EN1802 - Basic Electronics

S6 – Integrated Circuits and Amplifiers

Slide contents are extracted from the following source of origin:

1. ‘Basic Electronics’ Lecture Notes, ENTC 2010 (EN1802-09S2)

2. http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/eie209 By Prof. Michael Tse

Course Outline

1. Introduction
2. Materials used in Electronics
3. Diodes, Diode Circuits and Applications
4. Bipolar Junction Transistors and Circuits
5. Field Effect Transistors and Circuits
6. Integrated Circuits and Amplifiers
7. Logic Gates and Circuits

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6. Integrated Circuits and Amplifiers
6.1 Op-Amp

Assumption: op-amp is an ideal element satisfying

 Output resistance = 0 (perfect output stage)
 Input resistance = ∞ (perfect input stage)
 Differential voltage gain = ∞

If gain A ≈ ∞ and vo is finite → vi ≈ 0

The two input terminals have same potential if vo is finite

A virtual short-circuit exists between the two input
terminals 3

6.1.1 Basics of Op-Amp

An op-amp is a very high gain differential amplifier

In almost all applications (except in comparator and Schmitt
trigger), feedback is used to stabilize the gain

TWO GOLDEN RULES:

1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to make the

voltage difference between the two inputs zero.
2. The inputs draw no current

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6.2 Op-Amp Circuit
6.2.1 Inverting Amplifier
6.2.2 Current Source
 VR is fixed by the voltage
divider
 op-amp make sure V+ ≈ V-
 Io is constant: Io ≈ VR / R
 VR is fixed by the voltage
divider
 op-amp make sure V+ ≈ V-
 Io is constant: Io ≈ (Vcc-VR)/ R
if base current is small
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6.2.3 Schmitt Trigger

Op-Amp Supply: ±10V

Note: Golden rules

do not work