INTRODUCTION TO

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Drawing

Describing any object/ information diagrammatically

Engineering Drawing

Graphical means of expression of technical

details without the barrier of a language.
Universal language for engineers
Diagrams/sketches/pictures – communication skills
• We grasp information easily if it is illustrated with
diagrams, sketches, pictures, etc.

LCA - the world's smallest, light weight, multi-role

supersonic combat aircraft of the world
It would just be impossible to communicate all
necessary details about the LCA verbally or in
writing – Illustration (picture/drawing) is useful.

• A picture/drawing is worth a thousand words..

• The LCA would be impossible to create without

computer graphics and drawing models.
•Drawings are the road maps which show how to
manufacture products and structures.
Impossible to describe the details
of the building
Difficult to describe the details of the machine
Engineering Drawing is important for all
branches of engineering.
Graphical representation of an object – Drawing
• Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object
that contains all information
-like actual shape, accurate size,manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction.

-No construction/manufacturing of any (man

-made) engineering objects is possible without
engineering drawing.
What will you learn in this course?
You will learn - How industry communicates technical
information.
• Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
• Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques.
• Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are made
and technical drawings are represented.
• Conventions – commonly accepted practices and methods
used for technical drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and
models.
• Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.
Engineering drawing is completely different
from artistic drawing, which are used to
express aesthetic, philosophical, and
abstract ideas.

D = 20 mm
Drawing instruments are used to prepare drawings easily
and accurately. The accuracy of the drawings depends largely
on the quality of instruments. Items required for drawing are as
follows:
Drawing board
Drawing sheet
Mini-drafter/drafting machine/ T- sqaure
Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
Scales, Roller Scale
Protractor
French curves
Drawing pencils
Eraser, Sharpener
Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
Drawing Board

Drawing board is rectangular in shape and is

made of strips of well-seasoned soft wood
about 25 mm thick.
Drawing board must be placed on the table
with working edge always to be at the left
side.
 Mini-drafter

– The uses and advantages of the T-square, set-squares,

scales and the protractor are combined in the drafting
machine. Its one end is clamped by means of a screw, to the
distant longer edge of the drawing board.
Mini-drafter fixed on drawing board
 Clamping mini drafter
Set the protractor
head with reference
mark indexing zero
degree.
Fix the clamp of the
mini-drafter at the top
left corner either along
the top horizontal edge
of the board or along
the left vertical edge
of the board.
….contd
 Clamping mini drafter….. contd

•Place the drawing sheet underneath the scales

of the mini-drafter,
•Fix the drawing sheet to the drawing board
with the scales of the mini-drafter aligned
either with the vertical or the horizontal
borderlines of the drawing sheet.
T-Square

A T-square is made up of hard-quality wood. It

consists of two parts - the stock and the blade -
joined together at right angles to each other by
means of screws and pins. It is use for drawing
horizontal line, vertical line, inclined line and
parallel lines.
Set Squares

The set-squares are made of wood, tin, celluloid

or plastic. Those made of transparent celluloid or
plastic are commonly used as they retain their
shape and accuracy for a longer time. Two forms
of set-squares are in general use. It is used for
drawing horizontal line, vertical line and parallel
lines.
Scales

Scales are made of wood, steel, celluloid or plastic or

card board. Stainless-steel scales are more durable.
Scales may be flat or of triangular cross-section. 15
cm long and 2 cm wide or 30 cm long and 3 cm wide
flat scales are in common use. It is used to measure
a given line or to set up a line with given dimension.
Roller Scales

It consists of graduated roller, scale of 16 cm and

protector. It is ideal for drawing vertical lines,
horizontal lines, parallel lines, angles and circles.
French curves

French curves are made of wood, plastic or celluloid.

They are made in various shapes. French curves are
used for drawing curves which cannot be drawn with a
compass. are should be taken to see that no corner is
formed anywhere within the drawn curve.
Protractor

Protractor is made of wood, tin or celluloid.

Protractors of transparent celluloid are in common
use. They are flat and circular or semi-circular in
shape. The commonest type of protractor is semi-
circular and of about 100 mm diameter.
The protractor is used to draw or
measure such angles as cannot be drawn with the set-
squares. A circle can be divided into any number of
equal parts by means of the protractor.
Drawing Instrument Box

The drawing instrument box contains the following as

mentioned earlier:
(1) Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil
and pen legs (2) Lengthening bar (5) Small bow
divider (3) Small bow compass (6) Small bow ink-pen
(4) Large-size divider (7) Inking pen. .
Drawing Pins,Clips, Adhesive Tapes, Sand
Paper Block, Duster
Drawing Sheet
Drawing papers are available in
many varieties. For ordinary
pencil-drawings, the paper
selected should be tough
and strong. It should be
uniform in thickness and as
white as possible.

Surface area of A0 size is one

square metre. Successive
format sizes (from A0 to A5)
are obtained by halving along
the length or doubling along
the width.
Standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS
Layout of drawing sheets
This includes:
1.Sheet size 2. Margin 3. Border lines 4. Borders and frames
5. Orientation mark 6. Grid reference system 7. Title block 8.
Scale and Scale Drawing
Title box – An important feature – a must in every drawing
sheet – for technical and administrative details

• Location - Bottom right corner – 160 mm x 60 mm

• Divided into two zones
• Identification zone
• Registration or identification number
• Drawing title
• Name of the legal owner of the drawing, i.e., name of the
firm or the company

Contd…
 Title box….. contd

Additional information zone

• Indicative items –symbol indicating the system of
projection, main scale of drawing, etc.
• Technical items – method of indicating surface
texture, geometric tolerances, etc.
• Administrative items
Lay out of a drawing sheet
Layout of the title box to be adopted in this course
Drawing Pencils
The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depend very largely on the
quality of the pencils used. With cheap and low-quality pencils, it is
very difficult to draw lines of uniform shade and thickness.
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Great care should be taken in mending the pencil and
sharpening the lead, as the uniformity in thickness of
lines depends largely on this. The lead may be
sharpened to two different forms:
(i) Conical point and
(ii) Chisel edge.
The conical point is used in sketch work and for lettering
etc. With the chisel edge, long thin lines of uniform
thickness can be easily drawn and hence, it is suitable for
drawing work.
Pencil drawing –
In finished drawing, all lines (except construction lines-
used to construct the drawing) should be dense, clean and
uniform.
Construction line should be drawn very thin and should be
hardly visible in the finished drawing ( they should not be
erased).
Line types
Line types….CONTD
Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing
Examples of good and poor drawing techniques for
lines and arcs
Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions,
scales and other details on a drawing
• Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity,
ease, rapidity, and suitability for microfilming/
photocopying/any other photographic processes
• No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
Plain letters and numerals which are clearly
distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion even in case of slight mutilations
Lettering – BIS: 9609
• Single stroke lettering for use in engineering
drawing – width of the stem of the letters and
numerals will be uniformly thick equal to thickness of
lines produced by the tip of the pencil.
• The word single-stroke should not be taken to
mean that the letter should be made in one stroke
without lifting the pencil.
It actually means that the thickness of the line of
the letter should be such as is obtained in one
stroke of the pencil.
Lettering types
• Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into
14 equal parts
• Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided into
10 equal parts
Specifications of A -Type Lettering
Specifications of B -Type Lettering
The main titles are generally written in 6 mm to 8 mm
size, sub-titles in 3 mm to 6 mm size, while notes,
dimension figures etc. in 3 mm to 5 mm size. The
drawing number in the title block is written in
numerals of 10 mm to 12 mm size.
Fig. 3-4 shows single-stroke vertical capital letters and
figures with approximate proportions.
Units of Measure
International systems of units (SI) – which is based on
the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on
engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units is not required if
all dimensions on a drawing are in the same unit (mm).
The drawing shall however contain a note:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM. (Bottom left
corner outside the title box)
 Dimensioning
Every drawing, whether a scale drawing or a freehand
drawing, besides showing the true shape of an object,
must supply its exact length, breadth, height, sizes and
positions of holes, grooves etc. and such other details
relating to the manufacture of that object.
Providing this information on a drawing is called
dimensioning. Lines, figures, numerals, symbols, notes
etc. are used for this purpose.

F = Functional
L = Location or Datum
Dimension
Dimensioning Term and Notation
This includes the following terms:
1. Dimension line 2. Extension line 3. Arrow head
4. Leader line
Placing of Dimension:
The two systems of placing a dimension are:
1.Aligned system and 2. Unidirectional system
 General rules for dimensioning
(1) Dimensioning should be done so completely that
further calculation or assumption of any dimension, or
direct measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
(2) Every dimension must be given, but none should be given
more than once.
(3) A dimension should be placed on the view where its use
is shown more clearly.
(4) Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless
they are clearer and more easily read inside.
(5) Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning
between hidden lines should be avoided. Dimension lines
should not cross any other line of the drawing.
(6) An outline or a centre line should never be used as a
dimension line. A centre line may be extended to serve as an
extension line.
(7) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
Thank you