DORSAL and ANAL FINS co Prevent the body from turning around the vertical axis (yawing) and around the longitudina axis (rolling). o In prin Ir , each fin is supported within the contour of the body by a series of rody like radials or pterygioph o The exposed membrane of fins of CEPHALASPID: and some PLACODERMS are supported only by dorsal scales.CAUDAL FIN OOM eee: Coen eae eu eC a ares 1. Diphycercal — if the spine is straight to the tip of the tail '”P°"" with equal dorsal and ventral lobe of the tail. (ex. Cyclostomes, pleuracanths, and some sarcopterygians) 2. Hypocercal— if the spine tilts downward with longer ventral lobe than dorsal lobe. (ex.anaspids) 3. Heterocercal — if the spine tilts upward with longer dorsal — lobe than ventral lobe.(ex.cephalaspids, placoderms, most chondrichthyes, and primitive osteichthyes) 4. Homocercal - if all the fin membrane is posterior to the spine with equal dorsal and ventral lobe.(ex.all teleosts) eenStructures and Evolution of Girdles © the is older, larger and more complicated than pelvic girdle. It includes one or more cartilage or replacement bones and several dermal bones derived from ancestral scales and armour plates. © Placoderms cartilaginous fins was related to overlying plates of dermal skeleton. aReretotrichia 2, Scapulocoracoid Bar . ‘ 3, Propterygium © Cartiliginous fishes has no dermal elements 4, Mesopterygium 5. Metapterygium Scapulocoracoid — the right and left halves fused in eBosl eouoptores the midline forming a U-shaped girdleGirdle and Tetrapod .. © BIRDS have a bladelike scapula that is oriented parallel to the spine. - with large anterior coracoid that is articulated with the sternum - the posterior coracoid has been lost - two clavicles fuse ventrally forming the furcula or absent in sam SMe birds.Girdle and Tetrapod o the only membrane bone retained Therian Mammals is the clavicle - The anterior coracoid is completely lost. - the posterior coracoid fuses to the scapula forming the coracoid process of the scapula - the scapula is unique in having spine which represents its anterior border - the ventral end of the spine is continued as the acromion process to articulate with the clavicle.Girdle and Tetrapod © the pelvic girdle of Tetrapods is much enlarged over that of fishes and is relatively uniform in basic structure. -each half of the pelvic girdle is a single cartilaginous unit in the embryo. ™ -three bones are constant in the adult: oF = > — adorsal ilium, which articulates with one or more sacral vertebrae_ = > — ananterior pubis fd = >A posterior ischium es me -the bones of one side usually fuse in the adult forming the innominate bone -one or both of the ventral bones of the two sides usually articulates of fuse across the midventral line, the contact is called pelvic symphysisGirdle and tetrapod = Primitive amphibians had a solid, triangular shaped pelvic girdle with the ilium forming the apex 4. iam 2. Atetabulum - the pubis can be distinguished from the ischium by having a obturator foramen that accommodates a nerve. 3. tsehlum = In FROG, the girdle has a long, anteriorly inclined ilium and cartilaginous pubis.Girdle and Tetrapod REPTILES has various shapes patterned after the basic plan of LABYRINTHODONTS. -the contact with the spine is firmer -the large pubo-ischiadic fenestrum is present between the two ventral bones = Birds have a large pelvic girdle that is firmly attached to the synsacrum -the long ilium extends both anterior and posterior to the socket for the femur or acetabulum: The pubis is turned backward below the ischium and there is no symphysisGirdle and Tetrapod = Mammals have a long and expanded ilium extending only forward from the acetabulum - the large obturator fenestrum represents both the obturator foramen and the pbo-isichiadic fenestrum of the ancestor. - a symphysis is always present - MONOTREMES and MARSUPIALS have epipubic bones that articulate with the pubic bones extending forward in the ventral body wall. ‘ies Posterior View The Pelvis CoveyMISCELLANEOUS BONES « SESAMOID BONE — bones embedded in or interrupting tendon ~~ + the largest is patella or knee cap ret = Baculum (os penis) — bone in the penis of carnivores, bats, insectivores, rodents, and some primates ae = Additional small bones are found in the different structures among TETRAPODS: in the eyelids of CROCODILIANS, ety ae lt eras in the crest of a BIRD ++ in the snout of PIGS + at the base of the external ear of some RODENTS Bpallumotades spenisTYPES of LOCOMOTION IN MAMMALS = posterior limbs provide rapid acceleration and often support the greater part of the weight. + Types of locomotion KS a used by Tetrapods: - GRAVIPORTAL - CURSORIAL - VOLANT - AERIAL - SALTATORIALTYPES of LOCOMOTION in MAMMALS - AQUATIC - FOSSORIAL - SCANSORIAL - ARBOREALComparison of Vertebrates Type of Skull and Jaw Attachment Vertebrates Type of Skull Type of Jaw Attachment Fishes Euryapsid Paleostylic/Hyostylic/ Amphistylic Amphibians Anapsid Metautostylic Reptiles Anapsid Metautostylic Birds Diapsid Metautostylic Mammals Synapsid CraniostylicCartilaginous Fishes Bony Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Increased girdle Long girdle Various shapes Large pelvic girdle Long and expanded cae cee Large pectoral girdle Fins Dorsal and Caudal Fins Slightly broader and segmented Limbs Short/iong bones Limbs Hindlimbs are larger than forelimbs Limbs Uniform and specialized limb structure Limbscoy (oTnl ac Be MU acco Se) (Ulan) Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Dae re ha Penta Cac ail BET Amphicoelus Anterior and Posterior (2) Trunk and tail Amphicoelus, Procoelus or __there is little or no regional specialization Opisthocoelous of the vertebral column Procoelus 4or5 distinct region Heterocoelus consists of vertebrae, and is divided into three sections: cervical (11-25) (neck), Synsacrum (fused vertebrae of the back, also fused to the hips (pelvis)), and pygostyle (tail). Acocoelus 5 distinct regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and CaudalRibs and Sternum _ Nic ihn Sternum Fishes Dorsal and ventral set Amphibians Dorsal andventral set 5 Most do not haye ribs Reptiles Cervical ribs Birds Uncinate processes (are extensions of bone that project caudally from the vertical segment of each rib) Mammals only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also Absent Some (In early amphibians it is absent xiphisternum; Anurans omosternum) Some Present (Large:Carina) Flight muscle Present (sternebrae: modified into manubrium and xiphisternum)Girdles and Fins/Limbs Cartilaginous Fishes Large pectoral girdle Bony Fishes Increased girdle Amphibians Long girdle Reptiles Various shapes Birds Large pelvic girdle Mammals Long and expanded Fins Fins Limbs Limbs Limbs Limbs