Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bulking Sludge
1
Two principle types of sludge bulking problems have been
identified.
Caused by the growth of filamentous organisms
Or organisms that can grow in a filamentous form under
adverse conditions.
This is the predominant form of bulking
3. Plant operation
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3. Operational causes of filamentous bulking include
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Limited dissolved oxygen has been noted more frequently than
any other cause. If the problem is due to limited D.O. Aerating
equipment should operate at full capacity. At least 2 mg/L of
dissolved oxygen in the aeration tank (under normal loading
conditions) should be maintained.
6
Filamentous bacteria such as Beggiatoa & Thiothrix
grow well on hydrogen sulfide & reduced substrates
respectively that would be found in septic WW.
7
Beggiatoa
Beggiatoa, a filamentous
bacterium that oxidizes
hydrogen sulfide.
8
Thiothrix
9
In an emergency situation or while these factors are being
investigated chlorine & hydrogen peroxide may be used to
provide temporary help.
Chlorination of return sludge has been practiced as a means
of controlling bulking sludge caused by filamentous
organisms.
It is ineffective when bulking is due to light floc containing
bound water.
Chlorination of return sludge in the range of 2-3 mg/L (in
severe cases 8-10 mg/L) of Cl2 per 1000 mg/L MLVSS is
suggested.
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Rising Sludge
11
Rising sludge problems may be overcome by
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Nocardia Foam
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Foam on weirs
Clarifier foam
15
foaming in an aeration
basin
Probable causes:
17
The Selector Concept
The selector concept entails the selective growth of floc-
forming organisms at the initial stage of the biological process
by providing a high F/M ratio at controlled DO levels.
A selector is a small tank (20 to 60 min contact time) or a
series of tanks in which the incoming wastewater is mixed with
return sludge under aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions.
Substrate, mg/L
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Selector designs are based on either kinetic or metabolic
mechanisms
1. Kinetics-Based Selector:
The kinetics-based
selector designs are
called high F/M selectors
19
2. Metabolic-Based Selector:
20
Similarly, the filamentous bacteria do not store
polyphosphates and thus cannot consume acetate in
the anaerobic contact zone in biological phosphorus
removal designs, giving an advantage for substrate
uptake and growth to the phosphorus-storing bacteria.
In some wastewater treatment facilities an anaerobic
selector has been used before the aeration tank in low
SRT even though phosphorus removal is not required.
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ACTIVATED SLUDGE
MODIFICATIONS
1. Conventional Activated Sludge Treatment
A typical flow pattern is
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2. Tapered Aeration
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3. Step Aeration
Aeration tank
influent
effluent
Return sludge
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5. Extended Aeration
27
Lag Log Declining Endogenous
Contact Stabilization
Complete Mix
Step Aeration Extended Aeration
Conventional
High Rate
28
6. Contact Stabilization
Contact stabilization uses two separate tanks for the treatment
of the WW and the stabilization of the activated sludge
Complete mix
Contact tank
(adsroption)
Complete mix
Stabilization
tank
The first tank provides contact between the biomass and the
WW for a short period of time 20-40 min.
The insoluble organic material is first adsorbed to the m.o. floc
surface, then solubilized.
29
In the second aeration tank, the organic material which
is adsorbed on the biomass surface is metabolized or
“stabilized” (retention time 4-8 hr)
30
7. Sludge Reaeration
Complete mix
Aeration tank
Complete mix
Reaeration
tank
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8. High Rate Activated Sludge
For this particular process modification, a low MLSS
concentrations are combined with high volumetric BOD
loadings.
This system is characterized by short HRT, high sludge
recycle ratio, high F/M loading.
The subtrate removal efficiency is low (typically 60-75 %)
mainly because the plant effluent generally contains a high
solids concentration. (This high solids concentration is a
result of the physiological state of the organisms in the
aeration tank.)
Therefore, the high rate process can not be used where a
high quality effluent is required.
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Lag Log Declining Endogenous
Contact Stabilization
Complete Mix
Step Aeration Extended Aeration
Conventional
High Rate
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9. Pure Oxygen Aeration
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10. Oxidation Ditch
The oxidation ditch consists of a
ring or oval channel and is
equipped with one or more
rotating rotors for WW aeration.
Screened WW enters the ditch, is
aerated and circulates at about
0.25-0.35 m/s.
Typically operation an extended
aeration mode with long
detention times.
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11. Orbal Process
The orbal process is a variation
of the oxidation ditch.
And uses a concentric channels
with the same structure.
Wastewater enters the larger
outer channel and flows toward
the center through at least two
more channels before entering
an internal clarifier or a Disk aerators mounted on a horizontal
distribution box. shaft provide aeration.
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12. Sequencing Batch Reactor
3. Settle(sedimentation clarification
4. Draw /decant
5. Idle
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13. Biolac Process
Biolac® is a process that combines long
solids retention times with submerged
aeration in earthen basins.
A major advantage of the Biolac® system
is its low installed cost.
MLSS (mg/L) 1200 1800 2400 3300 4000 5500 6800 8100
Initial settling 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.2 0.77 0.26 0.13 0.06
velocity m/h
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Design flow to secondary clarifiers, Q
Q = avarage design flow + return sludge flow – MLSS wasted
= 27563 + 12942 – 283 m3/d
= 40222 m3/d
Use two clarifiers each one w/ flow of 20200 m3/d
Area of clarifier
A: area of the secondary clarifier m2
QX Q : influent flow of the clarifier m3/h
A X: MLSS concentration kg/m3
SF SF: limiting solids flux kg/m2.h
3 3
For each clarifier A 20200 m / d ( 2400 g / m / 0.8)
1942 m 2
(24 h / 1 d *1000 g / kg ) *1.3kg / m 2 .h
A= π.r2 =1942 r ≈ 25 m
Determine recycle ratio required to maintain MLSS conc at 3000 mg/L
(Q+Qr) 3000 = Q X + QrXu Q (3000-X) = Qr (Xu-3000)
Qr/Q = 3000-X/(Xu-3000) = α =recycle ratio
Q = influent flow
Qr= recycle ratio When Xu = 9300 mg/L and X= 92.8 mg/L
X= influent SS conc α = 0.46 42
Xu underflow SS conc