Chapter 3 Current Electricity Introduction Introduction © Blectric Current We considered all charges whether free or bound to be at rest in # Blectric Current in previous two chapters. Charges in motion constitute an electric Conductors current. Such currents occur naturally as well as artificially. Lightening © Ohm's Law 1s one of the natural phenomena in which charges flow from clouds to © DrifiefElectronsand the —_¢arth through the atmosphere. The current produced during lightening Origin of Resistivity 4s not steady. * Limitations of Ohm's Law Artificially, current is generated by dynamo, inverters. cells ete. The © Reststivity of Various currents through devices like cell-driven clocks, torch etc., are steady. Materials In this chapter we study some basic laws concerning steady electric Temperature Depencenceof current and their applications. Resistivity © Electrical Energy. Power ELECTRIC CURRENT © Combination of Resistors Consider @ small area A kept perpendicular 10 the direction of flow of charges ~ Series and Parallel 2s shown in igure, * Cells, emg, Internal A Resistance * Cells in Series and Paralle! * Kirchhoffs Rules © Wheatstone Bridge © Meter Bridge Positive charges q, are flowing from left to right and negative charge q_are © Potentiometer flowing from right to left across the area. Net charge flowing through the area «Some important Definitions in the interval t from left to right: q = 4, ~ q. ¢ Formulae Chart For steady current q is proportional tot. © Quick Recap The quotient 7 =1, detined as the curent across the area in the direction left to right. If the quotient is negative then the current is in the direction Fight to left. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rega. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dsihi-110005 Ph. 011-47623486192 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. But currents are not always steady. In that case we define current in two ways 1. Average current 2. Instantaneous current If AQ charge flows through any cross-section of conductor in the interval f to f + Af, then average current in that interval is defined as the ratio of AQ to Alyy = 42. If the limit of At is tending to zero, then the current is defined to be instantaneous current at time ¢, t= tim 22 _ 22 ao at dt * Direction of current is taken as direction of motion of positively charged particles and opposite to the direction ‘of negatively charged particles. SI unit of current is ampere (A) Order of currents in domestic appliances is 1A. ‘Order of currents in our nerves is. 1 WA (Order of current in lightening is 10% A Example 1: 10° positrons are flowing normally through an area in forward direction and same amount of | electrons are flowing in backward direction in the interval of 10 ms. Find the current through the area. Solution: g, = 10 1.6 « 10-7 C= 1.6 * 10°C = 108 & (1.6 * 10°C) =-1.6 x 10-9 C Net charge through the area q = q, ~ q_= 1.6 10-19. G ~ (-16 « 10-7.) =32* 1096 Current the area = 2 =32x10" through 1 FSET SEXTON A Example 2: Charge through a cross-section of a conductor is given by Q = (2 + 50)C. Find the current through the conductor at the instant t = 2 s. Solution: Charge Q= (2 + 51) C aa_@ Instantaneous current j= 22 = 9. ¢2¢2 4 12 OP = Sat +50) s4r+5 ALt=28,/=(4"2)+5=13A Example 3: /n neon gas discharge tube 2.9 = 10'® Ne* ions move to the right through a cross-section of the | tube each second, while 1.2 * 10! elactrons move to the left in this time. The electronic charge is 1.6» 10-" coulomb. What is the net electric current in the tube? Solution: Here since positive and negative charges are moving in opposite directions their equivalent current | is in the same direction Ze. in the direction in which the positive ions are moving. So the total current will be tha sum of the currents due to individual postive and negative charges. (2.910 +1.2% 10!)x1.6 x10" 15 tence nat cent = {22 +080 Ato the rohit the direction in which the positive charge is moving, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623488Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 193 Example 4: In the Bohr’s model of hydrogen alom, the electron is assumed to rotate in a circular orbit of radius 5* 10"! m, at @ speed of 2.2 * 10° mV/s. What is the current associated with electron motion? re eo ree) setutons = ba ie (ot See 1.6 x10" Cx22%10%m/s Bex 8x10 = 112 ma 112% 1098 Example § : The current in a wire varies with time according to the relation i = 2.0A + (0.6A/s%)#2. (a) How many coulomb of charge pass a cross-section of the wire in the time interval between {= 0 and t = 10s? (b) What constant current would transport the same charge in the same time Solution: (a) @= fiat = [I2.0A+(0.6As *x*]0r = |e AY + (0. omen] = (2.0) (108) + (06 As) 1)” 2 20 As + 200 As = 220 As = 220 coulomb (&) Constant currant j= 9 = 2206 _ go, t 10s Try Yourself 1. Charge through a cross-section of a conductor is given by Q = 5f — 2t coulomb. Find the average current through the conductor in the interval t, = 2s tof, = 4's. () 4A (2) 2BA @) 56A 4) 7A 2. It hy, fy and /, are the orders of the currents through our nerves, domestic appliances and average lightening, then the correct order of currents is Mh rly @ hhh OWhV, @ «Vv @ VY=V, (4) Any of these ‘Solution : ‘You might be tempted to mark the option (3) but that is incorrect. You may argue that just now wre sald, vis Independent of the corss sectional area. But you see, the eater discussion was relatad to Comparing two separate conductors but here you have to compara two different points of the same conductor. Always remember for comparison purpose you should write the comparison Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47622458202 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. ‘equations in those terms which remain constant. Here current entering the conductor and leaving It, remains constant, So use the equation | = n.0.vg Now, as /, n, @ are constant ». vA becomes constant, So, larger the cross-sectional area A, smaller is vq. Now A, >A, V, < V, that means V, > Vp Try Yourself 11. There is a current of 40 A in a wire of 10 square metre area of cross-section, If the number of free electrons per cubic metre is 10%, then the drift velocity will be (1) 1.25 x 109 mvs @) 25% 10% ms @) 25x 10% mis (4) 25 x 10° mis Hint : va = oy 12. Awire 50 cm long and 1 mm? in cross-section carries a current of 4 A when connected to a 2V battery. The resistivity of the wire is () 2x107 2m @ 5x1072m @) 4x10¢2m @ 1x10%9m ee ye VA. Hees peg PoE 13, The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron is R. If its length and radius both are doubled then the resistance (1) Wil be doubled and the specific resistance will be halved (2) Wit be halved and the specific resistance will remain unchanged (@) Will be halved and the specifiec resistance will be doubled (4) And the specific resistance, both will remain unchanged Hint : R= PE and » is independent of geometry changes 14. The drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor is vy when the current / is flowing in it. If both the radius and current are doubled, the drift velocity will be ve ¥ ot @) vy Hint : = nevg A ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 203 15. The wires of same dimension but resistivities p, and p, are connected in series. The equivalent resistivity of the combination is Put Pa am BS 2) ryt @ 20, +02) (4) Jerre Hine : Pil, Pal _ 2k AAA 16. If the specific resistance and area of cross-section of a potentiometer wire are p and A and / is current flowing through it, then potential gradient is. o @ a 2/5 215 e (4) ap VIR _ tol to tint: f= Fo SFB 17. Two copper wires of length L and 2 have radii R and 2 R respectively. What is ratio of their specific resistances? (1:2 @ 2:4 @ it @ 1:3 Hint : Spocific resistance or resistivity is material property, independent of geometry. 18. The electron drift speed is small and the charge of the electron ie also small but stil, we obtain large current in a conductor. This is due to the (1), Conducting property of the conductor @) Resistance of the conductor is small (@) Electron number density of the conductor is small (@) Electron number density of the conductor is enormous Hint: = nev,A LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW ‘The proportionality of V and | does not hold for certain materials and devices used in electric circuits, Followings are few types of deviations. 1. Vecaases to be proportional to / for a good conductor. v t ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47625456204 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. 2. Value of current is different for same potential difference on reversing the direction of V. 1 1 ua) Fig.: Characteristic curve of diode 3. Value of potential is different for same current, SV 10V Fig.: Variation of currant Vs Voltage for GaAs Example 15: Find the average drift speed of free electrons in a copper wire of area of cross-section 10-7 m? carrying current of 1.5 A and having tree electron density 8.5 * 10° m. Solution: = 1.5A,A= 107 m,n =8.5* 10% m3, e= 16% 10C Expression for current in terms of dri speed |= neAv, vee 15 @* eA” 85x10" x1.6x10 x10 = 4.1103 me mis 1 mms" Example 16: What are the possible paths of free electrons inside a conductor? Solution: __In the absence of electric field inside conductor, free electrons are unaccelerated, so their path between consecutive collisions is straight line. In the presence of electric field inside conductor, free electrons are accelerated so their path is generally curved. 19. Drift speed of electrons is of the order of 10-* m/s, but current is established in the circuit with the speed of light. Explain. 20. Mobility of free electrons in a current carrying conductor is proportional to (1) Relaxation time (@) Electric fiekd (8) Potential difference @) Allof these ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 205 RESISTIVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS Metais have resistivities in the range of 10-* 2m to 10-* Om. Insulators have resistivities 10"® times greater than metal or more. Semiconductors have resistivities in between conductor and insulator. Resistivities of semiconductors decrease with a rise in temperature. Their resistivity is affected by presence of small amount of impurities. Commercially produced resistors for domestic as well as laboratory use are of two major types 1. Wire bound resistors 2. Carbon resistors ‘Wire bound resistors are made by winding wires of an allay Le., magnanin, constantan, nichrome etc. These wires are chosen because their resistivities are relatively insensitive to temperature. These resistances are in the range of a fraction of an ohm to a few hundred ohm, Resistors of range higher than wire bound resistors are mostly made of carbon. Carbon resistors are small, compact and less expensive, so are used widely in electronic circuits. Their resistances are measured from their colour code. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Roed, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623458206 Current Electricity Board & Compatitive Exams. Resistor Colour Codes ° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A carbon resistor has a set of coaxial coloured rings in them, whose significance are listed in above table. First two bands formed : First two significant figures of the resistance in ohm ‘Third band : Decimal muttiplier as shown in table. Last band : Tolerance or possible variation in percentage as per the indicated value. For Gold 5%, for silver +#10% and No colour 20%. Example 17: Find the resistance of following carbon resistor Red Red Red Siver Solution: First two bands = Red and Red So, first two significant figures of the resistance = 22 Third band = Red ‘So decimal multiplier = 10? Last band = Silver So tolerance = #10% R= 2% 107)0 + 10% 21. Find the resistance of the following carbon resistor. ED — Red Violet Brown Silver ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deiht-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 207 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITY Resitiy of © marl found fo depend onthe lempartire.n conductor, restvly p= 7, where 1 1 p= Rand p=+. When the temperature of conductor increases, average speed of free electrons increases. As a result collision frequency increases or relaxation time decreases. In metals n is not dependent on temperature to any appreciable extent and ;» increases with rise in temperature. Different materials do not exhibit the same dependence on temperature. Resistivity of copper as a function of temperature Tis shown below Eos. g Boz re a 50 100 150 ts Figure (A) esi a lice aa ion a aon gare T Gis > = 1.10: 1.00. T(K) ee Ts Figure (B) Resistivity of a metallic conductor is approximately given by Pr Poll + oT — Th) (21) ware py = resathly st T°C pp = relat at rterénae tamperatir T,°C and c= timperturecoeficlont of resistivity. For metal, «: is positive as their resistivity increases with rise in temperature. Equation (21) implies that graph of py plotted against T would be a straight line as in figure (B). At tomperature much lower than 0°C, the p versus T graph for conductors deviates considerably for straight line as shown in figure (A) For semiconductors, « is negative as their resistivity decreases with rise in temperature (n increases with rise in temperature). Temperature dependence of resistively p of a semi-conductor is as shawn in figure (C). r Figure (C) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph. 011-47623455208 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. Pot 2. Resistance of the conductor at PC can be written as R= Ro(1 + cigl)- Gq = Temperature coefficient of resistance Example 18 Resistance of platinum wire in a platinum resistance thermometer at melting ice, boiling water and at @ hot bath are 5 22, 5.5. and 5.2 @ respectively. Find temperature of hot bath. Solution = Ry = 5 &, Rigg = 5.5 2, R,= 520 100°C = 40°C 5 Example 19 : The temperature co-efficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125 °C-1, At 300 °C ks resistance is ‘one ohm. The resistance of the wire wil be 2 ohm at 100K (@ 1673 @ 154K 1400K Solution: Use R= Ry (1 + «:T) because variation of resistance is exceeding 6%. R,=R(1 + at) 21 = Raft + 0.00125 * 300} i) and Ry = Ret + at) 2 = Ret + 0.00125 4 Ai) Divide eq, (ii) by (i), we get __1+0.00128 ¢, 1+ 0.00125 x 360 = 1400°C = 1673 K. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623486Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 209 22. Why manganin and constantan are used in standard resistance boxes? 23. A.wire has resistance of 3.1 © at 30°C and 4.5 @ at 100°C. The temperature coefficient of ‘resistance to the wire is approximately () 12x 104°C @ 24x 104°C" @) 32% 104°C+ @) 7x 109°C4 Hint : Use R= Ry{1 + (AT) 24. The resistance of a tungsten filament at 150°C is 133 ©. What will be its resistance at 500°C? ‘The temperature coefficient of resistance of tungsten is 0.0045 per °C. () 258.2 2) 3002 @) 158.9 (4) 58.0 Hint | R, = Relt + at] and R= Relt + ety} 25. The temperature coefficient of resistivity of a material is 0.0004 °C~!. When the temperature of ‘material is increased by 50°C, its resistivity increases by 2 x 10.0 m. The initial resistivity of the material in obm-metre is (1) 50x 10% (2) 90x 10° @) 100 10% (4) 200 x 10° Hint : ap = poet 1. Charge @ passing through a cross-section of conductor at an instant is given by @ = (0.5 f + C where tis in second. Current through the conductor at f= 1 s is (1) Zero @1A @) 2A @) 1A 2. Ifthe radius of cross-section of the conductor is increased by 0.1% keeping volume constant, then percentage change In the resistance of the conductor is (1) 0.2% @ -0.1% @) -03% (4) -0.4% 3. It J and & are current density and electric field respectively inside a current carrying conductor, then correct relation is ) j=0F @ JxE @ j-E>0 (4) All of these 4. Current density j at an area A= (21 +3]) mm? is j =(3] + 4k) Alm?. Current through the area is 1) 9 nA @) Ze @) 18a 4) 12ua ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623458,210 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. 5. 10. A carbon resistor has coloured strips as shown in figure. Its resistance is Violet —L_LLL [}— Yellow Brown Gold (1) 410.0 + 5% Q) 470045% @) 47004 10% @) 470.0 + 20% If, @, mand + are free electron density in conductor, charge of electron, mass of electron and relaxation time of free electrons, then resistivity p of the conductor can be expressed nm ne? 0 @ 9-5 @ p= Ze Electric current is passing through a solid conductor PQ from F to Q. The electric current densities at P and Qare in the ratio. zz 7a — a @) 1:2 2:4 @) 1:4 4) 451 Through a given cross section n, electrons per second are passing from left to right and n, protons per second are passing from right to left simultaneously. The electric current through that cross section is (e = electronic charge) (1) (9, + 1,)¢ toward left 2) (n, —1,)¢ toward right @) (n,2 + n2)e toward ett (8) (7? — 0,2) toward right ‘The dimensional formula of mobility Gy LTA @ (Metta @) MLTA7] 1) INMLOTAL Figure shows graph between / and V for two conductors A and 8. Their respective resistances are in the ratio. KA) A 3 a vy ast @ 1:3 @ 354 @ 1:2 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph. 011-47823455Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 211 ELECTRICAL ENERGY, POWER Consider a conductor having terminals A and B. Current / is flowing from A to B. If potential at A is V, and potential at Bis Vq, then potential difference across A and B is V = V,— Vp >0. a B Amount of charge flown from A to B, in time interval At, AQ = Jat Potential energy of charge at A, U, = (AQ)Vx. Potential energy of charge at B, Ug = (AQ)Vg Change in potential energy of charge in travelling from A to B, AU = Ug— Ux = AQIVp ~ Val = -aQV = -IWvat <0 Ifa charge move without collision, then kinetic energy of charges would also change, so applying conservation of total energy ‘Change in kinetic energy + change in potential energy = 0. = ak=-au => ak = Wat>o Actually charge carriers do not move with acceleration but with steady drift velocity due to collisions with ions and atoms during transit. The kinelic energy gain by charges is shared with the atoms during collisions. As a result atoms vibrate more vigorously and this energy is dissipated as heat in the conductor during time interval At. he. AW = Ivat 22) ‘The energy dissipated per unit time is the power dissipated, p= Woy at Using Ohm's law V = IR, we get P= R= (Power loss oF ohmic toss) Its the power which heats up the coll of an electric bulb to incandescence, radiating out heat and light. Source of the power : We need an external source (like chemical cells) to keep a steady current through the conductor, which is the source to supply this power. Power loss in transmission lines : Consider a device of resistance R to be operated at voltage V and current through it J, then power of device P = VI. If resistance of connecting wires from power station to the device is Rg, then power dissipated in connecting wires is P., with Pe =IRe = (23) ve 1 Therefore, to drive a device of power P, the power wasted in the connecting wires Po = yz = Re As the distance of power station is very large, Rr is considerable. So to decrease P,, these wires carry current at enormous values of V and this is the reason for high voltage danger signs on transmission lines. ‘These voltages are lowered to a value suitable for use by a device known as transformer. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47625466212 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. Example 20 : Current 2 A is flowing through a conductor of resistance 4 £2. Find the electrical energy consumed Solution = Example 21 : Figure shows threo identical bulbs A, B and C connected to a battery of supply voltage V. When Solution : in 0s, 1=2A.R=40, a= 108 Electrical energy AW = /?R at =2x4x104 = 1604 the switch S is closed, discuss the change in (@) The ituminations of the three bulbs (©) The powor dissipated in the circuit When the switch is open, Vy = Vp = Ve = v3 _ wish ve and Py = Py = Po= p= Se = Asay) (@) When the switch is closed, the bulb C is short circuited and hence there will be no current through C. So, Pe = 0 v z Way Vv? 9, So Re &e R "aR" 4 Thorlo, tho iansty of urinaon ot each of the bb ant becomes es ho initial value but the intensity of the bulb C becomes zero. (©) The power dissipated in the circuit before closing the switch is P= Py Py + Pe= 3P The power dspated afer dosing the sh ic P, = Pat Py + Po pated in the circuit becomes 3 times the initial value. ‘Thus, power dis 3 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Fload, New Deihi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 213 Example 22 : Two unequal resistances R, and R, are connected across two identical battorios of emf ¢ and intemal resistance r . Can the thermal energies developed in R, and R, be equal. it yes, find the condion, R R 1p " 1 r Solution : on RRr +R = RVR +R oR VR= VR: (Rs ~ VR) or, r= RR ‘Thus, the thermal energies developed in R, and R, will be equal when r= /RRy Example 23: Two electric lamps are rated 220 volts, 60 watts and 220 volt 40 watts. Find the heat generated in each lamp per second when they are connected in series across 220 volt. Solution : For the first lamp P, = 60 watts Pe Wh _ (2207 _ 48400 | By = PEF. 48400 onan = 806.7 ohm For finding the value of resistance, we use the rating voltage and NOT the source voltage. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-47623455214 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. For the second lamp P, = 40 watt When electric lamps are joined in series, R=R, +R, = 806.7 + 1210 = 2016.72 v__220 = current through each bulb = = 25167 4 : neat procs por second int bu = A, -( 222.) 6007-86046" 2016.7 . r= neat prouco per second n secon bub «Ry = (220) a0 «14.4 Example 24: Two bulbs are marked (a) 100 W, 220 V (b) 40 W, 220 V. Which has higher resistance ? Also, calculate the maximum current that can flow through each bulb. Solution: —_V, = 220 V, P, = 100 W, V, = 220 V, P, = 40 W @ Py=Mh 1, = yf = 1001220 = 0.45450 Y __220 Ry = TE = patty = 484 ohm @) Pe Vile P40 k= ye = By TONBIBA Ve _ _220 Ry = Th = Gagta 7 1210 ohm Try Yourself “= 26, The instant at which a bulb is switched on, its power is maximum, then it decreases to a steady value. Explain. 27. For driving current of 2A for 6 minute in a circuit, 1000 J of work is to be done. The emt of the source of the circuit is (1) 1.38 @ 168V @) 203 @ 3t0V Hint : emt = “ore Te ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph, 011-47823456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 215 34 ‘An electric bulb marked 40 W and 200 V. is used in a circuit of supply voltage 100 V. Its power is @ tow @ 20w @) 40w (4) 100 w Hint : Power « (voltage)? Three bulbs of 40 W 60 W and 100 W are arranged in series with 220 V. Which bulb has minimum resistance? () 100 W (2) 40w @) GOW (4) Equal in all buts Hint : Resistance doesn't depend on extemal voltage or series parallel connection. Larger the power, lower the resistance. A.ccurrent through a lamp marked 50 W, 250 V is a) 018 @) 02a @) 048 (@) 03a Hint: P= VI ‘Three equal resistors connected in series across a source of EMF together dissipate 10 W of power. What would be the power dissipated, if the same resistors are connected in parallel ‘across the same source of EMF? () 25w (2) sow @) 45Ww (4) sow Fo Hint: Ba = (=3) Teo sloctc bus A and 8 are rated 3 60 W and 100 W, They are connected i paral fo (1) B draws more current than A @) Currents drawn are in the ratio of their resistances (@) Both draw the same current (4) A draws more current than B Hint : P = VI. In parallel Vis constant An electric immersion heater of 1.08 kW Is immersed in water. After the water has reached a temperature of 100°C, how much time will be required to produce 100 g of steam? () 2108 (2) 1058 @) 4208 (4) 508 Hint : Pt=H 2. 4.08 x 109¢= 100 « $40 x 4.2 A.30 V, 90 W lamp Is to be operated on a 120 V DC lines. For proper glow, how much resistance (in @) should be connected in series with the lamp? «40 @ 10 @ 2 (4) 30 ve P I two identical heaters each rated as (1000 W, 220 V) are connected in parallel to 220 V, then the total power consumed is (1) 500 W (2) 2500 w @) 250 (4) 2000 w Hint : In parallel both bulbs will consume 1000 W each, Hint : R of bulb Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Rood, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623458216 Current Electricity Board & Compatitive Exams. 11. Aheater boils certain amount of water in 15 minute. Another heater boils same amount of water in 10 minute. Time taken to boil same amount of water when both are used in parallel is (1) 25 minute (2) 6 minute (3) 12 minute (4) 12.5 minute 12. Ina house, individual power of two elements are 100 W and 150 W. Effective power of their series combination will be () 120w @) 75W @) sow (4) 60 w 13. If two bulbs of power 60 W and 100 W respectively each rated 110 V are connected in series with the supply of 220 V, then (1) 60 W bulb will fuse (@) 100 W bulb will fuse @) Both bulbs will fuse (4) Bulbs will not fuse 14, Two electric bulbs whose resistances are in the ratio 1 : 2 are connected in series to a constant voltage source. The power dissipated in them are in the ratio (1:2 Qa @ 1:4 @ 24 15. Fuse wire should have (1) High meiting point and high resistivity (2) Low melting point and low resistivity @) High melting point and tow resistivity (4) Low metting point and high resistivity 16, Kilowatthour is the unit of (1) Energy @) Power @) Charge (4) Time 17. Two electric bulbs A and B rated 200 V ~ 100 W and 200 V ~ 60 W are connected in series to @ 200 V line. ‘Then the potential drop across (1) Each bulb is 200 V (2) 100 W bulb is greater than that across 60 W bulb (@) 100W bulb is smaller than that across 60 W bulb (4) Each bulb is 100 V 18, Aneater coil connected across a given potential difference has power P. Now, the coil is cut into Iwo equal halves and joined in parallel. Across the same potential difference, this combination has power MP @) 4P @) Pia (@) 2P 19. A current / passes through a metal wire of length J, radius of cross-section r and conductivity o. The rate of heat generation is 20. An electric bulb marked 25 W and 100 V is connected across 50 V supply. Now its power is () 25w @) 125W (@) 625w (@) 50 w ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 217 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS — SERIES AND PARALLEL Series Consider two resistances R, and R,, connected in series and potential difference V is applied across them. y+, — WW at eT WR B v————_- Charge which leaves R, must enter R, Since current measures the rate of flow of charge, current / through both resistances are equal Potential dference across Ry, Vj = V4 — Vo = IR, Potential dference across Rj. V2 = Vi ~ Vp = IRy Potential difference V across the combination Va Vg = (Va Ve) + Vo = Ve) 3 VEY +, = KR, + Re) Equivalent resistance of the combination, Rew Yom Re 24) If there are 7 resistances Rj, Rz, .., R, in series, then equivalent resistance Ry= Ry + Rpt Ry (25) When resistances are used in series, equivalent resistance is greater than greatest among them, Parallel Consider two resistances R, and R,, connected in parallel across AB. aR “WWW a_l a) ‘The charge flowing in at A from the left flows out partly through R, and partly through R,. So current / flowing In at A flows out as /, and /, through R, and R, respectively. Hence leh th (26) Potential difference between A and 8 by applying Ohm law to Ry AR, Potential difference between A and & by applying Ohm's law to Ry V= he viv “(arm) ORR I the combination is replaced by equivalent resistance Rp then by Ohm's law v Tom Re218 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. (27) Wa resistances R,. R,, .»R, are in parallel, then equivalent resistance 14 1 Rp ( ph cst =) RRR, When resistances are connected in parallel, then equivalent resistance Is smaller than the smallest resistor among them. Example 25: Two resistances 12.2 and 4 2 are supplied fo you. Find the maximum and minimum resistance that can be achieved by using them. Solution = R,=120,R,=42 ‘Maximum resistance is obtained, when they are used in series R= R,+R,= (1244) 0-160 Minimum resistance is obtained, when they are in parallel 1.1)" Re-late| = (ara) Example 26 : A 8 Find the resistance across AB. Solution : From figure it is clear that terminal A and point 2 are common point and terminal & and point 1 ‘re common point so redrawing the diagram we have, 62 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 219 Example 27 : in the given figure what is the equivalent resistance between two points A and B? R40 AWW R,=20 R.=20 A—i— }—Awi— 8 WW R=40 Solution: Taking R, and R, in parallel, the resulting figure will be as following Now, equivalent resistance will be in series combination. Rage Ry + RoR, n-20 RR SR R=20 =@+242)0 ate =60 Example 28 : Find the equivatent resistance between A and B in the given figure. 30 30 30 30 3a a Sa 8 Solution : Reconstructed figure equivalent to given figure are given step by step as 6a 20 — — - i — & & A 8 3 Example 29 : What will be the equivalent resistance between points A and & from given figure? 22 ¢ 32 40 A " Wo 3 ‘Solution : 20 8 3 12, a we220 Current Electricity Try Yourself 37. R=120 Find the resistance across AB. ‘What will be the equivalent resistance of circuit shown in figure between points A and D? ( 102 @) 300 109 A 100 c 100 Board & Competitive Exams. 100 109 7 —* Z wo L_w—+p 100 109 @ 202 @) 40 Hint : 10 @ just connected to C and 10 @ just connected to 8 will not be considered ‘The current (2) in the given ciruit is () 168A @) 032A R=30. R=60 R60 @ 2A 4) 32a Hint : Rp, Ry are in series and then R, in parallel /= VIR, Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Omce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph. 011-47823486Board & Competitive Exams, Current Electricity 221 “40. in the given diagram, the reading of the ammeter is (when the intemal resistance of the battery is zero) aoe sa hy (1) 40729 2) 10794 @) SBA @ 2A Hint : PD across 52 is 10 V 41. The reading of voltmeter in the circuit shown is ev soa con vaoa (y 225v a aay easy easy Ht Equivalent roktance of watmatr ie 22242. 24.0. Now FD en he rato of saves resistors 0. 40 Q. and 24 2. 42. Thirteen resistors each of resistance R are connected in the circuit as shown. The effective resistance between A and Bis Rak “ts | ho 0g A Ge oF Q2R @R Hint : Apply series parallel concept CELLS, EMF, INTERNAL RESISTANCE An electrolytic cell consisting of two electrolytic solution as shown in figure. jectrodes, called positive (F) and negative (N) immersed in an Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456222 Currant Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. Electrodes exchange charges with the electrolyte. Positive electrode P has a potential difference V\(V, > 0) between itself and electrolyte solution A immediately adjacent to it. Negative electrode N has a potential difference —(V_V_ > 0) relative to electrolyte B adjacent to it. When there is no current, the electrolyte is at same potential throughout, so the potential difference between, P and Nis V, ~(-V_)= V, + V_. This difference is known as electromotive force (emf) of the cell and denoted bye. So.e=¥,+Vi>0 (28) ‘emf is @ potential difference not a force. When a resistance R Is connected across the cell as shown in figure. a current I flows from C to D. A steady current flows from P to N through the resistance R and flows. from N to P through the electrolyte, The electrolyte through which current passes has a finite resistance r known as internal resistance of the cell. ‘When the resistance Ris infinite (or P and N are in open circult), there is no current through the electrolyte v (1-¥-0) Potential difference between P and WN. V= (Vp Vg) + (Va — Vo) + (Va - Vn) =V,+0eV¥ =VitVre ‘A call can be represented as P——|t- WW ‘emf ¢ of a cell is defined as the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes in an open circuit. When R is fini . 1 = 0, (Cell is discharging). Potential difference between P and N is, YW) Vad + (Yq Va) + Vp at Cine =, + VW e nie Veen --(29) tor We can represent it as P—4—|+ WWW Internal resistance of the cells in the circuit may be neglected when the current /is such that © >> ( Internal resistances of dry colls is much higher than common electrolytic cells. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rog. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 223 Knowledge Cloud In case of storage cells, discharged cells can by charged by a driver cell E by supplying a steady current J through the cell from P to NV as shown in figure. In this case potential difference between P and N is Vo = Vp= Vat Va Vo + Vo Vy i E =Vitie Vy. PM -Vi4V tenet Vv ozcer repos It can be represented as P—+—|w www Potential difference between terminals of cell may be equal to, greater than or less than the emf of cell Vee (@) If current shown from ceil is zero (/ = 0) ) (b) Cell is ideal ( Potential difference between P and N can be written as V= IR (30) Equation (29) can be written as IR=0-Kr So, ‘Maximum current produced by a cell is for R= 0 and it 1S Img, = =. However in most cells the maximum| : stowed cron is much ower than £ to proven paonanent damage to the oa Example 30: A cell of emf 10 V and infernal resistance § Q is connected across a resistance 15 Q. Find potential difference across AB. 10V,52 152 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph. 011-47623458224 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. Solution: Above circuit can be redrawn as =10V ;=50 A 8 TR=159 Current / through Ris from A to B. Network is simple series network. Total resistance = R+ r= (15 +5) 2=200 ec _t0v_ Ree 200-084 Potential diference across AB. Current 1 V=V,—Vg=IR=(05A) = 152= 100 ww A le Ro ‘_www— Example 31: ww wv 12 In the network shown in the above figure, find the current through 3. and 10 «2 resistances. Solution = The network is a simple series and parallel combination of resistors. 10x41 =| sa+t}o=@+4)0 =100 1 62 gy 30 A c www wv 12 Current 1 from A to C, 1= 19% = 4.4 (Current through 3 2) Potential difference across AB, Vig 1 AXE 22) ev 10 Q and 15 @ are in pa them = Vag = 6 V. lel across AB. So, potential difference across both of Curent tough 100, 1= Yat « BY wo8 Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623468Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 225 Example 32: When a dry cell is connected across a bulb and the circuit is switched on, then the brightness Solution : of bulb goes on decreasing. Explain. , Bully ww If the emf of the cell is © and its internal resistance is r, then current through the bulb of resistance R is f= 5° ‘emf of the cell : = V, + V_is the difference of chemical potentials of electrodes, which is ‘constant for a given cell and is independent of time of use, Internal resistance of the call is inversely proportional to the ion density in the electrolyte. (as resistivity Is inversely proportional to charge density). With passage of time of use, ion density goes on decreasing so internal resistance r of cell goes on increasing. Thus, the current / through the bulb goes on decreasing. Example 33: What is the relationship between potential difference across the terminals of a cell and emf of the coll? ‘When the coll is in open circuit, then potential difference across its terminals is equal to emt of the cell. ‘When the cell is delivering current / to a load, potential difference across its terminals is less than emt ie., V= ¢— In. ‘When the cell is being charged by passing current / through it, potential difference across its terminals is more than emf i.e. V=« + Ir. Try Yourself 43. Current / in the network shown in figure is to ioe 1A 62 @ 054 @ 2A , ov 378 @ 5A 44, Potential difference across AB in the network shown in figure is m2v @3v @iv @) 1.5V 3v,5a ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456226 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. ‘45. Maximum current produced by a cell of emf 10 V and internal resistance 2 © is () 104 @ 2A @ 5A 4A 46. When the positive and negative electrodes of a cell are denoted as P and N inside the cell (1) Current is from N to P (2) Current is from P to N (8) tons move from P to N (4) Electrons move from N to P 47. About internal resistance of a cell, the correct statement is that it is (1) Constant for a given cell 2) Infinite (2) Finite and its value decreases with increase of time of use (4) Finite and its value increases with increase of time of use Charges in Clouds Atmospheric electricity arises due to the separation of electric charges. During lightening the electric field Is of the order of 10° vollfmetre. A lightning flash is composed of a series of strokes with an average of about four stroke and the duration of each flash is about 30 seconds. During fair weather, the surface charge density at ground is negative and the electric field is directed ‘downward. Over land the average electric field is about 120 volt/metre. This electric field Is not noticeable in daily life because virally everything, including our bodies, is conductor compared to air. CELLS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL Series poh ee at i_fi_+—e £, and €, are emt of two cells used in series as shown in figure. r, and r, are their respective internal resistances. Current I is flowing from C to A Vj. Vp and Ve are potentials at points A, B and C respectively, then Vag = Va~ Va = € ~ Ir, and Voc = Va~ Vo = te Me Potential difference between terminals A and Cis Vac = Va ~ Veo = Va Vu + Ve ~ Vo = (ey + 62) Why * 1) 21) We can replace the above combination by a single col of emf e,, and internal resistance r_, a8 shown below. a—fr+—e We have Vac = bq — Mag 2) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams, Current Electricity 227 ‘Comparing (31) and (32), we get Egg = 8 + Fy and ha hth If 7 cells are connected correctly in seri ep ton + Gand If calls are identical then eyq = Me ANG faq = AF. If calls of emf ¢, and ¢, are connected wrongly as shown below ‘Thus, equivalent emf rg, = ¢ — ¢ and internal resistance Fr, IW out of n identical cells m are wrongly connected then fay = (0 — mye ~ me = (a — 2m and rq = nr Colts in Paratio! Consider two cells of emf e, and ¢, connected in parallel across AB. hoe kh Ih a" ee 78 tn he If, and J, are the currents leaving positive electrodes of both cells, then total current from B to A beh th (83) V, and V, are potentials at A and B respectively, then potential difference between A and B, can be writen as VEVy— ete hr 434) and V = Vy — Vp = £9 — hfe (35) Using equation (33), (34) & (35), we get 1=h*h eaten) Fi nt Ath (38) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47625450Current Electricity We can replace the given combination by a single cell of emt AB as shown in the figure — We have, Van = Va~ Va = eq — aq Comparing (36) & (37), we have Sa 62h and r 4h =e ath . &, and internal resistances r, =r, rand AF Board & Competitive Exams. ‘equation and internal resistance rq across (37) . fy are in parallel, then (38) (39) A call of emf « and internal resistance r is connected Find the maximum power delivered at the load? (i) Draw the power (P) vs load resistance (R) graph. Example 34: (Current through the load 1= 55 eR RF Power deere at ad is maximum, wen Power delivered at the load P= R= Solving above equation R = r er Z Fame nF ae (W Pversus R graph will be across a load resistance R ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623455Board & Competitive Exams. Current Electricity 229 Example 35; Find the current | through the 10 2 resistance in the network shown in figure. n=20 A =12 ' R=102 Solution: Across A and 6 two cell are Used in parallel so above circuit can be redrawn a6 fie +eah 10x445%2 _ 20 fa fe he 2 3 Ay 8 1 Re 100 Example 36 : Four cells each of emt E and intemal resistance r are connected in series to form a loop ABCD. Find potential difference across (1) AB, (2) AC. eof A Wie e r = r Ee ol_—wi tle Solution: All colls are connected correctly in sories, so net emt Ey, = 4E Net internal resistance ra, = 4r So, current / in the circuit a | 2 ne V arr Potential difference across AB H Yin Vor Sea “Lt awbe o£ tbe Va~ Ve = Va- Vat Ve- Ve =E-W+E-W=0v Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47622456230 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. Example 37 : Two ceils of emf E each and internal resistances r, and r, are connected in series across a load resistance R. If potential difference across the first cell is zero. then find the relation between Rory and ry Solution: Current / from positive electrodes of both are equal Fea 2E Reng Rete) Potential difference across first coll = Vx = E-m=0 = n=0 Renee) = Rent 2r = Rtn-h = [h=Rra)- 48. Find the current through the 10 & resistance connected across AB. 10V ge e a 5 49. Four identical cells each having emf E and intemal resistance ¢ are connected in series to form ‘a loop ABCD as shown in figure. Find potential difference across AB and AC. eof At es ol_www—it Te 50, The coll has an emf of 2 V and the internal resistance of this cell is 0.1 2. itis connected to ‘4 resistance of 3.9 2. The voltage across the coll will be () 1.95 Vv @ 15V @ 2Vv @) 18V Hine: = and V= E~ Ir 2 3a+04 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623455Board & Competitive Exams, Current Electricity 231 cr 52 ‘A battery of 20 ceils is charged by 220 V with a charging current of 15 A. If the emf of each coll is 2 V and intemal resistance is 0.1 0, then the series resistance required to be placed in the circuit will be ( 160 @ 102 @) 120 @ 49 Net Emt 220-20. Hint : = ee 8 ee Reo If the current through 3 © resistor is 0.8 A, then potential drop across 4 9 resistor is, 30 iW 4.0 so WWM | a 12V 2) 26V @) 48V 4) 96V Hint : Current through 6 © will be 0.4 A and total current through 4 © Is 1.2 A. 6 V battery is connected to the terminals of a 3 m long wire of uniform thickness and resistance of 100 @ along with another 100 @ resistor in series. The difference of potentials between two points on the wire separated by a distance of 50 cm will be m 2Vv @3v @ tv @) o5Vv Hint : Half of the potential /e., 3 V is evenly distributed along the length of the wire. A group of n identical cells each of EMF E and intemal resistance r are joined in series to form a loop as shown. The terminal voltage across each coll is ae % @) nE we () Zero call of emf E is connected across a resistance r. The potential difference between the terminals of the cell is found to be V. The intemal resistance of the cell must be (y 2E=w @ 4 (E-vy Hint : V= E-/ Rand V= Ir. calculate R, To draw maximum current from a combination of cells, how should the celis be grouped? (1) Series @) Paraiiol @) Mixed (4) Depends upon the relative values of extemal and internal resistance ® @ (-Ww Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456232 Current Electricity Board & Competitive Exams. KIRCHHOFF'S RULES Kirchhof’s two rules are used for analysing electric circuits consisting of a number of resistors and cells interconnected in a complicated way. Formula we have derived for series and parallel combinations of resistors are not always sufficient to determine all currents and potential differences in the circuit. Sign Conventions Aww If the current is flowing through the re: Vy — Vp = IR (Vis determined to be positive) tance R from A to B, then potential difference across AB, Similarly potential difference across BA, Vj Va = -IR (/ is determined to be negative), If the current is flowing through the cell of emf ¢ and internal resistance r trom N to P as shown below, then, potential difference across the coll V=Vp-Vyse-ir I the current is flowing from P to N e ing pL nN then V= Vp—Vy=e +r Kirchhof's first rule : Junction rule At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to sum of currents leaving the junction. Explanation : When currents are steady, there is no accumulation of charges at any junction or at any point in a line, therefore, rate of flow of charge into the junction is equal to rate of flow of charge from the junction. In the above figure applying junction rule ttl Kirchhoff’s second rule : Loop rule ‘Algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero. Explanation ‘We know that electric potential depends on the location of point. Therefore, starting with any point if we come back to the same point the total change of potential must be zero. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623468