BIOLOGY

231/1 MARKING SCHEME

Q.1

a) Classification ;
b) Microbiology ;

Q.2.

a) i. Tracheole; rej tracheoles , - Wrong spelling

(ii) – Moist to dissolve diffusing gases;

Highly branched to increase surface area for diffusion of gases;

-
One cell thick /thin epithelium /thin membrane to shorten/reduce diffusion of
-
gases
(mark any one )
b) To maintain steep diffusion gradient for efficient gaseouse exchange;

Q.3 -Some energy is lost in form of heat during respiration;

- Some energy is lost through excretion /sweating ;

- Some energy is lost through egestion/defication ;

Q.4.

a. Motor neuron ; Rej wrong spelling

b. (i)Links the central Nervous system with the effectors/transmits nerve impulse
from central nervous system to the effectors;

Q.5.

a. Excretion –Process by which living organism separate and eliminate waste

products formed during metabolic processes/activities;
Secretion –Release of certain useful substances produced by the cells;
b. (i) All glucose are actively reabsorbed into the blood stream;
(ii) Plasma proteins have large molecular sizes hence not filtered through small
pores of the capillary walls and the glomerular wall;
Q.6.Primary growth occurs at the tip of the roots and shoots due to the activity of apical
meristems resulting to increase in height ;

Secondary growth –increase in width /girth due o the activity of cambium tissues;

Q.7.

a. (i) Exoskeleton ;Rej;wrong spelling

(ii)Endoskeleton ;Rej ;wrong spelling

b. Ball and socket joints ;

Hinge joints ;

Q.8. Interbreed to produce fertile/viable offsprings ;

Q.9

i. Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum ;Rej wrong spellings

ii. Centriole ;Rej plural

Q.10

The concentration of salt in the blood rises /osmotic pressure of blood rises;leading to
production of more ADH/Vasopressin ; hence more water reabsorbed by the kidney
tubules;

Q.11

a. (i) F : Wind ;
H: Animal;
(ii) Legume;
b. Presence of hooks to attach on the animal’s body ;

Q.12

i. Ability to distinguish two very close parts as separate entities;

ii. 3 X 1000 =3000
size of 1 cell =3000/20 =150 um

Q.13

a. Oxygen gas ; Rej .O2

b. Hydrogen peroxide water oxygen ; rej chemical equation
 c. Liver;

Q.14

Synapse –a gap between two neurons across which impulses pass/a junction between
two neurons;

Synapsis –pairing of two homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 (of meiosis);

Q.15

a. Arthropoda ; RejAnthropoda,athropoda,arthropod,arthropoda,

b. Class ; Insecta ;Rej ;insect ,insects

Reason: - three body parts /head, throax and abdomen
- Three pairs of legs /six legs ;
- A pair of antennae;
- A pair of wings ;
(mark any one)
c. Complete metamorphosis

Q.16 Characteristic of an organism are determined by hereditary factors which occur in

pairs ;only one of a pair of such factors can be represented in a single gamete;

Q.17

a. A:sori ; Rej.sorus ,wrong spelling

B:Rhizome ; Rej.wrong spelling
C:Adventitious root; Rej.roots
b. Pteridopyhta ; rej wrong spelling

Q.18

a. R – Thoracic vertebra;

S – Rib;

b. capitulum ; Rej wrong spelling

c. passage of spinal cord

Q.19
 (a)Xylem vessels /and tracheids ;Acc.xylem alone

(b) -Lignified to prevent it from collapsing

- No cross walls for continous flow of water
- Narrow to facilitate capilarity
- Has bordered pits for lateral movement of water and mineral ions
- Contents are non –living to reduce resistance to water.
(mark any two)
a. The leaves expose less surface area to the atmosphere; thus reducing the rate of
transpiration ;

Q.20 (a)Collenchyma;

(b)Sclerenchyma/ xylem;

Q.21

a. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
b. (i)leaf A –starch absent /negative test;
Leaf B –positive test /starch present;
(ii) Sodium hydroxide absorbed all the carbon (IV) oxide ; hence no
photosynthesis which occurred;.

Q.22

- the paint used does not affect the behavior of the animals ;
- there is no migration between the two counts;
- there is random mixing between the marked and the unmarked organisms;.
- there no reproduction /death between the counts;
(mark 1st two )

Q.23

- haemoglobin has a higher affinity of carbon (II)oxide than oxygen .It combines
with carbon (II) oxide to form a stable ;carboxyhaemoglobin ;this lowers the
ability of haemoglobin to transport oxygen ;which lead to suffocation and death.

Q.24

a. Anaerobic respiration ;
b. Lactic acid ;
 c. Deep breathing increases oxygen supply to the muscles tissues so as to break
down lactic acid to carbon (IV)oxide and water /there is muscle pain because of
lactic acid ;

Q.25

a. arid /semi arid /desert ;

b. hairy to reduce the rate of transpiration ;sunken stomata to reduce transpiration
rate ;small aperture to reduce transpiration;

Q.26

i. Has blood capillaries to transport nutrients /food /oxygen to the tooth tissues and
metabolic wastes /Co2away from the tooth tissues;
ii. Has sensory nerve endings for sensitivity /detect cold/hotness /temperature
changes;