Poll Res.

34 (2) : 237-245 (2015)

Copyright © EM International
ISSN 0257–8050

OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF CO2 ABSORBING AQUEOUS

AMINE SOLVENTS
RAHUL R. BHOSALE1*, ANAND KUMAR1*, FARES A. ALMOMANI1, SHAHD GHARBIA1,
DARREN DARDOR1, MEHAK JILANI1, JAMILA FOLADY1, MOUSTAFA ALI1, EMAN EID1,
SHIVA YOUSEFI1, DIANA ABUARJA1, PRAJAKTA ANGRE2 AND VIJAYKUMAR V. MAHAJANI3
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, MGM College of Engineering & Technology,
Mumbai University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India.
(Received 30 December, 2014; accepted 5 February, 2015)

ABSTRACT
In this paper, efforts were made towards finding a suitable replacement for monoethanolamine
(MEA) by investigating the oxidative degradation of various aqueous amines such as
diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), methyl diethanolamine (MDEA),
ethylaminoethanol (EAE), and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE). A comparative oxidative degradation
study was performed by using a high temperature high pressure subcritical reactor at 150oC by
using an accelerated oxidative degradation approach. The results obtained indicate that aqueous
EAE undergoes less % oxidative degradation as compared to other aqueous amines. Furthermore,
the effect of addition of free radical scavenger (FRS) on oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE and
formulated solvent [aqueous mixture of EAE and N-methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP)] was also
examined. The results obtained illustrate that carbonate salts of potassium are one of the
promising FRS as it reduces the % oxidative degradation of both aqueous EAE and formulated
solvent significantly.

KEY WORDS : CO2 capture, Oxidative degradation, Aqueous amine solvents, Free radical
scavengers, Ethylaminoethanol, N-methyl-2-pyrolidone

INTRODUCTION melting, sea level rise, and extreme climates.

Extreme use of fossil fuels contribute to 64% of
greenhouse gas emission worldwide and fossil fuel
based power generation currently accounts for over
one third of global annual CO2 emissions(Gouedard
et al., 2012). Atmospheric concentration of CO2 (a
major greenhouse gas) has reached up to 392 ppmv
as of 2011, which was 280 ppmv in pre-industrial era
and if this trend continues, by 2050, CO 2
concentration is expected to increase upto 550 ppmv
(Bhosale and Mahajani, 2013; Bhosale et al., 2014a).
The uninterrupted emission of CO2 is considered as
one of the consequential reasons for the greenhouse
effect which leads to global warming, glaciers
(Bhosale and Mahajani, 2013 and Bhosale et al.,
2014).
Due to the adverse effects of CO2 emission on the
global environment, as well as the world’s
enormous dependence on fossil fuels, development
of strategies for the reduction of CO2 discharge has
become progressivelysignificant (Strazisar et al.,
2003). In carbon sequestration science, the
separation and capture of CO2 is considered as one
of the highest priorities as the capture cost is
expected to be up to 75% of the total costs for
geological and oceanic sequestration (Bhosale and
Mahajani, 2013b). Reactive absorption of CO2 from
process gas streams and flue gas from various

1,2. Assistant Professor

*Corresponding authors : Dr. Rahul R. Bhosale, Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
E-mail : rahul.bhosale@qu.edu.qa; akumar@qu.edu.qa
238 BHOSALE ET AL
sources by using aqueous amines is considered as
the most established post-combustion CO2 capture
approach with maximum efficiency and lower
intricacy (Gouedard et al., 2012, Vaidya and Kenig,
2007, Mimura et al., 1998, Voice and Rochelle, 2014,
and Sutar et al., 2012).
As an alternative to sequestration, captured CO2
can be re-energized into CO via metal oxide based
thermochemical looping process using concentrated
solar energy (Abanades and Le Gal, 2012, Furler et
al., 2014, Scheffe and Steinfeld, 2014, Bhosale et al.,
2014). The CO produced via solar thermochemical
CO 2-splitting can be mixed with H 2 derived via
different methods (Chueh et al., 2010, Bhosale et al.,
2010, Steinfeld, 2002, Bhosale et al., 2010a/b, Scheffe
et al., 2010, Bhosale et al., 2011, Carotenuto et al.,
2013, Kumar et al., 2010, Bhosale et al., 2012, Bhosale
et al., 2014) and the mixture (syngas) can be further
processed to liquid fuels such as Methanol, Jet Fuel
via the Fischer-Tropsch process.
A typical CO 2 capture via a two-step reactive
absorption/desorption process is shown in Fig. 1.In
first step, CO2can be captured from the process gas
streams via reactive absorption using suitable
chemical solvents in the temperature range of 40 –
70oC. In the second step, the captured CO2can be
desorbed from the solvent by using a stripping
column which operates in the temperature range of
Fig. 1. A typical amine based reactive absorption/desorption process for capture of CO 2 from process gas streams
(Bhosale et al., 2014).
100 – 150oC. Among the many solvents used for the
CO 2 capture, aqueous solutions of amines are
considered as one of the best.The hydroxyl group of
aqueous amines serves to reduce the vapour
pressure and increase water solubility, while the
amino group provides the necessary alkalinity in
water solution for the absorption of acidic CO 2.
Aqueous solution is useful because reactions of CO2
and chemical solvents are ionic in nature and
chemical solvents i.e. polar solvents are soluble in
polar solvents.
Reactive absorption of CO2 using aqueous amines
is usually a reversible reaction. However, during this
process, irreversible reactions may also occur
resulting in products from which the amines are not
easily reclaimed. This phenomenon is called as
degradation of amines which causes several
problems (which are listed elsewhere) for the CO2
capture process (Bhosale et al., 2014) and it seems to
be the major shortcoming associated with the amine
based reactive CO2 absorption/desorption process
(Bhosale et al., 2014). Three kinds of amine
degradation, namely: thermal decomposition,
thermal degradation (in presence of CO 2 ) and
oxidative degradation (in presence of O2) can take
place in the amine based CO 2 capture process.
Among these, oxidative degradation is considered
as the most detrimental. Oxidative degradation
 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF CO2 ABSORBING AQUEOUS AMINE SOLVENTS
occurs due to the presence of O 2 in process gas
streams such as power plant flue gas and results into
fragmentation of the aqueous amine solvent
(Gouedard et al., 2012). The amine solvents can
undergo oxidative degradation in both absorption
(short times and at low temperatures) and
desorption columns (longer times and high
temperatures).
In past, various amine solvents have been
investigated for the reactive absorption of CO2
(Gouedard et al., 2012). Among these solvents,
monoethanolamine (MEA) is still considered as the
state-of-the art solvent (due to its high reactivity and
low solvent cost) in spite of its shortcomings such as
vaporization losses, corrosion to process equipments
and pipelines, inferior CO2 loading capacity, high
heat of CO 2 absorption, elevated solvent
regeneration cost, and limitations associated with
immense oxidative degradation (Bhosale et al.,
2013a). The probable reason behind the selection of
MEA as the most promising solvent may be the
difficulty in finding a solvent having economic raw
materials and high CO2 absorption rate.As the issues
associated with the greenhouse gases become more
important in recent time, there has been the pressure
to find more efficient and economical ways of
capturing CO 2. Therefore, the main focus of this
paper is to identify a new solvent which will be as
good as or better than MEA without sharing its
disadvantages.
A major factor in determining the effectiveness
and economic viability of an amine solvent is to
know the rate at which it undergoes oxidative
degradation. Apart from having the high absorption
capacity and reaction rates, an amine solvent either
has to be cheaper or have a lower rate of oxidative
degradation before it can be considered as the
potential replacement for the solvents which are
considered currently as the most promising ones.
Therefore, in this paper, we have performed a
comparative oxidative degradation study over
selected amine solvents, to find out the possible
replacement for MEA.
According to Hull et al., (1969), free radical
formation is the major reason for the oxidative
degradation of amines. According to the theory,
imine radical is formed due to the extraction of an
electron from unprotonated nitrogen in the amines
by the free radicals. Once the imine radical is
formed, the degradation reaction can proceed via
following two different pathways. In first, imine gets
hydrolyzed forming an aldehyde or ketone and an
239
amine. In second, the imine that has lost its
constituent can further hydrolyzed to form either a)
an aldehyde and fragmented amine, or b) organic
acid and fragmented amine. Hence, to reduce the
oxidative degradation of aqueous amine solvents,
instead of making process modifications, an additive
can be added to the amine solvent which will
scavenge the free radical and reduce the oxidative
degradation. A scavenger could be added to either
react with O 2 or react with the free radical or an
intermediate formed during the oxidative
degradation reaction. This scavenger must react
with the O2 or with the free radical at a faster rate as
compared to the amine to inhibit/reduce the amine
degradation. In this study, we investigated the
effectiveness of carbonate salts of potassium as the
free radical scavengers for the inhibition/reduction
of oxidative degradation of aqueous amine solvents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Various amines, i.e. diethanolamine (DEA),
triethanolamine (TEA), methyl diethanolamine
(MDEA), ethylaminoethanol (EAE), and
diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) were purchased from
Merck Company and used in this investigation.
Anhydrous carbonate salts of potassium (as free
radical scavengers) were procured from S. D. Fine
Chemicals. N2 and O2 with a minimum stated purity
of 99.5% were obtained in a cylinder from Inox Air
Products. All the chemicals were used without any
pretreatment and all the solutions were prepared
using distilled water.
Oxidative Degradation Experimental Set-Up
Oxidative degradation of various aqueous amines
were investigated by using a high temperature high
pressure subcritical reactor (Parr Instrument
Company, Moline, USA) made up of SS316
materials and the capacity equal to 600 ml (Fig. 2).
This subcritical reactor was equipped with a gas
feed port, a liquid sampling tube, an electrically
heated jacket, a thermo well, a turbine agitator, and
a variable speed magnetic drive. The liquid
sampling tube is connected with a chilled water
condenser to condense and cool the sample before
collecting. The total reactor pressure (O2 partial
pressure + pressure of the water vapor formed due
to heating upto degradation temperature) was
measured using a pressure gauge fitted to an extra
feed port.The value of the water vapor pressure at
240 BHOSALE ET AL
different operating temperatures was determined
earlier in absence of O2 partial pressure. The O2
partial pressure was determined as the difference
between the total reactor pressure and pressure
created by the water vapor at respective reactor
operating temperatures. High O2 partial pressures
and lower amine concentrations were used in this
investigation, as compared to the experimental
conditions used in an actual CO 2 capture
absorption/desorption plant, to enable us to
perform accelerated oxidative degradation. The
temperature of the reaction mixture was measured
by using a K-type thermocouple placed in the
thermowell. A Parr 4842 PID temperature controller
was used to control the heat supplied by the electric
furnace to heat the reactor content. The temperature
measurement accuracy of the controller was ±0.5%.
Oxidative Degradation Experimental Procedure
To carry out the degradation study over various
amines, 300 mL of an aqueous amine solution with
the desired concentration was loaded in the
subcritical reactor. Once the reactor was filled with
an aqueous amine solvent, it was flushed with an
inert N2 gas to confirm that the initial O2 present in
the reactor was removed and the reactor conditions
were inert. This step is essential to eliminate the
possibility of oxidative degradation of the amine
solvent during initial heating of the reactor (to reach
the desired operating temperature). Once the inert
conditions were achieved, the gas inlet and outlet
lines were closed and the amine solvent was stirred
at the predetermined speed of agitation to eliminate
the diffusion and mass transfer limitations and
simultaneously heated to the desired temperature at
which we decided to study the oxidative
degradation reaction. Once the reactor content was
heated upto the degradation temperature, O2 was
sparged with the desired partial pressure into the
amine solvent directly beneath the impeller. Due to
the oxidative degradation of amine solvent and O2
solubility in the amine solvent, the pressure of the
reactor was decreased. However, to maintain the
constant O2 partial pressure throughout the duration
of the degradation reaction, the reactor chamber was
boosted with an additional O2 supply. To determine
the decrease in the concentration of amine in the
aqueous solvent due to oxidative degradation, about
4 mL of the reaction mixture was withdrawn from
the heated reactor through the liquid sampling port
(with the help of the condenser) at regular time
intervals. To maintain the O 2 partial pressure,
additional amount of O 2 was quickly added after
each sampling to compensate for the loss of O 2
during the sampling process. The slight possibility
of the amine degradation in the sample vial (just
after withdrawing the sample from the reactor) was
eliminated by quickly quenching the sample vial in
an ice bath. The degradation reaction between the
aqueous amine solvent and O2 is exothermic; hence,
to ensure the reactor isothermicity, cooling water
flowing through the cooling coil was employed.
Liquid Sample Analysis
To determine the % oxidative degradation of the
amine solvents, the active solvent content in the
samples obtained during the degradation
experiments was estimated by using gas
chromatography analysis. A gas chromatograph
(GC, Chemito 8610, Toshniwal Instruments)
equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
and a Tenax GC column (length = 1.3 m and inner
diameter = 3.8 mm) was used for this analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparative Oxidative Degradation Study
The comparative study over oxidative degradation
of DEA, TEA, MDEA, EAE, and DEAE was carried
out by performing the degradation experiments
using the experimental set-up shown in Fig. 2. The
properties of these amines are listed in Table 1. Also,
the experimental conditions employed for this
comparative oxidative degradation study are
reported in Table 2.
As reported in experimental section, the aqueous
amine samples were withdrawn from the reactor at
regular time intervals and analyzed by using GC to
determine the % oxidative degradation as follows:
where,
= Initial amine concentration before
oxidative degradation (at zero time)
= Final amine concentration after
oxidative degradation (after few hours)
Results shown in Table 3 and Fig. 3 indicate that
the aqueous EAE undergo relatively less oxidative
degradation as compared to other amine solvents.
The % oxidative degradation of all the investigated
amines was observed to be in the range of EAE <
 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF CO2 ABSORBING AQUEOUS AMINE SOLVENTS 241

Table 1. Properties of DEA, TEA, MDEA, EAE, and DEAE.

Properties DEA TEA MDEA EAE DEAE
Molecular Weight 105.14 g/mol 149.19 g/mol 119.16 g/mol 89.14 g/mol 117.19 g/mol
Vapor Pressure (20oC) <1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa <1 Pa 100 Pa
Boiling Point 271oC 335oC 247oC 170oC 161oC
Flash Point 138oC 179oC 127oC 71oC 50oC
Refractive Index 1.477 1.485 1.4694 1.439 1.441
Water Solubility Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible
Density 1.097 g/mL 1.124 g/mL 1.038 g/mL 0.914 g/mL 0.884 g/mL

Table 2. Experimental conditions for the comparative Table 3. % Oxidative degradation and initial rate of
oxidative degradation of aqueous amines. amine degradation.
Parameters Values Amine % Oxidative Initial Rate
Amine concentration 5000 ppm Degradation of Amine
Temperature 150oC Degradation
O2 Partial Pressure 6.8 bar (kmol/m3·h)
Total Reactor Pressure 12.3 bar DEA 96 385 × 10-3
Speed of Agitation 1200 rpm TEA 98 438 × 10-3
Reaction Time 8 hours MDEA 90 240 × 10-3
EAE 65 151 × 10-3
MDEA < DEA < TEA < MDEA. By plotting the DEAE 100 497 × 10-3
change in the amine concentration with respect to
the time of degradation reaction, the initial rates of of DEAE (497 × 10-3 kmol/m3·h) and slowest in case
amine oxidative degradation was determined and of EAE (151 × 10-3 kmol/m3·h) as compared to other
are listed in Table 3. The reported results further amines investigated in this study. These results
shows that the rate of degradation was rapid in case indicate that EAE provides higher resistance

Fig. 2. Reactor set-up used for oxidative degradation experiments in which, PI: pressure indicator, TI: temperature
indicator, TIC: temperature indicator controller, SI: speed indicator, SIC: speed indicator controller, R: reaction
vessel/autoclave, T: thermocouple, H: electric heater, RD: rupture disc, I: impeller, GS: gas sparger, SC: sample
condenser, C: cooling coil, CWin: cooling water inlet, CWout: cooling water outlet, S: solenoid valve, LSP: liquid
sampling port.
242 BHOSALE ET AL

Table 4. The results obtained during this study are

Fig. 3. Accelerated oxidative degradation of various
amines: A comparison.
towards oxidative degradation in comparison to
other aqueous amines.
Oxidative Degradation of Aqueous EAE
From the comparative oxidative degradation study
it was observed that the aqueous EAE undergo less
degradation as compared to other amines at
identical experimental conditions (reaction time = 8
hours). We have further examined the % oxidative
degradation of EAE for an extended period of time
by using the experimental conditions shown in
shown in Fig. 4. The liquid samples withdrawn at 4,
8, 12, and 16 hours indicate 40%, 65%, 85%, and
100% oxidative degradation of EAE. These results
further indicate that the oxidative degradation was
higher during first 4 hours (40%). However for the
next three sets of four hours each, the % oxidative
degradation was equal to 25%, 20%, and 15%.
Oxidative Degradation of Aqueous (EAE + NMP)
In our recently published research investigation
(Bhosale et al., 2013a/b), we reported that the CO2
absorption capacity of aqueous EAE was enhanced
(higher than MEA) due to the addition of N-methyl-
2-pyrolidone (NMP) as a physical solvent. Although
the CO 2 absorption capacity was increased, it is
highly important to know the susceptibility of this
formulated solvent (aqueous EAE + NMP) towards
oxidative degradation. Therefore, we have
performed the degradation experiments to
determine the % oxidative degradation of this
formulated solvent and the experimental conditions
employed in this study are reported in Table 4.
The obtained results are presented in Fig. 5 and
these results indicate that the pattern for the
oxidative degradation of EAE in formulated solvent

Fig. 4. Oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE. Fig. 5. Oxidative degradation of aqueous (EAE + NMP).

Table 4. Experimental conditions of various degradation studies performed in this investigation.

Experimental Parameters Degradation Degradation of Degradation of Degradation of
of EAE EAE + NMP EAE + FRS EAE + NMP + FRS
EAE concentration 5000 ppm 5000 ppm 5000 ppm 5000 ppm
NMP concentration None 5000 ppm None 5000 ppm
FRS concentration None None 10wt% of EAE 10wt% of EAE
Temperature 150oC 150oC 150oC 150oC
O2 Partial Pressure 6.8 bar 6.8 bar 6.8 bar 6.8 bar
Total Reactor Pressure 12.3 bar 12.3 bar 12.3 bar 12.3 bar
Speed of Agitation 1200 rpm 1200 rpm 1200 rpm 1200 rpm
Reaction Time 64 hour 64 hour 64 hour 64 hour
% Oxidative degradation
 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF CO2 ABSORBING AQUEOUS AMINE SOLVENTS
remains the same (similar to the individual aqueous
EAE degradation). In case of NMP, the liquid
samples obtained after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours
indicate % oxidative degradation equal to 25%, 45%,
63%, 77%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. These
results indicate that the rate of oxidative
degradation of NMP is sluggish as compared to
EAE and it does not adversely affect the oxidative
degradation of EAE, which is a good sign in terms of
the solvent stability of the formulated solvent
containing aqueous mixture of EAE and NMP.
Oxidative Degradation of Aqueous EAE Modified
with FRS
As mentioned in the introduction, inhibition or
reduction in the oxidative degradation is highly
essential to increase the cost effectiveness of the
aqueous amine based CO2 capture process. Also,
according to our proposition, a free radical
scavenger can be added to the aqueous amine
solvent to inhibit or reduce the % oxidative
degradation. One of such free radical scavengers
(FRS) can be carbonate salts of potassium. Therefore,
we have mixed carbonate salts of potassium (10wt%
of EAE) with aqueous EAE and investigated the
oxidative degradation of this mixed solvent by
employing the experimental conditions presented in
Table 4.
The results obtained after performing the
oxidative degradation experiments for 64 hours are
shown in Fig. 6. These results indicate that due to
the addition of carbonate salts of potassium, the %
oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE was
significantly decreased. For instance, the liquid
samples obtained after 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, and 64
hours indicate 24%, 39%, 47%, 54%, 58%, 61%, 63%,
and 65% oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE.
These results are very promising as in absence of
Fig. 6. Oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE modified
with FRS.
243
carbonate salts of potassium; the aqueous EAE
underwent 100% degradation in 16 hours (Fig. 4).
However, due to the addition of carbonate salts of
potassium, aqueous EAE underwent only 39%
degradation in 16 hours of operation.
Oxidative Degradation of Aqueous (EAE + NMP)
Modified with FRS
Similar to the aqueous EAE solvent, the effect of
addition of FRS (carbonate salts of potassium)
towards oxidative degradation of formulated
solvent containing aqueous mixture of EAE and
NMP was also examined (experimental conditions
are listed in Table 4). The experimental findings are
shown in Fig. 7. From these findings it is clear that in
addition to the aqueous EAE (the degradation
pattern remains similar to the individual aqueous
EAE modified with FRS), the addition of FRS further
reduces the oxidative degradation of aqueous NMP.
For instance, the liquid samples obtained after 8, 16,
24, 32, 40, 48, 56, and 64 hours indicate 15%, 27%,
37%, 45%, 50%, 54%, 56%, and 58% oxidative
degradation of aqueous NMP. These values are
lower as compared to the oxidative degradation of
formulated solvent in absence of FRS.
The results obtained in this investigation are very
promising. First of all EAE was observed to be a
potential solvent for CO2 capture due to its lower %
oxidative degradation as compared to other amines
such as DEA, TEA, MDEA, and DEAE.
Furthermore, the major raw materials for the
manufacturing of EAE are ethanol which, in turn,
can be prepared from agricultural products or
residues; hence EAE is an economical solvent as
compared to other amines solvents investigated
previously. Additionally, it also possesses a number
of advantages over MEA such as less volatility,
lower thermal energy requirement during CO 2
Fig. 7. Oxidative degradation of aqueous (EAE + NMP)
modified with FRS.
244 BHOSALE ET AL
stripping and higher pKa value. In addition to this,
carbonate salts of potassium turns out to be one of
the potential FRS as its inclusion reduces the %
oxidative degradation of both aqueous EAE and
formulated solvent (aqueous mixture of EAE and
NMP) significantly. We are currently continuing this
research work by performing a kinetic investigation
of FRS added amine solvents towards reactive
absorption of CO2.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, oxidative degradation of various
amines such as diethanolamine (DEA),
triethanolamine (TEA), methyl diethanolamine
(MDEA), ethylaminoethanol (EAE), and
diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) were investigated and
compared. A high temperature high pressure
subcritical reactor was used for this study and the
degradation experiments were performed at 150oC.
The results obtained indicate that the aqueous
amines undergo oxidative degradation according to
the following order: EAE (65%) < MDEA (90%) <
DEA (96%) < TEA (98%) < DEAE (100%). This
investigation further revealed that the initial rate of
amine oxidative degradation was higher in case of
DEAE and lower in case of EAE. Similar to aqueous
EAE, oxidative degradation of formulated solvent
containing aqueous mixture of EAE and NMP was
also studied. The results obtained during this study
indicate that EAE undergo 100% degradation in 16
hours whereas NMP undergo 100% in 24 hours. This
result shows that the oxidative degradation was
sluggish in case of NMP as compared to EAE.
Additional attempts were made to inhibit or reduce
the % oxidative degradation of aqueous EAE and
formulated solvent by adding the carbonate salts of
potassium as free radical scavengers (FRS).
Experimental findings support this hypothesis as
significant reduction in % oxidative degradation of
both solvents was realized due to the addition of
FRS. For instance, in case of aqueous EAE, the %
oxidative degradation was reduced from 100% to
39% in 16 hours. Similarly, in case of formulated
solvent, the % oxidative degradation of NMP was
reduced from 100% to 37% in 24 hours.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
support provided by a) the Qatar University internal
grantsQUUG-CENG-CHE-13/14-4 and QUUG-
CENG-CHE-14\15-10 and b) University Grants
Commission (Government of India), Institute of
Chemical Technology (ICT, Mumbai).
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