columns (not strut) are not sufficient in comparison to those on the

conventional columns and struts. The critical buckling load of inclined slender columns is derived first using

second-order analysis then 3D finite element models are created to propose a relationship to estimate the

effective flexural rigidity of straight columns pushed up to buckling threshold. Finally, the buckling loads

estimated using FE models of inclined columns and proposed effective flexural rigidity are further used to

evaluate the effective length factor of inclined columns at various slenderness ratios, inclination angles, and

boundary conditions. It is concluded that the effective flexural rigidity depends on the slenderness ratio at

buckling threshold. The response of slender leaning RC columns is extensively studied and recommendations

regarding effective length factor are stated.

Keywords: Buildings, structures & design; Columns, Concrete structures; Design methods & aids

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
1. INTRODUCTION

As the complex shaped structures become a popular trend for architects, columns

tilted at an angle become widespread in many building, towers, and bridges. For example, in

Moscow city center the oblique columns are part of the design of many buildings such as

evolution Tower and Capital city Moscow Tower. Also, the substructure of many bridges is

composed from tilted columns as Mega Bridge in Thailand. These oblique or tilted columns

can be either struts or inclined columns. The former are structural members designed to

mainly resist longitudinal compression (Fig. 1 (b)). The latter are the columns which are

subjected to loads in the vertical direction compared to the tilted direction of the column and

its main reinforcements (Fig. 1(c)). The transverse reinforcements are kept horizontal

(perpendicular to the load).

Inclined columns are subjected to larger moments compared to vertical columns due

to eccentricity. Also, the inclination in columns results in a horizontal component force in

addition to any exerted external lateral force. Taking into consideration these factors, inclined

slender columns can be analyzed by using elastic or inelastic second-order structural analysis.

Alternatively, the moment magnification method based on ACI 318-14 can be used to

estimate the amplified moment due to slenderness of straight columns (Chang, 1974). This

method is mainly depends of effective length calculation which is still not clear for inclined

slender columns. Chang (1974) studied slanted column which was represented as an inclined

member composed of an axisymmetrically deformable conical shell with rigid edges (Chang,

1974). The buckling of elastic slanted columns was derived by the tool of variational method

with the Lagrange multiplier for constraint conditions.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
The variation method is incorporated with Lagrange’s multiplier by Chang (2006) that

accounts for the boundary conditions to develop a set of nonlinear equations. The exact

solutions for these equations are gained for inclined columns with various end conditions.

The results are compared with eigenvalue method and other two conventional methods

(Chang, 2006).

Dolhakim (2008) determined the procedure to design an inclined column based on

BS8110 and applied it to a case study of Taman Ekologi Hutan Bandar, Johor Bahru that

involved three storey building composed of inclined column, ring beams and ring slabs.

Analysis and design of the inclined column resulted in a larger moment in the inclined

column due to eccentricity and the increase of load.

Another method of analysis permitted by ACI 318-14 is the finite element method.

Lam et al. (2012) used ABAQUS to model the axial behavior of inclined, tapered, and

straight–tapered–straight of steel tubular stub filled with concrete. The model was calibrated

based on experimental test conducted on RHS filled with concrete with limited range of

inclined angle and tapered angle. The results of compressive behavior of FE simulations were

in good agreement with experimental outcomes. Then, a parametric study was performed on

3 steel hollow sections with wider range of inclination angle and taperness angle.

Accordingly, a reduction factor on axial capacity was proposed.

Watan (2011) studied the shipside collision against inclined column. Two types of

boundary conditions of the column has been modeled; fixed-fixed boundary conditions and

boundary conditions with axial flexibility. Two different impact locations were simulated,

namely; middle span impact and quarter span impact. The ship model had been built using

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
Patran 2008r1 and verified using Patran 2010 1.2.x64 and LS-PrePost. The column was

model was modeled using LS-PrePost.

A better understanding of the non-linear behavior of slender reinforced concrete

columns with inclination is required and, from the results, the development of design

procedures for incorporation into building codes can be attained. This paper presents the

development of hybrid analysis composed from second-order analysis and finite element

analysis. A second-order analysis is developed first to estimate the critical buckling load of

inclined columns then a calibrated finite element models are developed to be capable to

simulate the response of RC slender columns. These calibrated finite element models are

further used to identify the effect of column inclination on the effective flexural rigidity of

these columns. These results are used in the developed critical buckling load to investigate

the effective length factor of these columns. Of particular interest for this research are

columns that are part of non-sway frames.

2. SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

Due to inclination of column, lateral reactions at column ends develop of the

magnitude of the applied vertical load (P) multiplied by tanФ (Fig. 2(a)). The components of

vertical and lateral forces in the direction along the column and the perpendicular direction

result on only one force along the column of the magnitude of P/cosФ as shown in Fig. 2(b).

The equilibrium of deformed shape results in an internal moment of

(1)

Solving the curvature equation of beam theory results on

(2)

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
(3)

(4)

Solving for this eignvalue problem results on

( ) ( ) (5)

Apply boundary conditions of y(x=0)=0 and y(x=l)=0 to get B=0 and ( ) ,

respectively.

The “A” represent the amplitude of deformed shape and shall not be zero. Accordingly,

( ) . This results on where n=1,2,3,… Consequently,

(6)

Correspondingly,

(7)

This represents the elastic load at buckling threshold. The first mode controls when

n=1 since it returns the least buckling load.

For RC columns, load at buckling threshold can be estimated as

( )
(8)
( )

This equation requires the estimation of buckling load and effective flexural rigidity to

evaluate the effective length factor of inclined RC slender columns. The simply supported

ends are generalized to include other possible end conditions based on the effective length of

buckling.

In this paper, hybrid analysis is conducted as

1- Finite element models are prepared based on Jenkines specimens for calibration.

2- Then, FE models are extended to estimate the effective flexural rigidity by using

equation (8) for straight pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, and fixed-fixed columns under

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
various slenderness ratios. This can be attained since effective length factor is 1, 0.7,

0.5 for straight pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, and fixed-fixed columns, respectively,

and the buckling loads can be estimated from FE results.

3- Then, finite element models are developed for columns under various inclination

angles and slenderness ratio. The peak load just before buckling is obtained from FE

results for each column.

4- Rearrange equation (8) to estimate the effective length factor for each inclined

column. The effective flexural rigidity is obtained from step 1 and buckling load is

estimated from step 2.

3. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

While experimental testing is conducted to study the effect of specific parameters on

the behavior of structural components and members, calibrated finite element model is a

beneficial tool to further investigate the effect of other parameters on the response of these

structural members. In this paper, finite element models are developed using ABAQUS 6.13

and then calibrated based on four RC slender column specimens tested by Jenkines (2015).

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS FOR CALIBRATION

Jenkines (2015) tested nonprestressed and prestressed slender reinforced concrete

columns under short-term and long-term loading. The main goal was to better understand the

behavior of these columns and develop improved design procedures since provisions for the

design of slender columns have not changed considerably since the first provisions

introduced since 1971.

Four RC slender column specimens tested by Jenkines (2015) are considered in this

study to calibrate FE models. The cross setion is 155.6mmX 155.6 mm with main

reinforcement of 4ϕ16 at the corners for all columns. The transverse reinforcements are ϕ6

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
ties distributed vertically at 50 mm at sides and 150 mm in the middle. The first two

specimens considered are of straight non-sway pinned-pinned columns having a slenderness

ratio of 40 and tested under 10 % and 25% eccentricities. The other two specimens are having

a slenderness ratio of 70 and tested under 10 % and 25% eccentricities. Then, these calibrated

models are extended to model 48 columns under various ranges of inclination angles and

slenderness ratios.

3.2 GEOMETRY OF MODELS

The models of columns studied in this paper are shown in Fig. (3) and Fig. (4). The

horizontal section (not the cross-section which is perpendicular to the column direction) is

kept the same for all columns. The columns are grouped based on the vertical length as 1.8 m,

2.2 m, 2.7 m, and 3.2 m. Each group consists of columns inclined by 0o, 10o, 20o, and 30o.

Also, all of these columns are modeled to be subjected to three different boundary conditions,

namely; pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, and fixed-fixed. The results of these 48 columns are

studied in this paper. The vertical length of these columns and the inclination angles are

summarized in Table 1.

3.3 DISCRETIZATION OF COMPONENTS

3D finite element models are developed for RC inclined slender columns from truss

elements of steel reinforcement embedded into 8-noded hexahedral 3D solid elements of

concrete. Steel plates and rollers are modeled as 8-noded hexahedral 3D solid elements. Mesh

size of 50 mm is used for all components.

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 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
3.4 CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

3.4.1 Constitutive Model of Concrete:

The Concrete Damaged Plasticity model is used in this paper to simulate the behavior of

concrete. This model is a continuum model that is based on the damaged elasticity, and

tension and compression plasticity for brittle materials. For compression plasticity

identification, the modified Popovics’ relation (Thorenfeldt et al., 1987) is used to define the

stress ( )-strain ( ) relationship of concrete as

(9)
[ ]

(10)

where and are the concrete characteristic strength and corresponding strain without

considering any confinement, respectively. and are the concrete peak strength and

corresponding strain under a confining pressure of , respectively. k is taken as 1 for the

ascending side of the relationship and is adjusted for the descending side such that the final

stress based on Chang and Mander (1994) is calculated as

( ( ))( ) (11)
( )

Richart et al. (1928) defined the peak strength and strain of concrete under hydrostatic

fluid pressure as

(12)

( ) (13)

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
These expressions have been adopted by Chang and Mander (1994) as

( ̅
) (14)

(15)

̅ (16)

( ) (17)

(18)
( )

z equals 1 for symmetric lateral pressure

The characteristic compressive strength of concrete ( ) used for calibration is 41

Mpa. The lateral confinement provided by transverse reinforcement is taken into

consideration. Accordingly, the stress-strain relationship of concrete are calculated based on

equations mentioned above and the results are shown in Fig. 5.

The concrete response under tension is modeled elastic until tensile strength ( ) is

reached. After this, the stress ( ) - strain ( ) relationship that identifies the plastic domain of

concrete is modeled based on Tsai’s equation (1988)

(19)
[ ]
( )

where is the strain at tension strength. and are parameters the influence the shape of

the plastic range. is taken as 1.15 and

(20)

The definition of concrete behavior after crack (plastic range) is essential since it

simulates the load transfer across cracks to steel bars and is based on bond characteristics

between concrete and steel.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
3.4.2 Constitutive Model of Main and Transverse Reinforcement:

Given that the main and transverse reinforcement bars are modeled as truss elements,

the elastic-plastic constitutive law is used to simulate the uniaxial behavior. The stress-strain

data are taken from test results provided by Jenkines (2015) (Fig. 6).

3.4.3 Constitutive Model of Steel plates and rollers:

Elastic constitutive law is used to simulate the response of steel plates and rollers.

4 RESULTS OF FE ANALYSIS

The simulation results from proposed FE models are compared with experimental

outcomes of the four specimens used for calibration. The applied force versus lateral

displacement at mid-height of columns curves based on FE simulations for these specimens

are shown in Fig. 7 through 10. The measured applied force versus lateral displacement at

mid-height of columns curves based experimental results are shown in the same figures. The

simulation results compare very well with experimental outcomes for all considered

specimens. The initial stiffness based on FE results overestimates the measured initial

stiffness due to the assumed full bond between concrete and steel reinforcement at this stage

of loading since no cracks occurred yet. When cracks started to occur, the load transfer across

cracks to steel bars can be modeled with the implemented tool in FE models of tension

stiffening mentioned previously to represent the bond characteristics between concrete and

steel.

The damage pattern of tested specimen is best represented by plotting the equivalent

plastic strain of simulated specimens. The results of columns with slenderness ratio of 40 are

shown in Fig. 11. The simulated models could capture the crack of concrete and buckling of

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
reinforcements. The results of tested columns with slenderness ratio of 70 are not provided by

the reference.

5 EFFECTIVE EI

The critical buckling load ( ) is calculated based on the effective flexural rigidity

and effective length. For straight pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, and fixed-fixed columns

subjected to concentric load, the effective length factors (k) are 1, 0.7, and 0.5, respectively.

The calibrated finite element is used future to investigate the maximum load the column can

carry before buckling ( ) under wide range of slenderness ratios and the aforementioned

boundary conditions. Accordingly, the effective flexural rigidity can be estimated as follows

( )
( ) (21)

Based on ACI 318-14, the effective EI can be estimated by one of the following equations

( ) (22)

( ) (23)

( ) (24)

where is the modulus of elasticity of concrete and is the gross moment of inertia of the

cross-section of the column. is the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement and is the

moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of the column cross-section. is the

moment of inertia of the column cross-section.

is the ratio of sustained load to total load. Since the finite element model is subjected to

displacement-controlled type of testing and no sustained load or drift is enforced, =0.

This reduces the number of variables in the equation for better estimation of the effective

flexural rigidity factor.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
In this paper, the effective flexural rigidity is calculated as

( ) (25)

where is called the effective flexural rigidity factor and is evaluated based on the

rearranging equation (8) as

( )
(26)
( )

The results are shown in Fig. (12). The linear regression of the outcomes is presented

as

(27)

where r is the radius of gyration taken as 0.3 times the cross-section depth.

Pinned-pinned straight columns are all slender. All straight columns under the fixed-

fixed boundary condition resulted in short column except the column with vertical length of

3.2 m. For pinned-fixed boundary condition, the straight columns with vertical length of 1.8

m and 2.2 m are short. All short columns are not considered in the development of equation

(27).

6 EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

The effective length factors of straight pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, fixed-fixed

columns are 1, 0.7, and 0.5, respectively. For inclined columns, is the effective length factor

still the same? Based on the proposed effective flexural rigidity factor, the effective length

factor can be calculated as

√ (28)

Since α depends on slenderness ratio , the equation is solved iteratively for all

column models adopted in this paper. The outcomes are summarized in Table 2 through

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
Table 4. Some of the studied columns results on buckling the column over a length that make

it short column (based on FE results) and they are addressed in these tables. Accordingly,

their k results are excluded especially for all fixed-fixed inclined columns considered herein.

The effective length factor is changed for column with an inclination at different

vertical length and boundary conditions. For specific vertical length and boundary conditions

of a column, the inflection point’s location changes as the column inclination increases

resulting in changing the mode from single curvature to double curvature or vice versa. The

effective length factor versus the vertical length of columns studied herein under various

inclination angles are shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14. Fig. 13 presents the result of pinned-

pinned columns. It is clear that as vertical length increases, the effective length factor

decreases if inclined at 10o or 20o. For inclination angle of 30o, the results of effective length

factor scatter between 0.9-1.17. This is also observed by the deflected shape of these modeled

columns in ABAQUS.

Fig. 14 presents the result of pinned-fixed columns. The trend here is more clear and

different than the pinned-pinned columns. As vertical length increases, the effective length

factor decreases if inclined at 20o or 30o. This can be attributed to the control the fixed

support enforces on these columns. The trend of columns inclined at 20o and 30o is the same.

At small inclination angle of 10o, the column of the highest vertical length is the only one that

stayed slender.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

The performance of RC slender inclined columns is essential to be investigated since

these columns are currently part of many structural systems to transfer loads. In this paper, a

hybrid analysis of analytical second-order analysis and nonlinear finite element methods are

developed to represent the response of RC inclined slender columns. The existing data from

experimental work assist calibrating these models and further used in this paper to study the

behavior of RC slender inclined columns under various ranges of slenderness and the

conclusions of this study are stated as

1. The developed numerical non-linear finite element models are capable to simulate

the performance of RC slender columns. The calibrated finite element models can

serve as a beneficial tool to further study the slenderness of inclined columns.

2. Analytical second-order analysis is performed first based on equilibrium of forces

in the deformed shape. The buckling load of inclined slender columns is derived.

3. The effective flexural rigidity is investigated based on calibrated finite element

models of straight pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed, and fixed-fixed columns under

wide range of slenderness ratios and boundary conditions. The outcomes

demonstrate that the effective flexural rigidity factor is proportional to the

slenderness ratio such that

4. The effective length factors of inclined columns are not 1 and the inflection points

are moved due to the inclination of column direction. The effective length factor is

generally found to decrease as the vertical length of pinned-pinned column

increases at inclination at 10o or 20o. At 30o inclination, the trend is scattered

between effective length 0.9 and 1.17.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
5. For pinned-fixed columns, the effective length factor estimation is more clear and

their values decrease as the vertical length increases at inclination at 20o or 30o. At

10o inclination, the columns are considered short except at vertical length of 3.2

m.

Notation list

Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete

Es is the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
fc define the stress
f c and  c are the concrete characteristic strength and corresponding strain without
considering any confinement
f cc and  cc are the concrete peak strength and corresponding strain under a confining
pressure of f l
f t0 until tensile strength
Ic is the moment of inertia of the column cross-section
Ig is the gross moment of inertia of the cross-section of the column
I se is the moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of the column cross-
section
nt and r are parameters the influence the shape of the plastic range
Pcr critical buckling load
r is the radius of gyration
 is called the effective flexural rigidity factor
 dns is the ratio of sustained load to total load
c define the strain
 t0 is the strain at tension strength

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
REFERENCES

ACI committee 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.

American Concrete Institute (ACI), 2014, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

Chang, C., 1974. “Buckling of slanted columns. Journal of Engineering Mechanics”,

100(Proc Paper 10738).

Chang, G.A. and Mander, J.B. (1994). “Seismic Energy Based Fatigue Damage Analysis of

Bridge Columns: Part 1 – Evaluation of Seismic Capacity.” NCEER Technical Report

No. NCEER-94-0006, State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y.

Chang C. (2006). Buckling of Inclined Columns. In: Mechanics of Elastic Structures with

Inclined Members. Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, vol 22.

Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp. (2011), ABAQUS Analysis User’s Manual Online

Documentation, Version 6.11).Providence, RI, USA.

Dolhakim, S., 2008. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INCLINED COLUMN. Master’s thesis.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA.

Jenkins, R.W., 2015. “IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF SLENDER

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE COLUMNS”. PhD Thesis. Purdue University, USA.

Lam, D., Dai, X.H., Han, L.H., Ren, Q.X. and Li, W., 2012. Behaviour of inclined, tapered

and STS square CFST stub columns subjected to axial load. Thin-Walled Structures, 54,

pp.94-105.

Richart, F. E., Brandtzaeg, A., and Brown, R. L. (1928). “A study of the failure of concrete

under combined compressive stresses.” Bulletin 185, Univ. of Illinois Engineering

Experimental Station, Urbana- 494 Champaign, IL.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011
Thorenfeldt, E., Tomaszewicz, A., and Jensen, J.J. (1987). “Mechanical properties of high-

strength concrete and application in design.” Proc. of the Symposium on Utilization of

High-Strength Concrete, Tapir, Trondheim, Norway, 149-159.

Tsai, W. T. (1988). “Uniaxial compressional stress-strain relation of concrete.” J. of

Structural Engineering, 114(9):2133-2136.

Watan, R., 2011. Analysis and Design of Columns in Offshore Structures Subjected to

Supply Vessel Collisions (Master's thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet,

Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap og teknologi, Institutt for marin teknikk).

Table 1: Prosperities of the models of the columns considered in this study

lv (m) ϕ l (m) hinc.(mm)

0 1.78 155.6
10o 1.81 153.2
1.8
20o 1.89 146.2
30o 2.05 134.7
0 2.24 155.6
o
10 2.27 153.2
2.2 o
20 2.38 146.2
30o 2.58 134.7
0 2.69 155.6
10o 2.73 153.2
2.7
20o 2.87 146.2
30o 3.11 134.7
0 3.20 155.6
10o 3.25 153.2
3.2
20o 3.41 146.2
30o 3.70 134.7

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
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Table 2: Results of maximum load of pinned-pinned columns based on FE models and
outcomes of effective length factor
lv (m) ϕ Pmax(kN) k
0 0.25 1.00
1140
o
10 short
1.8 953
o
20 short
886
o
30 0.47 1.15
685
0 859 0.29 1.00
o
10
2.2 956 short
o
20 792 0.50 1.13
o
30 682 0.47 0.92
0 890 0.44 1.00
o
10
2.7 810 0.62 1.19
o
20 779 0.53 0.97
30o 541 0.87 1.17
0 898 0.63 1.00
o
10
3.2 865 0.51 0.88
o
20 818 0.44 0.73
30o 575 0.77 0.90

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
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Table 3: Results of maximum load of pinned-fixed columns based on FE models and
outcomes of effective length factor
lv (m) ϕ Pmax(kN) k
0 870 short
10o 949 short
2.2
20o 803 0.47 1.09
30o 607 0.67 1.17
0 871 0.21 0.70
o
10 960 short
2.7 o
20 783 0.52 0.96
30o 606 0.68 0.98
0 865 0.30 0.70
10o 847 0.55 0.92
3.2
20o 781 0.53 0.81
30o 604 0.68 0.83

Table 4: Results of maximum load of fixed-fixed columns based on FE models and outcomes
of effective length factor
lv (m) ϕ Pmax(kN) k
0 1060 short
o
10 1237 short
2.2 o
20 1169 short
o
30 1025 short
0 1092 short
o
10 1237 short
2.7 o
20 1162 short
30o 1031 short
0 1019 0.18 0.5
o
10 1268 short
3.2 o
20 1195 short
30o 1029 short

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
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Figure captions

Figure 1: (a) column, (b) strut, and (c) inclined column considered in this paper.
Figure 2: Inclined column subjected to vertical load (P); (a) reactions and (b) equilibrium
based on deformed shape.
Figure 3: Geometry of the models of columns considered in this paper
Figure 4: Finite element model of inclined columns of (a) pinned-pinned boundary, (b)
pinned-fixed boundary, and (c) fixed-fixed boundary.
Figure 5: Concrete stress-strain curves for 50 mm confinement at edges and 150 mm in the
middle.
Figure 6: Stress-strain used in ABAQUS and taken from Jenkines tests [4].
Figure 7: Force-lateral displacement at the middle for the column of slenderness ratio of 40
and eccentricity of 10%
Figure 8: Force-lateral displacement at the middle for the column of slenderness ratio of 40
and eccentricity of 25%
Figure 9: Force-lateral displacement at the middle for the column of slenderness ratio of 70
and eccentricity of 10%
Figure 10: Force-lateral displacement at the middle for the column of slenderness ratio of 70
and eccentricity of 25%
Figure 11: Damage pattern of specimens considered for calibration; (a) tested column with
slenderness of 40 and 10% eccentricity (Jenkins,2015), (b) tested column with
slenderness of 40 and 25% eccentricity (Jenkins,2015), (c) simulated column with
slenderness of 40 and 10% eccentricity, (d) simulated column with slenderness of 40
and 25% eccentricity
Figure 12: Effective flexural rigidity factor of straight columns of different slenderness ratio
and various boundary conditions
Figure 13: Effective length factor calculation for pinned-pinned columns under various
inclination angles
Figure 14: Effective length factor calculation for pinned-fixed columns under various
inclination angles

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings

 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings