CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
● Membranous tubules and flattened
CELL LEVEL
● Basic structural and functional unit of
al living organism
● These are group of organelles
● Example: neuron cell
CELL STRUCTURES
CELL MEMBRANE
● Or plasma membrane, border of
the cell
● It interacts with external environment
● Controls entry and exit of
substances
● Transport of materials into and
out of the cell
CILIA
● Extension in plasma membrane
contains microtubules (facilitate
cell movement; moves material over
cell surface)
MICROVILLI
● Extension in plasma membrane
contains microfilaments
● It moves increase surface area
plasma membrane for absorption
and secretion
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
● Series of membrane/ network
distributed in cytoplasm of cell
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(RER)
● It contains ribosomes; site of
protein synthesis
SMOOTH/SOFT ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (SER)
● It does not contain ribosomes
sac
● Contains enzyme for lipid
synthesis and manufacture
(phospholipid, cholesterol, steroid)
● Detoxification takes place (reduces
toxicity of harmful chemical drugs)
GOLGI APPARATUS
● Flat membranous sac with
cisternae
● Acts as packaging, distributing and
transport center (lipids and
proteins)
CYTOPLASM
● Fluid located between nucleus
and plasma membrane
● Protects and internal components
of the cell
NUCLEUS
● Located at center of cell
● It contains DNA
● Direct all cellular activities
● control center of the cells
⮚ Nucleoplasm
● Surrounding membrane of nucleus
PEROXISOMES
● Contains enzyme for breaking
down and digesting fatty acid,
lipids and amino acid
● Releases hydrogen peroxide (toxic
by product) has enzyme breaks
down H2O2 to water and oxygen
● Therefore, eliminate toxic
substance
LYSOSOME
● Membrane bound vesicles
contains hydrolytic enzyme
 ● Intracellular digestive system,
digest organic, bacteria
● Garbage collectors
● “Suicide Sac”
MITOCHONDRIA
● Small spherical rod-shaped
structure with co (inner folded
membrane)
● Major site of ATP
synthesis/production that provide
majority of energy source for cells
● The power plant and power house
of the cell
RIBOSOMES
● Scattered/distributed freely in
cytoplasm
● Site of protein synthesis with the
cell
CELL FUNCTIONS
CELL METABOLISM
● All cells involved in metabolic
chemical reaction to facilitate
energy transfer and use
SYNTHESIS
● Cell synthesis and produces
protein, nucleic acid and lipids
COMMUNICATION
● Transmit chemical signals to
communicate with another cell
INHERITANCE
● It contains complete copy of
genetic information of every
individual; transmit genetic
information to the next generation
● DNA testing
REPRODUCTION
● Cells divide (mitosis) to produce new
cells
APOPTOSIS
● Programmed to control cell number
INTERPHASE
● Time of DNA replication
MITOSIS
● Cell duplication, division and
replication. Consist of prophase,
metaphase, anaphase and
telophase
TISSUE LEVEL
DEFINITION
● Group of similar cells and
surrounding materials
● Collection of specialized cell &
extracellular substances
Histology: microscopic study/ examination
of tissues
Biopsy: process of removing tissue sample
from the patient for diagnostic purposes
4 basic tissue types : epithelial, connective,
muscle, nervous
MUSCLE TISSUE
● Ability to contract
SKELETAL MUSCLE
● Or human meat
● Striated cells in large long cylindrical
bands with many nucleus for
voluntary movement (muscle
attached in the bones)

CARDIAC MUSCLE
● Or heart muscle
● Cylindrical branching striated
bands with gap junction and has
single and central nucleus (heart) for
involuntary movement pumping
action, heart contraction
SMOOTH MUSCLES
● Not striated, spindle shape and
tapered at each other with single
and central nucleus (hollow organs,
skin, eyes) for involuntary movement
digestion, urine emptying
NERVOUS TISSUE
● Found in the brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves
● Conducts electrical signals
Components
● Glial cells or support cells
- Nourish, protect and insulate
neurons
● Neurons or nerve cells
- Are the conductive cell, transport
and conducts electrical signal;
composed of cell body, axon and
dendrites
o Cell body – contains
nucleus a site of general cell
function
o Axon- conducts action
potential away from the cell
o Dendrites – has multiples
branches at the end receives
action potential
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- These are classified according to
the number of cell layers of the
superficial cells
● Simple- consists of a single layer of
cells
● Stratified - consists of more than
one layer
● Pseudostratified – is a special type
or false type of tissue
- Has 2 or more cell layers
- Some cells are tall whereas others
are shorter
They are classified according to the
shape of the epithelial cells
● Squamous- cells are flat or scale
● Cuboidal – cells are cube shape,
wider
● Columnar – cells tend to be
taller/thinner than they are wide
Functions – protection (skin), acts are
barrier (vs water, microorganism), secretion,
absorption, movement
Simple Squamous
● Single layer of flat cells
● Found in hear, blood vessels, lungs,
kidneys for diffusion
Simple Cuboidal
● Single layer of cube-shaped cells
● Found in kidney to absorbs water
● Bronchioles for secretion, reabsorbs,
move mucus
Simple Columnar
● Single layer of tall and narrow cells
● Found in stomach and intestine for
absorption
Stratified Squamous
 ● Multiple layers of flat cells resting on
basal layer
TYPES
o Nonkeratinized
● Living cells in outermost layers
● Found in esophagus, rectum,
vagina, throat, cornea, anus
● Consist of layers of fluid to keep it
moist and lubricated, protection
from abrasion, barrier from
infection
o Keratinized
● Living cells in the deepest layers
● Found in skin, gums
● Gives dry and moisture-resistant
environment
Stratified Cuboidal
● Multiple layer of cube-shaped cells
● Found in sweat gland, salivary
gland for secretion and protection
against infection
Stratified Columnar
● A multiple layer of thin and tall
cells resting on cube-shaped cells
● Found in breast, urethra, mammary
for secretion and protection
Transitional
● It can be cube-shaped and flat-like
● Found in urinary bladder, ureter,
pelvis and urethra
● To accommodate fluctuation of fluid
and volume where expansion
occurs, shape and number of cells
vary
Pseudostratified
● Single layer of tall and thin cells
● Found in nasal cavity, ears, pharynx,
trachea
● For secretion and movement of
mucus
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Connect and separate tissue,
protection, support, movement,
storage, cushion, insulation
LOOSE – contains few proteins fiber; free
spaces filled with fluids and ground
substance; lacy network
Areolar
● losing packing contains collagen,
reticular and elastin fiber;
attach/support skin to underlying
tissue
Adipose tissue
● consist of loosely-arranged
adipocyte, collage, reticular and
elastin fiber reticular and elastin
fiber in subcutaneous areas
● Functions as a thermal insulator,
injury protection, energy storage
Reticular tissue
● made of reticular fibers that form
lymphatic tissue in spleen and
lymph nodes, bone marrow and
liver for immunity and
hematopoietic
DENSE- contains large protein fibers,
thick bundles, fill all extracellular spaces
Dense regular
● has protein fibers in extracellular
matrix in same direction
Dense regular collagenous
 ● consist of protein and abundant
collagen fibers in same direction
giving a white appearance for
strength and stretch
Dense regular elastic
● consist of regularly arranged
protein, collagen and abundant
elastic fibers in parallel direction
gives yellow color for strength and
stretch
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
● substances which do not contain
carbon and hydrogen atoms
● it lacks carbon hydrogen
containing substances
OXYGEN (O2)
● inorganic molecule with 2 oxygen
atoms binds by double covalent
bond
● act as final step of reaction that
extracted energy from food molecule
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
● contains 1 carbon atom bound by
2 oxygen atoms by double covalent
bond
● Released and formed as a result of
broken down of glucose
● Act as human body waste
● Must be eliminated from the cell as
a by products thru exhalation
WATER (H2O)
● Polar molecule composed of 1
oxygen and 2 hydrogen
● 60% body weight and 92% of blood
plasma
● Responsible for chemical reaction,
dilution, stabilize body temperature,
organ protection from trauma
ACID AND BASE
- Is proton donor releases H+
- Is proton acceptor by binding H+
- Alters body function must maintain
balance
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Contains carbon and hydrogen
atoms bound together by covalent
bonds
- It refers to the carbon-containing
substances
CARBOHYDRATES (C, H, O)
● Organic molecule
● Primary energy source
● Composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
● Monosaccharide- building blocks of
carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: simple sugar or one
sugar
a. Glucose – dextrose, blood sugar
b. Fructose – fruit sugar
c. Galactose - sugar in milk products
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides
Formed by dehydration, broken by
hydrolysis
a. Sucrose – table sugar
b. Maltose – beer, alcohol
c. Lactose – milk, dairy products
Polysaccharides: long chains of
monosaccharides, complex sugar
a. Fiber – soluble dietary fibers found
in vegetables
 b. Glycogen - main storage of glucose
in human. Excess carbohydrates are
stored in liver and skeletal muscles
LIPIDS (C, H, O, N)
- Organic molecules, insoluble in
water
- Composed of Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen nitrogen and
phosphorus
- It provides protection, insulation,
energy source/storage, vitamins
TYPES OF LIPIDS
Triglycerides
- 95% fats in human body
a. Steroids – lipids composed of 4
ring-like structure.
Example: bile salts, reproductive
hormones, cholesterol
b. Phospholipid – fatty acids bind with
phosphate region; major structural
component in cell membranes
c. Eicosanoids – chemically-derived
fatty acid for body regulation,
composed of prostaglandin (clot,
reproductive), leukotrienes
Fat soluble vitamins – vitamins A, D, E, K
Saturated fats (2 monosaccharides)
● It contains 1 or more single
covalent bond between carbon
atoms
● Bad type of fats in diet because
they contribute to cardiovascular
disease
● Sources: beef, pork, whole milk,
dairy product, coconut oil, palm oil
Trans fats (simple sugar or one sugar)
● This double covalent bond is
chemically altered by the addition of
hydrogen
● It has longer shelf life, more
solid/stable, makes fat even more
saturated
● This fat is even greater factor at risk
for cardiovascular disease
● Baked goods, pie, cookies, pizza,
popcorn, margarine, creamer,
doughnut, biscuit, fried chicken
Monounsaturated fats (simple sugar or
one sugar)
● It contains 1 double covalent
bond between carbon atoms
● Olive oil, peanut oil, avocado
Polyunsaturated fats (long chains of
monosaccharides, complex sugar)
● It contains 2 or more double
covalent bond between carbon
atoms
● Best type of fats in diet because
they do not develop
cardiovascular disease
● Cornflower oil, sunflower oil, fish oil
PROTEIN (C, H, O, N, S)
Organic macromolecules since it has very
large molecular mass
● Primary energy source
● Amino acid-building blocks of
protein
● Peptide bonds – covalent bond
formed between amino acids; binds
amino acids; (di-2; tri-3, poly-many
amino acids)
Importance to human body
● Body building
● Transport (plasma)
● Protection (antibodies)
● Muscle contraction (actin and
myosin)
● Structural support (collagen, keratin)
 ● Hormonal regulation (insulin)
● Enzymes (protein catalyst)

DNA (C, H, O, N, S)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

● Genetic material of the cell

● It contains information that
determines protein structure

RNA – for protein synthesis composed of

monosaccharide, nitrogen, phosphate

Nucleotides – building blocks of DNA

Double helix – a twisted ladder-like

structure

Sources:

Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology