UNIT III - POLLUTANT FORMATION AND CONTROL

1. How the atmospheric air disturbs human health explain shortly?

 Atmospheric air, which we breathe-in, is polluted by toxic substances emitted by various machinery and
plants. These substances affect the health of human beings, animals and plants adversely.
2. List the main pollutants which affect human and nature?
 Main pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur
dioxide, soot, aldehydes, suspended particulate matters (SPM), compounds of sulphur and leads etc.
3. What are the source of air pollutants?
 Sources of air pollutants: Major sources of air pollutants are factories, thermoelectric power plants, petrol
and diesel engines/automobiles, incinerators, aircrafts, ships and train engines, explosive materials,
refineries etc.
4. How CO is produced discuss?
 Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuel in engine cylinders generally due
to oxygen inadequacy.
5. Where the HC are coming out from IC engines
 Hydrocarbons (HC) is raw/unburnt fuel either directly escaping to atmosphere from fuel tank and
carburettors of automobiles or blowby gases having unburnt fuel escaping to atmosphere through crankcase
breather.
6. Enumerate about NOx produced in a temperature
 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced in combustion chamber of engines where N2 and O2 of air combine
at high temperature beyond 1100˚ C. Maximum temperature occurs in combustion chambers when
complete combustion fuel air mixture takes place. It is to be noted that CO and HC are produced due to
incomplete combustion of fuel whereas NOx is produced during complete combustion.
7. List the pollutants produced by automobiles/IC engines
 Pollutants produced by automobiles/IC engines are CO, HC, NOx, SO2, aldehydes, soot, lead etc.
8. Explain Source of Toxic pollutants
 Sources of toxic pollutants in automobiles are direct escape of fuel from fuel tank filling, through vent of
fuel tank and vent of carburettor float chamber, exhaust gases and blow by gases escaping through engine
crank-case breather.
9. Explain the cause of air pollutant?
 Causes of air pollutants produced by automobiles are incomplete combustion of air fuel mixture,
incorrect air-fuel ratio (richer or leaner mixture), high combustion temperature, venting of fuel tanks and
carburettors, wear of piston rings and cylinders (causing blow by gases), incorrect engine tuning (Ignition
timing, air-fuel ratio), engine design, incorrect driving techniques etc.
10. What are the two main approach for pollution control in IC engines?
 Two main approaches to pollution control in automobiles are modification in engine design and
treatment of exhaust gases.
11. State few pollution control system
 Some of the pollution control systems being now used are positive crankcase ventilation (PCV), Catalytic
Converter, Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) system, Fuel Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP)
system.
12. What is the meter available for pollutant measure?
 Pollutants in exhaust of automobiles are measured by various devices working on certain principles.
13. How the manufacturer controls the pollution in their industry
 Emission norms prescribed by Government of India through publication of Motor Vehicles Regulations are
implemented by all automobile manufacturers.
14. What is mean by EURO I norm?
 EURO I norms (which were for European countries) were adopted by our country in 2000, known as
Bharat I norms and EURO II norms implemented from 2002 are known as Bharat II norms.
15. List few Certification agencies in India for control of pollution.
 Certification agencies for automobile manufacturers in India are Indian Institude of Petroleum, Dehradun,
ARAI, Pune and VRDE, Ahmednagar.
16. How CO is produced?
 CO is produced by incomplete combustion of fuel,generally caused by insufficient oxygen
17. How Hydrocarbons are produced?
 HC is raw/unburnt fuel escaping to atmosphere,Several types ofHC are contained in the fuel and most
predominant in octane ( C8 H18)
18. List the oxides of Nitrogen
 NO,NO2,N2O,N2O3
19. What is soot? Soot are solid particles of pure carbon, They get suspended in the air and are breathed in by
humans and animals. Their size is few microns.
20. What is aldehyde , what does it cause on human health.?
 Aldehydes are formed in diesel engines mostly at idling speed due to cold flames.
 Aldehydes cause unpleasant smell due to pungent,odour from diesel fuel and cause irritation to eyes nose.
21. What is th effect of pollutants on Environment
 Acid Rain Acid Snow and Thermal pollution
 Green House effect and Global Warming
 Ozone depletion
22. List the pollutants emission from SI engine
 CO,HC,NOx,
23. List the Pollutant emissions from Diesel engine
 CO HC NOx Aldehydes and other emissions Smoke and particulate
24. What are the pollution control systems in Automobiles?
 1.Change modification in Engine Design
 2.Treatment of exhaust gases
25. What are the Change /modification in Engine Design
 Combustion chamber configuration, Lower compression reatio,Use of lean air Fuel ratios and modified
induction system,Ignition timing, Reduced valve overlap
By modification of fuel used.
26. What are the major Pollution controls Devices
 Positive Crank case Ventilation PCV system.
 Catalytic converter
 Exhaust Gases Recirculation EGR System
 Fuel evaporation Emission Control EVAP System
 Total emission control packages
27. How do you control emission in case of Diesel engine
 Control of smoke
 Control of Diesel odour
28. What are the techniques available to measure the smoke
 Filter darkening type smoke meter ( Bosch smoke meter),.Light extincting type
29. What does mean by Emission norms?
 Emission norms are the maximum prescroibed legvel of CO HC and HC and NO x set by the government,
which a vehicle is permitted to emit from its exhaust while running.
30. What are EURO norms?
 Euro norms are permissible emission level for both petrol and diesel vehicles which have implemented in
European countries.
31. What is INDIAN norm –Bharath Norm?
 Emissin norms for our country were worked out and implemented with effect from the year
1992.However,as per supreme court order ,EURO I norms were implemented in delhi from 1 june 1999 as
notified by government of india through motor vehicles regulations .These norms were known as INDIA
2000 ( Bharat-I) norms.These norms were extended to all metros subsequently.
32. List the Testing and certification authorities of Pollution Norms for Automobiles
 1.Indian Institute of Petroleum IIP Dehradun
 Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI),Pune
 Vehicles Reaserach and Development Establishment VRDE, Ahmednagar-Maharashtra
PART-B
1. What are the major sources of air pollutants from vehicles? Discuss
2. Name emission control measures in vehicles. With help of neat diagram, describe working of a catalytic
converter.
3. State various methods of control of SI engines .Discuss them in brief.
4. What are EGR System? Why is it need? Discuss its working with the help of a diagram.
5. What do you understand by emission norms? Give out the norms applicable in European countries.
6. What are the sources of fuel HC escaping to atmosphere in a petrol vehicle? Discuss a system with its diagram
to arrest the direct release of raw gasoline HC to atmosphere.
7. Name some pollution control measure in automobiles and discuss the working principles of positive crank case
PCV system with block diagram.
8. Describe various types of exhaust emissions from an automobile. Which of these emissions are harmful?