FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FLUID MECHANICS

BMMH 2313 SEMESTER 1 SESI 2020 / 2021

LAB 3: FLUID FRICTION

NAME OF GROUP 1.
MEMBERS&
MATRIX NUMBER 2.

3.

4.

5.

COURSE

DATE

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1.

2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS: / 100

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1.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the relation between friction head loss and velocity for flow of
water through smooth bore pipes.
2. To compare the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation with direct
measure head loss.

2.0 EQUIPMENT & TOOLS

i. C6-MKII-10 Fluid friction apparatus

Figure 1: Fluid Friction Apparatus

ii. Piezometer
iii. Internal Vernier caliper
iv. Stopwatch and thermometer.

3.0 SYNOPSIS& THEORY

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe:-
i. Laminar flow at low velocities, where h∝u
ii. Turbulent flow at higher velocities h∝un
In laminar flow, head loss, h is directly proportional to flow velocity, u. While in turbulent
flow, h is directly proportional to un. These two types of flow are separated by transition
phase where (in this phase) no definite relationship between h and u exists. Graphs of h
versus u and log h versus log u show these zones:-

Figure 2 : Graphs of h versus u and Log h versus Log u

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For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction may be calculated from the
formula:

Having established the value of Reynolds’ number for flow in the pipe, the value of f
maybe determined using a Moody diagram.

Note:

If Re<2000; indicate laminar flow

If 2000<Re<4000; indicate transition flow
If Re>4000; indicate turbulent flow

If the flow were laminar then, value of friction coefficient, f

f = 64/Re

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4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Switch on the pump and open the supply valve fully.

2. Switch on the equipment to allow water flowing in the pipe assembly. The flowing water
will push the air bubbles out of the rubber hose. Make sure no air bubbles present in the
rubber hose.
3. If the air bubbles were not present in the rubber hose, quickly connect the rubber hose
to the piezometer.
4. Before making any measurement, make sure the condition of the Fluid Friction Apparatus
is as follow:-
i. Close the Globe valve and Ball valve (light blue and grey circuit). Open the Gate
valve (dark blue circuit) half of turn.
ii. Turn on the cold water supply and wait for any trapped air to leave the circuit, then
close the Gate valve.
iii. Connect one set of piezometer tubes to tapping 13 (upstream) and 14 (downstream)
iv. The level in each of the piezometer tubes should be the same, if not then check for
air bubbles or leaks.
v. Fully open the gate valve and wait for the flow to settle. Record the readings on the
piezometer into Table 1.
5. Record (into Table1) the time taken for 5 liters of water to fill in the volumetric tank. To
do this, stop the water from flowing into the sump with the ball in the arm field, so that
water is retaining in the volumetric tank. Its level will start to rise as may be seen at the
sight gauge. Remember to lift the ball to allow water flowing back into the sump after
the time is recorded.
6. Record the pressured if ference reading from the piezometer into Table1.
7. Take piezometer reading at several different flow rates by altering the flow using the
supply valve in sequence of quarter turn. It is suggested that ten readings are sufficient
to produce a good head-flow curve.
8. Measure the internal diameter of the test pipe sample using an internal Vernier caliper.
9. Repeat procedures 2 to 8 for pipes between tapping 7, 8 and 10, 11.
10. Measure the water temperature using thermometer and check the mass density as well
as the dynamic viscosity of water using a given Table of Physical PropertiesofWater.

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5.0 RESULTS

EXPERIMENTALDATA
Densityof water,(fromtable) = 995.7 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosityof water,(fromtable) = 0.798 x 10-3 kg/ms
Lengthof pipes,L = 0.918 m
Internaldiameter of pipe,d = m

Table1 FluidFrictionExperimentalData
Volume Time Flowrate Piezometer Readings Flow Re f Calculate Measure
V Q Velocity Head HeadLoss
(litres) T From
u Loss
(s) (m3/s) Moody (mH2O)
(m/s) Diagram (m H2O)

Upstream Downstream Difference

(∆h)

Plot a graph of h versus u. Identify the laminar, transition and turbulent zones on the graphs.
Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of laminar flow
hu.

Plot a graph of log h versus log u. Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of
turbulent flow hun. Determine the slope of the straight line to find n.

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6.0 DISCUSSION

1. Discuss therelationshipof headloss andvelocitybasedonGraphhversus u:

2. From the graph, analyses the transition phase value and explain how it
could be happen.

3. Compare and discuss the values of head loss obtained from calculation
and measurement (using the digital piezometer):

7.0 QUESTION(FOR FORMALREPORTONLY)

What are the reasons for the result at discussion 3?

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8.0 CONCLUSION

(Please attach more pages if necessary)

SAMPLE DATA FOR ONLINE LAB IMPLEMENTATION

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APPENDIX A- Moodydiagram
To findf,f i r s t l o c a t e

The respective D
Curve at the right
vertical axis; in your
case of s m o o t h pipes ,
use th e curve
l a bel ed smooth.
After that, locate
the respective
Reat the bottom
horizontal axis. At the
intersectionpoint,move
horizontallytotheleftis the
corresponding
frictionfactor.

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