3 Gomplete each sentence with a possessive adjective. er. husband is from vein Chicago, but band and | 1 This s my sist Ecuador. sand 2 Rober is a new student here 5 I lke you to meat colleague Sam. He works with me atthe bank rickname is Bobby 3 My frends live in London, but 6 lke that picture ‘colors are very nice. Cie ‘The verb be gives information about the subject of sentence. The subject of a sentence can be 2 ‘oun or 2 pronoun, oun sub pronoun subject (ur teacher is trom the United States. She is from the United Sates. That school is new. is new AMfirmative statements ‘There are three forms ofthe verb be inthe present tense: am, i, and ae He You lam a student. She | islate. We | are mare. it They J Contracted forms Contract be with subject nouns and bin is an artist = Robin’ an artis He's single. - He's single ‘onouns. Use contractions in speaking an informal writing, Fama student. =m a student You ate on te» You'e on tine Negative contractions ‘There are two ways to form negative contractions. He's not Braian. = He isn't Bazin They're not teachers. «They aren't teachers. is only one way to contract Lam not > I'm not reed Don't use contractions wih afimatve sho answers to yes/no questions. Yes, am, NOT ¥es-t Ise American? Yes, nels. NOT Yes; hes ete; designers? ‘Yes theyre. NOT ¥es-tap: Notes also common o answer jus with Yes or No fe youa salesperson? Yes. ‘re you a salesperson?” A Ona separate sheet of paper, write these sentences, using contractions. ‘Then practice saying each sentence aloud, 1 She is an opera singer 3 Lama student. 5 My motheris late 2. They are managers. 4 Bartis from Australia, 6 Your father i nice. 5 Ona separate sheet of paper, write a short answer for each question, 1 Is New York in Russia? 4 Is taly acity? 7 Are you Canadian? 2 Are you a scientist? 5 1s it3:00 ight ow? 8 ts yourfather a manager? 6 Aroyoua student? 8 Is English dificu? 3 Are Korea and Japan in Asia? 124 Grammar BoosterRew 8 CS eee Time Use on wit the names of days or dates. con Thursday ‘onlonday morning on Nev Year's Day on the weekend on Sundays ona weekday Use in with periods af time (but not with names of days). in 2008 ‘nduly in the] spring inan hour inthe morning inthe 20° century inthe 1950s into weeks Use at with spectic moments in time at 900 at dawn at noon at sunrise at dusk at midnight Place Use on withthe names of streets and specific physical locatior conMainStreet on Smith Avenue onthe corner on the street con the right con theft nts, continents, and other large locations. oftown in Lima Use inwith the names of cities, inthe neighborhood inthe cent in Korea inalrica inthe ocean Use al for buildings and addresses. ‘athetheater atthe supermarket atthe bark atthe tran station at 10 Main treet Complete the following sentences with on, in, or at. 4 When's the movie? The movie is___ Friday _ 8:90. 2 ___ the weekend, 'm going to the concert _ the publi brary 83 Where she? He's not here right now. He's _work. 4 Where’ his office? 's_ the center of town, 5 When was her mother born? She was bom __ January 1. 65 When does the movie take place? It takes place __ the 19 century _ Arica. 1 The park opens 6:00_ the moming and closes _ dusk 4 Is the concert hall_Grove Street? 9 | think the theater is __ the right side of the street. 10 Let's go to the evening show. The concert is outside, and the weather is realy hot the afternoon, 11 This concert occurs every second year _ November. 12 Vl see you __ Thuraday moming in front ofthe theater, OK? Look at the tickets. On a separate sheot of paper, write questions with When or What time. Write a question with Where. 8:559M Friday, Oct. 17 Phantom of the Opera Grammar Booster 125128 Usage Use the simple present tense to talk about facts and habitual action i facts Josh speaks Spanish very well They work at Cottee Central Form present. habitual actions Josh speaks Spanish every day ‘They work ate on Fridays. ‘Add sto the base form ofthe verb for third-person singular (he, she, oF it). ike Tal food You study English, They open at 6:00, Wework ata cate Negative forms Use | don't ke American food, Yes /no questions He ikes Peruvian food. She studies French. The store opens at 8.00. Marlene works ata school ‘(do not) and doesn't (does nol) + the base form ofa verb to make negative statements He doesn't like Grek ood Use door dows + the base frm ofa verb to form yes/no questions. ‘Do you speak Portuguese? ‘Does she speak French? NOT oes she speaks French? A Write negative statements. Follow the example. ‘Gwen tikes classical music. (Her sister) Her ister dacsa't ike classical music, 1 The café closes at 6:00. (The bookstore) x 2 Neal lives in Quito. (His sister) 3 Miles works in an offic. (His brother). 4 | have a big family. (My husband) 55 My younger brother speaks Chinese. () 6 Kiko's nephew Fikes hip-hop. (Her nace) 8 Write yes / no questions. Follow the example. ‘A: _Does your sicter live ear you? Bt No, he doesn't. She lives in another city. 1s - rink coffee? BB: No, he doesn't. My brother drinks tea 2a children? 1B: No, we don't have any yet 3A in Mexico? BB: No, my if-iaws live in Chile 4A 7 __ English? BB: Yes, she does. My niece speaks it wel, a — work here? BB: Yes, they do. My cousins work downstairs. 6A __ early? BB: No, The bookstore opens late Grammar BoosterTee Sd Do and does Use do or does + the base form of a verb to ask information questions. Where do your in-laws ive? Where does your sister live? When do you vsityour parents? When does she vist her parents? How often dothey otociass? How often does he go to class? Questions with who Compare these questions with who. Who visits your cousin in Chicago? My mother dos, object \Wno does your mother vst in Chicago? My mother vsits my cousin, Be carefull Don't use do or does with Who if he question is abou the subject. Always use the ‘third-person singular form to ask questions with Who about the subject. ‘Who lives hore? NOT Who doesdve ere? NOT Who Wwe here? How many Be carefull Always use How many wih plural nouns. How many cousins do you have? NOT How many eawsin do you have? Complete the information questions. : SS ss mooeoen : SS et : Tae erreanemen ial eee ite ione i= ee : Se act... pasha ‘Non-count nouns ere common inthe following categories: abstract ideas: health, advice, help Ive, fun ‘sports an activites: ens, swimming gol, basketball IMnesses: cancer, AIDS, diabetes, dengue ‘academie subjects: Engish, chemistry, a, mathematies foods: rice, mik, sug, caffe, tat singular verb. {Al non-count nouns requi Fat isn't good for you ‘Mathematics is my favonte subject. Grammar Booster 127128 ‘A Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb, 1 Cotes (be) my tavonte beverage 4 Influenza __(cause) pain and fever 2 Rice — (be) very good tor you, even when 5 Darkness ___righten) some people, you are sick, but I don't know wy 3 Mathematics, (create) problems for many 6 Medical advice (help) people decide what students, but not for me! to.do about their health, & Complete the following sentences with a or an. the noun is @ non-count noun, write an X. 1 Hehas diabetes, 5 There's ___egg on the shett 2 She would lke to eat banana. 6 Does the restaurant serve rice withthe chicken? 3 apple a day keeps the doctor away. 7 He always gives good advice. 44 Would you like appetizer? {8 My family loves —__ music. ‘Non-count nouns: expressing quantities ‘We can make many non-count nours countable: slice of bread, a loa of bread, three pieces of bread, two kinds of bread ‘The following phrases are used with nen-count nouns in order to make them countable: Higuids: glass of, two cups of, ite of, six gallons ofa botle oa can of ‘oli: a cup o, apiece of, tree ses oa lo of, a spoonful of © Ona separate sheet of paper, complete each statement with a countable quantity. (Note: More than one phrase of quantity may be possible.) iquias solids 1 This soup is so creamy. Ithas two mik nit 4 late __ cheese and now I foal sick 2 She must be very thirsty. This is her thi] _watez. __§ Aclub sandwich doesn't have two bread. 3 My car has a big gas tank. Itholds __ gas, ‘thas three _ bread. 6 like my tea sweot Please putin __ sugar. ue ions with How much and How many ‘Ask questions with How much for non-count nouns. Ask questions with How many fr count nouns. How much rice isin the soup? Not much. Two cups. How many eggs ae inthe tidge? Not many. Thre. D Complete each question with How much or How many. 1 bread do we need? 5 ___oshoula | putin this salaa? 2 _____ salt dd you putin the beef stew? 6 cheese is there in the fridge? 3 hot pepper do you like? 7 ___ slices of bread do you want? jn spoonfuls of sugardoyouwant = B cups of cote did you ein? in your tea? 1ouns canbe used as count ornon-count nouns. same, but the meaning is diferent, on-court use count use Chicken is deicous \ bought two chickens Lots watch TV We ave thes TH nour hose The sun provides ight I oo bight in hee, Tun off oe ofthe ight ‘Some words can have a count sense ora non-count sense without any real diference in meaning, ‘min the mood for salad. OR I'minthe mood for asalad dike steak tor dinner. OR Tike a steak for dinner Grammar BoosterGed ‘Add +5 to most nouns. cup cups appetizer appetizers apple apples H¥amoun ends in a consonant andy, change the y to and adds. chery cherries berry” berties| BUT: Do not change the y when he letter before the y is a vowel. boy boys ‘Add -@5 to nouns that end in ch, -0, 8, sh, -, oF lunch lunches radish “radishes tomato tomatoes bor boxes lass lasses E Write the plural form of the following count nouns. 1 clam______ 4 owe 7 french fry 2 snack ___________§ spoonful_________8 sandwich —_ 3 cup —____ 6 pear__9 vegetable __ 10 potato _ sans Cees Use some and any to describe an indefinite number or amount. There are some applesin the fridge. (Indefinite number: we don't know how many.) ‘Are thee any oranges? (Indefinite number: no specific number being asked about.) They ae bringing us some coffee. (Indefinite amount: we don" know how much.) Use some with non-count nouns and with plural count nouns in affirmative statements ‘on-coum noun plural eountnaun ‘We need some milk and some bananas, Use any with non-count nouns and plural count nouns in negative statements. ‘on count noun ual count noun ‘We dont want any cheese, and we dont need any apples Use any or some in questions with count and non-count nouns. There Is no diffrence in meaning. ‘Do you need any cookies or buter? Do you need some enokis or butter? A. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Follow the example. “There is some coffee inthe kitchen, There isn't any coffee in the kitchen, 1 There are some onions on the table. _ 2 We have some cookies. Se {3 They need some onions for the soup, 4 She's buying some frit at the market. 5 The Reeds want some eggs for breakfast. 6 I want some butter on my sandwich, —_ 7 There is some chicken in the fridge, 8 They need some cheese for the pasta 8 Complete each sentence with some or any. 1 I don't want ___more coffee, thank you. § The restaurant is making pies for the party, 2 There isn't __ salt in this soup, 6 I's too bad that there isn't __ soup. 3 We don't see. sandwiches on the menu. 7 | don’t see ___ menus on those tables. 4 They need sugar for their tea, 8 There are ‘eggs forthe omelette Grammar Booster 129130 The present continuous consists of two parts: form of be and a present participle ofa verb, ‘Tolorm 2 present parcipe, adding to the base form ofa ver, esetorm present parcile {the base form ends ina silent (unvoiced) -e, drop the -e and adding. In verbs of one syllable, ithe last three letters area consonant-owel-consonant” sequence, ‘ouble the last consonant ane then adding tothe base form eve é > siting BUT tthe ba blow blowing fx > fixing sy saying Waa form tas more than one yi form ofthe verb end in -w. ror, don't double the final consonant. “Vowels = 3,2, 0, “Consonants 5, o « ¢ PMR np ar Stuwnye ‘and ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant ‘Sequence, double the lat consonant only i the spoken sess is on the last syllable. pet mit > permiting BUT or-der > ordering ‘A Write the present participle for each of the following base forms. Follow the rules, V turn Tstop_______ 13 sew 2 rain tent — Wilsten ao be 3eun get 18 do 21 have. help __ 10 eat —— 6 wte ae put 5 open — by $7 begn_____ 2. q0. 6 close 12 mix 18 use Remember to form t affirmative statements 'm studying English You're studying French He's reading 2 200k She's reading a newspaper We're watching TV. They're watching a video. negative statements 1m not studying French, You're not studying Engish He's not reading a newspaper. She's not reading book We're not watching a DVD. Thay re nt waehing TV. 8 Ona separate sheet of paper, change each affirmative statement to a negative statement, Use contractions. 1 She's going to the supermarket. 2 He's caling his wife this afternoon, 3 I'm cooking dinner tonight. Grammar Booster 4 The Roberts are feeding their kids early 5 Jost taking the bus to the movies, 6 We're getting a new printer 24 pay 19 chango© Write answers tothe following questions in complete affirmative or negative statements. Use the present continuous and contractions. 1 Ave you studying Enolish this weekend? = 2 When are you taking a vacation? 3 Ist raining now? 4 Where are you eating dinner tonight? 5 Are you listening to music now? 16 Who's making breakfast tomorrow? i ee of be tore the subject ofthe sentence, (invert the subjct and verb be.) Yes /no questions: Place a Is she watching TV? ‘re we meting ths afternoon? ‘re you diving there? ‘Are they taking onthe phone? 's Stu shopping? ‘re Nan and Bet studying? Information questions: Use question words to ask information questions. Inver the subject and verb be) When are you going? How much are you paying for tat computer? What are you doing right now? iy are you buying that lptop? Who is he watching on TV? Be careful with Who when asking 2 question about the subject: Who's taking onthe phone? John is.) 1D Write a question inthe present continuous to complete each conversation. LA = : BB: No, Luke's not watching TV right now. 2K 7 B Yes, She's working this meming 3A 2 Fm caling Janet Hammond 4a 2 8: She's coming home later tonight. ec fe cael! Use can with the base form ofa verb. ‘She can play gover well Can he play tenis? NOT Skene NOT Caney? NOT Sheers NOT Cane plys? NOT Skeeartopley. NOT arte topley? There are tree neglive forms of cn. He can sim. = He canal swim. « He cannot sin, Use have to or has to with the base form of a verb. 1 = lass at She 7 tas to goto class at ou | navetogotocasest son, §} hasta go toca 800 We Be careful Teast close at 400, Does he have to go? NOT taste ses NOT Boes-hehaveto goes? NOT fest ising NOT Boes he haste go? Grammar Booster 131A Correct the following sentences. 1 Can they eoming tothe movie nent weak? 2 My mother-in-law have to go shopping this aternoon 3 My cousin can't plays soccer tamorom. 4 Does he has to mest his niece at the airport”? 7 She doesn't have to working late tomorrows ‘She cans go out for dinner. {8 Can he visits his in-laws next weekend? {9 You nave to filing out an application for your English cass. 5 We've going to the beach this weekend, but! no ean swim, 6 Alex can to ¢0 out for dinner tonight Tle) Can Where can play soccer around here? (Try the park) When can they come for lunch? (Ater clas.) 10 Do we have to studying now? We're watching TV. Hon often cam e go running? (Anytime Our attermoons are tee.) What ianguages ean she speak? (She can speak italian and Russian.) Have to ‘What does he nave todo tomorrow? (He has to go shopping.) How often does she have to work late? (Not often) When do they have to buy the tickets? (This afternoon) Where do you nave to go this morning? (To the apart) ul! See the diference when Who is he object or he subject, Who can they visit on the weekend? They can vist their cousins. objct) Who do you have to eal! | nave to call my boss. (obec) Who can visi his cousin onthe weekend? John can (subject) Who has to write the report? My boss does. (subject) Complete the questions, using the cues and can. VaR 8: Try the school. ist fax 2A How about tomorrow night? 3A: ged some fresh aie You can go to the park. Its very nie. 4a: B: Not as much as I'd ike to. I'm too busy. BAL BB What about Bl? He always wakes up early 6A 6: The receptionist can help you basketball around here? (Where /1/ play) — dinner together? When / we / have) walking? (Where /1/ go) English? (How often / you / study) breakfast tomorrow moming? (Who / make) with about English classes? (Who /1/ speak) © Complete the questions and answers, using have to or has to. 14 he aw sy — enero? ‘eto w? ate (oto ass, B: They cant sent. Tey tate) 2 ste (can tot oie, the oes? 5h i ch 5:5te (ca every orrina her ass? a —s w) _ (meat my str Were ging to tothe arpor? the moves ete Soave) erent 00 en {hip) the teacher ater class? 8: Chis and Tana, They ‘cer board 132 Grammar Booster‘and be able to: present and past forms You can also use be able to + tase form for abilily or pssiiliy. Can is more equent in spoken language. | can play the violin, = I'm able to pla the violin, (abity) Bill can meet you a six. = Bilis able to meet you at six (possibilty) They cant call his atemoon = They aren't able to call this afternoon possibity) He cant fx cas. = He isnt able to fix cars. (ability) Use could or was / were able a+ base form to talk about the past. When | was four t could swim (or was abe ta swim). They cou speak (or were abe to speak French boc they were ten. ‘She couldn’ be (or wasn't able tobe) there yesterday because she had a meeting. Wie couldn" understané (or weren't ble to understand) the retons, Be careful! Use was ware able to (NOT coul) for atrmative pas statements of possiilily. ‘She was able tobe there yesterday. NOT She couse there yesterday. 1D Ona separate sheet of paper, change can to be able to in the following sentences. 1 She can swim very well 3 George can meet you atthe airport. 2 They cant ride a bicycle, 4 Lucy can't take the bus to the mal, E Ona separate sheet of paper, change the following statements from the present to the past. 1 We're able to heip him. 4 Nicole can cook forthe party 2 The Martins can't go to the concert. 5 Rachel and Brooke aren't able to play {3 She is able to be there at seven. peskatial st he schost. even when they are ‘Some non-aetionv Twat sancich, NOT lamenting sand oem amacion wns Some nonation vert hve ation and non-acton meanings ead ton action meaning ‘acon meaning toon ae Thove vo sands. (possession) tm having a sandich. eating) i ntersang [think English is easy. (pinion) I'm thinking about her. (the act of thinking) want A Complete the letter. Use the simple present tense or the present continuous form of the verbs. Dear Keith, | Wws200ana1 (1 think) of you-The kids — (2 play) outside, |_____(3 se) them through the window right || now.They (4 have) a small able and chairs and they (5 hve) e late lunch,|_______(6 want to send this before | go to work.|___(7 know) you're working hard and we all |} — (8 miss) you. Maggie Grammar Booster 133,Frequency adverbs generally go after the verb be and before other verbs 1am usually atthe pool on Saturdays, usually go tothe pool on Saturdays Sometimes, usually, often, generally, and occasionally can aso go atthe begining or end ofa sentence Sometimes | go to the mal on Saturdays 40 tothe poo! cecasionaly, ‘Be carelult Don't use never or always atthe beginning or end ofa sentence. Don't say: Revert goose pool. OR Fg tothe poataays, ‘Innegative sentences, most requency adverbs can go helore or after don't or doesn't. Hank usually doesn't go running on the weekend, Hank doesn't usually go running on the weekend. ‘Be careiul! The frequency adverb always cannot go before don't or doesn't. | don't always have breakfast inthe maming, NOT | always don't have breakfast inthe morning, Be carelul! Don't use never witha negative verb. Use the frequency adverb ever. "never eat sweets. OR I don't ever et sweets, NOT | on never eat sweets Tin eer gene oa gig een ase Wiens tine 20701 Sons gy is atthe beginning, a comma is optional. Don't use a comma when the time expression is atthe end, ime expressions very week Three times a week, | goto the pool. | goto the pool hee times a week 20 oer dy The time expression alot goes atthe end of sentence 028 amonth 1g0 othe pool 2 fo. NOT Atet+ geo the poo trea year thee times a wee Other ex 8 Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite these sentences correctly. once naasons 1 She plays usually go¥ on Sunday. 6 Never| go swimming at night. a/b 2 They go to the park hardly ever 7 Vivian doesn’ chink always cote. 3 Vaways am hungry in the afternoon 8 Corey and | play twice a wook tennis together. 4 We once in awhile have oggs for breakfast. 9 We go often bike riding inthe afternoon, 5 Penny doesn't never exercise 10 She is every day late for class, eee Use was and were for affirmative statements, Use wasnt and werent for negative statems | was in Rome yesterday They were in Pars. She wasn't on time ‘They weren't ary. Were. Begin yes/no questions with Mas or Were, Was your fight late? ‘ere you late? ion questions with @ question word followed by was or were. How many people were there? Where were your tickets? Begin intormati i How long was your vacaton Where was your passport 134 Grammar Booster‘A. Complete the conversations with was, were, wasnt, or weren't 1a {you out of town ast week? 4 A: Were ___ you last weokena? B: No, |___. Why? BI on vacation ‘A: Wel, you at work all week. A Really? How i 2&How the food? 5 A: How long ______your tip? B: Great! There lots of fresh seafood 8: Only afew hours, but we prety ted. ‘ane the fruit __deiious, 6 A:_____your brother on vacation last wook? 3 A: So___your vacation OK? B: Yes, he He and his wite BB: Wel, actually it ____ The food con acre. terrible and there too many people. 5 Ona separate sheet of paper, unscramble the words to write questions, using was or were. 1 your /vacation /verylong 3 the drive / comfortable 2 your luggage / where 5 your friends / late 4 you//on the morning fight 6 there /a lt of people / onthe train Form the past tonse of mas verbs by adding -e¢ tothe base form. play > played For verbs ending in-¢ ore, smile > smiled tie> ted For one-slabe verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and added. stop > stopped pian > planned Fortwosslabe verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant: the fist yl se is stressed, add ed. Vi-sit > visted j the second syllable is stressed, double the consonant and added. re -fer > preferred For vers ending in a consonant and, change the toi and add 04. study > studied Be carlul! Do not use -edforivegular verbs. ; ist ofiregular verbs inthe simple past tense form, See page 122 for A Ona separate sheet of paper, write the simple past tense form of the following verbs. Yrotwn 8 try 9 rain 2 lke 6 stay 90 wat —____ 3 change_________ 7 evel ___ 11 offer. 4cry—___ 8 anive 42 uy —_______ 5 Ona separate sheet of paper, write the simple past tense form of these irregular verbs. 1 eat 5 write - 9 buy —___— 2 drink — b meet 10 read —__— 3ewim—______ 7 nn * 11 pay —— 4g0___ 8 begin 12 understand —____— Grammar Booster 135CE 299 and form Use the simple past tense to talk about completed actions in the past My randparents went to Pars nA ‘ast yea we played tens and id aeobies every day. Negative forms Use dig’t + the base form ot a verb, He didn’t go outlast weekend, NOT He dt went ou ast woskend They dict havea good me. NOT They dt ha good tne Questions ‘Begin yes/no questions with id Use the base frm ofthe verb ‘id you ao swimming every day? NOT Did you went sinning every day? Begin information questions with a question word fllowe by di Uso the base frm ofthe verb, Where di you go stopping? When dite arrive?” What cd they ea every ay? On a separate sheet of paper, change each affirmative statoment into a negative statement. 1 slept all night 4 They drank a lot of cote. 2 We went swimming 5 Wehad dinner at eight. 3 She ate alot of food. 5 Ho bought postcards, © Ona soparate sheet of paper, unscramble the words to write questions. Use the simple past tense, 1 you / go / where /on vacation last summer 4 In London / you / do/ what 2 you / from vacation / get back / when 5 your parents / thei trip /enioy 3 they / good fight /have 6 stay how long /in Paris / Alicia ee The subject ofa sentence pertrms the action of the ver. A iect abject receives the action ofthe vet ‘amect ver dectabiet U ke sticy food oe wens dae clothes, A. Underline the subjects in the following sentences. Circle the direct objects. 1 stacay is wearing batrabé ight now. 5 You cant enter tis store before 1000. 2 any people buy outerwear i this store. 6 Do you have your credit card? 3 Hove ted shoes. 7 Marianne wants a pair of warm pajamas. 4 Sanford and Giovia never wear shorts Sr eed When a sentence contains a direct oj wa prepositional pra, you can use an indect objet a sy the same thing, vation pave ine tet Frog te goes fre Irby ges eae ie Garey De oes sci onsen cons athe ec et an net oe enc nay conse Seamer eae thay ater pret eter ny rl etre NOT tiny wae pans 138 Grammar Booster8 Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, changing the prepositional phrase into an indirect object pronoun. Follow the example. She buys clothes for them. She buy 1 Laurie sends a check to her father every month, 3 They serve meals to us in the dining room, Jem clothe; 2 Atright we read stories to our children 4 They never give gifts to me on my birthday © Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, changing the indirect object pronoun into {prepositional phrase using the preposition in parentheses. Follow the example. They never buy me dinner. (for) They never buy dinner for me. 1 He always gives me the check. to) 3 His friend showed him the check for dinner. (to) 2 I sont my colleagues the tickets. (to) 4 She'd like to get her mother a book. (fo) D Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite the following sentences, adding the indirect object or prepositional phrase to each sentence. Don't add any words. Follow the example. ‘They sent on Monday. (to me) They sent ito me on Monday. 1 Did they ive breakfast at he hotel? (you) 3 They make lunch every day. (or hrm) 2 We always tel the truth, (nen 4 He brought flowers ast night (his wile) oe ‘Comparative adjectives: spelling rules ‘Ada ero one-sylable adjective. It the adjective ends in=e, addr. tight > tighter loose > looser 1 Ht an adjective ends in 2 consonant-vowel-consonant sequence, double the final consonant before hot > hott For mast adjectives tht end in-y, change the y to | and adder. pretty > preter busy > busier ‘To make the comparative form of most adjectives that have more than twa syllables, use more or les. atfordable > more afordable convenient > less convenient When comparing two things that are both in the sentence, use than before the second thing. ‘She's less practical than her sister. The weather is warmer ther than here. A Ona separate sheet of paper, wtite the comparative form of the following adjectives. tal 5 light 9 sad 13 spicy 17 popular 2 sunny 6 clean 10 tary 14 healthy 18 red 3 comfortable 7 bad 11 salty 15 cute 19 conservative 4 heavy 8 iate 12 sweet 16 short 20 interesting 8 Complete each sentence with a comparative adjective. Use than if necessary. 1 ike the pink purse. it's much uc? ¢ noe), 2 Lowslat mikis not bad, but no-fat mikkig_____ (good 3 Franceis_Sunc\\ed \ cn femal Russia, 4 Women's shoes are usually (expensive) men's shoes. 5 t's hot during the day, but it's. (coo) at right. GHe'salot__________¢tayhis brother. 7 This projectors aiot______ (popula), but i's — (afiordable) 8 They're much — (liveral) about clothing rules at the beach. 9 It's usually (sunny) in the morning before the rain begins. 10 French fres are_______ (fatty and__ (salty) a sala. Grammar Booster 137Ce ee ee eed Meaning Use canto express ability or possibility sefome can speak Korean. | can be there betore 8:00, Use coud to suggest an alternative orto make a weak suggestion. ‘They could See an old movie ike Tuan or they could go to something new. You could eat a heater det Use shauld to give advice orto express citicism. You should think betae you speak Form [Mottals are followed by the base form of the main verb ofthe sentence, except i short answers to questions. ‘You can eat at alot of good restaurant in this neighborhood, Who should read this? They shoud Can you see the moon tonight? Yes, can, Use not between the modal and the base form. You shouldn't stay atthe Galaxy Hote. They can't tak the express. In yes/no question, the modal precedes the subject of the sentence. n information questions, the question word precedes the modal n/n questions eration uestos ‘Should | buy a round-trip ticket? ‘When should they eave? BUT: Note the word oxeer when Wn, Can we make the 1:05 flight? ‘Why should they go? the subject. lois Coulson exe? Mihi an 1880? Who ea ge Vi oud hye? east te someon Common errors can.) Never athe ire npr fom fmol Me shoul bya etn anc HOT shrek nade Never ae even moda ante bast Yovcaut rete tan ore bs, NOF Yauco te an orn bs Ciel the coret phases to compet the sentences 1 who hou buy / shoud ob tee? 8 Wo (canto ot ke can ae tho bus ith 2 Wher (cane ean 6) aot? 8 Wren eno you ging / shoul you gh he 8 You coo wah coud wa oF ake tang heb, AEM yur Bow pase? ‘shou cats ou when art 7 Wien vas can gat can geting) me here soon? a Expansion: future actions “Theve are four ways to express future actions, using present forms. Be going to Be going to + base form usually expresses a future plan or certain knowledge about the future. T'm going to spend my summer in ia, She's going to get a ental car when she arrives. It's going to ran tomorow. The present continuous ‘The present continuous can also express future plan. We're traveling tonight We aren't eating at home tomorrow. We aren't wes 9 formal clothes to the wedding 138 Grammar BoosterThe simple present tense ‘The simple present tense can express a future action, especially with verbs of motion: arrive, come, depart ‘Wy, go, leave, sal, and sHart—especially when on a schedule ora timetable. When the simple present tense ‘expresses the future, there is almost always a word, phrase, or clause indicating the future time. ‘This Monday, the express leaves at noon The fight arrives at 9:00 tonight The present of be The present of he can deseribe a future event iit includes a word or phrase that indicates the future, The wedding ison Sunday. A Read the arrival and departure schedules. Then complete each sentence or question with the simple present tense. 1 The bus —___at 11:09, __ at 8:00, 3 What ime __the train _ 2 When —_the fight __ in Bejing? At 10:20 pw. tat 28380. 4 __ the train___at7:007 Yes. it does. B Ona separate sheet of paper, answer each of the following questions with a complete sentence. There may be more than ene correct way to answer each question. 11 What are your plans for your next vacation? ‘3, What are you doing this evening? 2 What are you going to do this weekend? Tene CE Usage Comparative adjectives compare two people, places, or things. Use than ifthe second item fs mentioned right aftr the adjective. Mexico City is larger than Los Angeles. Housing in New Yorks more expensive than in Lima Compared with Los Angeles, Mexico City i larger. Compared with Lima, housing is more expensive in New York, ‘Superlative adjectives compare more than two people, places, o things. ee ce pared to other cts in i Be careful Use the wit ‘Compared to other cities in the Americas. Mexico City ithe largest Bcc Use he wit supe Form Don say: Mexico city adjective comparative adjective superlative adjective YI argest cheep cheaper (than) the cheapest expensive more expensive (than) the most expensive practical less practical (than) the east practical Superlative adjectives: spelling ‘Add est to one-syllable adjectives. M the adjective ends in-2, adds. cheap > the cheapest loose > the loosest Ivan adjective ends in 2 consonant-vawel-consonant sequence, double the final consonant before adding -est hot > the hottest For most adjectives that end in -y, change the y to | and add ast. pretty > the pretest busy > the busiest To orm the supertative of most adjectives of two or more syllables, use the mast rth Car tips are the least expensive vacations. Cruises are the most relaxing vacaons. Grammar Booster 139A Write both the comparative and superlative form of each ofthe following adjectives. comparative ‘Superlative. sennaerine: —_— te — 10 intrestng - 2 easy 11 consenatve - 3 ibert _ 2 io ~~ 4 eaty 13 casual ~ 5 unusual — 14 comfontabe = 6 pretty 18 wlaxng 7 excting — — 18 tong — —— 8 is - —_ 17 short —— - Bicfoma 18 scary — ———_ 8 Complete each sentence with a comparative or superlative adjective. Use than if necessary. 1 That dinner was —_____(Ceticious) meal we had on our vacation. 2 This scanner is definitely —_______(g000) ether one, 3 The Caribbean cruise is __ (relaxing of our vacation packages. 4 The Honsu X24 is a good camera, but the Cashio is (casy) to use. 5 We have several brands, but 'd say the RG0Die (popular, 6 Sunday was (bad) day of our vacation | 7 tke hat ug, butt think ie one is teat | 8 Our vacation n Braxiwas_______ ie) our vacation in aly last year, 9 There are so many bands to choose from, Which brandis G00? 10 Allee camera look good. ut which ones aon touse? " 11 tke bot he 12 ane the Pro MPS players but which ones J (omain? 12 Winch ofthese thee plates do youth's rea 13 I can't ci | should rad hiebook otat ene. Which one is_—__ teresting? Intensifiers very, really, and too fers make the meaning ives strong ary and realy have th same meaning. They cn inlensity adjectives with a postive or negative meani That restaurants really (ot very) good | want 10 go there. no. That movies eealy (or vor) scary don't want 0 see. Too so mates the meaning oaletves stoner. Buta expetes he ida of mae tan enough,” Too usually has a negative meaning. That movie is too long | don't want to see it This restaurants too expensive. I'm not going to eat here Be cretl! Don't use opto intensity adjectives witha positive meaning. Use very and really, “This camera is very affordable! NOT This cameras topaforéablet = 140 Grammar Booster| Complete each sentence with too, really, or very and your own adjective. 1 Beach vacations are _____. love them, 2 French fries are ‘You shouldn't eat them every day 3 Acniise is_____. don't have enaugh money to take one. 4 They say this movie ls_______ want to soot 5 This book is _. You should read it. 6 Englshis____ People are learning ital over the word, 17 This printer's __ 1 need to replace it 18 These pants are___ need to buy a larger ait 8 Complete each conversation, using too or enough. 11 A: How about this? Should we buy it for your mother? B: No. tient ___ (pretty. want something nicer. 2 A: Do you think this rug is too small? B: No, it's great. think i's ee 3 A: Did you buy a microwave yesterday? 8: I looked at some. But they were ___ (expensive). 4 A: Why are you sending that steak back tothe chef? B: I's an expensive meal, an this steak just isn. 5 A: You never eat dessert? B:No, Desserts are__ (sweet) for me. 6 A: How was your vacation? 8: To tel the truth, itjust wasn't _ (relaxing). 7 A How's that soup? Ist (hot? No, it's fine. Thanks. {8 A: Would you lke more ice in your water? BB: Yes, please. isn't (g000. (co) Grammar Booster 141