Austroads Technical Report

AP-T41/06
AUSTROADS TECHNICAL REPORT
Specification Framework for

Polymer Modified Binders and
Multigrade Bitumens
Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders
and Multigrade Bitumens
Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders and Multigrade Bitumens
First Published 2006
© Austroads Inc. 2006
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968,
no part may be reproduced by any process without the prior written permission of Austroads.
National Library of Australia

Cataloguing-in-Publication data:

ISBN 1 921139 26 9
Austroads Project No. TT1133
Austroads Publication No. AP–T41/06
Project Manager
Gary Liddle, VicRoads
Prepared by
Peter Tredrea, ARRB Group
Published by Austroads Incorporated

Level 9, Robell House
287 Elizabeth Street
Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
Phone: +61 2 9264 7088
Fax: +61 2 9264 1657
Email: austroads@austroads.com.au
www.austroads.com.au
Austroads believes this publication to be correct at the time of printing and does not accept
responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of information herein. Readers should
rely on their own skill and judgement to apply information to particular issues.
Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders
and Multigrade Bitumens
Sydney 2006
Austroads profile
Austroads is the association of Australian and New Zealand road transport and traffic authorities
whose purpose is to contribute to the achievement of improved Australian and New Zealand road
transport outcomes by:
undertaking nationally strategic research on behalf of Australasian road agencies and

communicating outcomes
promoting improved practice by Australasian road agencies
facilitating collaboration between road agencies to avoid duplication
promoting harmonisation, consistency and uniformity in road and related operations
providing expert advice to the Australian Transport Council (ATC) and the Standing Committee
on Transport (SCOT).
Austroads membership
Austroads membership comprises the six state and two territory road transport and traffic
authorities and the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services in Australia, the
Australian Local Government Association and Transit New Zealand. It is governed by a council
consisting of the chief executive officer (or an alternative senior executive officer) of each of its
eleven member organisations:
Roads and Traffic Authority New South Wales

Roads Corporation Victoria
Department of Main Roads Queensland
Main Roads Western Australia
Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure South Australia
Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources Tasmania
Department of Planning and Infrastructure Northern Territory
Department of Urban Services Australian Capital Territory
Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services
Australian Local Government Association
Transit New Zealand
The success of Austroads is derived from the collaboration of member organisations and others in
the road industry. It aims to be the Australasian leader in providing high quality information, advice
and fostering research in the road sector.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders (PMBs) and Multigrade Bitumens has
been produced by an Austroads Project Group. The specification is based on a set of test
procedures that have been in use throughout Australia for several years. The intention of the
specification is to achieve performance in the field for both sprayed seal surfacing and asphalt
pavement applications. Specification limits are currently framed around the results of nationally
coordinated field trials and laboratory studies, supplemented by Austroads Member Authority
experience gained over the last few years.
The document covers:

the different service conditions for which PMBs, crumb rubber modified binders and
Multigrade Bitumens may be applicable
binder classes and their properties
factors influencing binder selection.
This document is focussed on applications where standard bitumens (AS2008) may not deliver
adequate performance. The Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology is being drafted (at the
time of this document’s release) and will replace these specifications and move closer to
integrating all bituminous binders under a common specification framework.
The first National Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders was released by
Austroads in December 1992 and was replaced by a completely revised version in May 1997 titled
Austroads Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders: APRG Report No. 19. A minor
revision was then published as AP-T04 in June 2000. A specification for Multigrade Bitumens was
first published in 2000 as Austroads Provisional Specification for Multigrade Binders Austroads
2000a).
This specification has resulted from the development and subsequent analysis of a national binder
database that reflects current modified binder manufacturing, testing and application experience.
The key recommendation in this specification revision is the use of Softening Point and Torsional
Recovery as ‘Point of Delivery’ quality indicators. A similar approach has been adopted for the
field manufactured crumb rubber classes where rubber concentration is recognised as the quality
controlling property.
This Specification and its companion Guide to the Selections of Polymer Modified Binders
and Multigrade Bitumens were prepared by an Austroads working group comprising
representations of Austroads member authorities and Industry through the Australian Asphalt
Pavement Association.
At the time of writing, Austroads was in the process of creating a series of Pavement Technology
publications, to be known as the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology. The Guide is to
comprise a number of Parts, one of which will deal exclusively with bituminous binders and will
encompass most of the material in this Guide and its accompanying Specification. Eventually, the
information in these documents will be available in the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology.
Austroads 2006
—i—
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many persons have contributed to the drafting of this published version. In recent years, the
following have made contributions:
Azeem Remtulla SAMI Australia

Barry Walker Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources Tasmania
Carl Hildebrand QENOS
Gerard Gnanaseelan ExxonMobil
John Arvanitidis Caltex Australia
John Bethune Australian Asphalt Pavement Association
John Cunningham Roads & Traffic Authority, New South Wales
John Esnouf VicRoads, Victoria
John Lysenko Pioneer Road Services
John Oliver ARRB Group Ltd
John Rebbechi Australian Asphalt Pavement Association
John Vercoe Works Infrastructure, New Zealand
Kym Neaylon Department for Transport , Energy and Infrastructure South Australia
Nigel Preston Shell Company of Australia
Peter Tredrea ARRB Group Ltd
Ray Gaughan Retired (formerly Roads & Traffic Authority, New South Wales)
Russ Spies Department of Main Roads Queensland
Steve Halligan Main Roads Western Australia
Stuart Dack BP Australia
Vincent Conserva Kraton Polymers
Walter Holtrop Australian Asphalt Pavement Association
Including:
Members of the Pavement Technology Review Panel (PTRP)
Austroads 2006
— ii —
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Specification Structure .................................................................................................. 1
PART 1 SPECIFICATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 4
2. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 4
3. SAMPLING AND TESTING BINDERS ................................................................................. 5
4. HANDLING AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ............................................. 6
5. PROPERTIES........................................................................................................................ 7
5.1 Selection of Binder Class .............................................................................................. 7
5.1.1 Sealing Class Binders ....................................................................................... 7
5.1.2 Asphalt Class Binders ....................................................................................... 7
5.1.3 Field Produced Crumb Rubber Modified Binders .............................................. 7
5.2 Homogeneity ................................................................................................................. 7
PART 2 POLYMER MODIFIED BINDER AND MULTIGRADE BITUMEN SELECTION
CRITERIA............................................................................................................................ 12
6. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 12
7. BINDER SELECTION CRITERIA FOR GENERAL SPRAYED SEALING
APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 13
7.1 High Stress Seals (HSS) ............................................................................................. 13
7.2 Strain Alleviating Membrane (SAM) ............................................................................ 14
7.3 Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer (SAMI) ........................................................... 15
8. OTHER SEALING APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 15
8.1 Aggregate Retention ................................................................................................... 15
8.2 Holding Treatment....................................................................................................... 15
8.3 Waterproofing.............................................................................................................. 15
8.4 Early Removal of Loose Aggregate............................................................................. 15
8.5 Absorptive Pavements ................................................................................................ 15
9. BINDER SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ASPHALT APPLICATIONS ................................. 15
9.1 Rutting Resistance ...................................................................................................... 15
9.2 Fatigue Resistance...................................................................................................... 15
9.3 Rutting and Fatigue Resistance .................................................................................. 15
9.4 Open Graded Asphalt (OGA) ...................................................................................... 15
9.5 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) ....................................................................................... 15
10. OTHER ASPHALT APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 15
10.1 High Modulus Asphalt ................................................................................................. 15
10.2 High Shear Resistance Asphalt................................................................................... 15
10.3 Chemical Spill Resistant Asphalt................................................................................. 15
10.4 Overlaying Concrete Pavements................................................................................. 15
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 15
APPENDIX ADETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE (TMAX).............. 15
Austroads 2006
— iii —
TABLES
Table 5.1 Properties of Polymer Modified Binders for Sprayed Sealing Applications................ 8
Table 5.2 Properties of Polymer Modified Binders for Asphalt Applications .............................. 9
Table 5.3 Properties of Multigrade Bitumens ........................................................................... 10
Table 5.4 Properties of Field Produced Crumb Rubber Binders.............................................. 10
Table 5.5 Properties of Crumb Rubber .................................................................................... 11
Table 7.1 Binder Selection for High Stress Seal Applications.................................................. 13
Table 7.2 Binder Selection for Strain Alleviating Membrane Applications (1) ............................ 14
Table 7.3 Binder Selection for Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer Applications (1) ............ 15
Table 8.1 Binder Selection for Aggregate Retention Applications ........................................... 16
Table 8.2 Binder Selection for Holding Treatments ................................................................. 16
Table 8.3 Binder Selection for Waterproofing Applications Over Weak Pavements................ 17
Table 8.4 Binder Selection for Waterproofing Applications Under Open Graded Asphalt ....... 17
Table 8.5 Binder Selection to Allow Early Removal of Loose Aggregate................................. 17
Table 8.6 Binder Selection to Reduce Binder Absorption into Absorptive Pavements ............ 17
Table 9.1 Binder Selection to Improve Rutting Resistance in Asphalt (1) ................................. 18
Table 9.2 Binder Selection to Improve Fatigue Resistance in Asphalt .................................... 19
Table 9.3 Binder Selection to Improve Rutting and Fatigue Resistance in Asphalt ................. 19
Table 9.4 Binder Selection to Improve Abrasion Resistance in Open Grades Asphalt (1) ........ 20
Table 9.5 Binder Selection to Reduce Binder Drain-off in Stone Mastic Asphalt (1) ................. 21
Table 10.1 Binder Selection to Increase Modulus in Asphalt..................................................... 22
Table 10.2 Binder Selection to Improve Shear Resistance in Asphalt....................................... 22
Austroads 2006
— iv —
1. INTRODUCTION
This Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders (PMBs) and Multigrade Bitumens has
been produced by an Austroads Project Group. The specification is based on a set of test
procedures that have been in use throughout Australia for several years. The intention of the
specification is to achieve performance in the field for both sprayed seal surfacing and asphalt
pavement applications. Specification limits are currently framed around the results of nationally
coordinated field trials and laboratory studies, supplemented by Austroads Member Authority
experience gained over the last few years.
The document covers:

the different service conditions for which PMBs, crumb rubber modified binders and
Multigrade Bitumens may be applicable
binder classes and their properties
factors influencing binder selection.
This document is focussed on applications where standard bitumens (AS2008) may not deliver
adequate performance. It should be remembered that the standard bitumens deliver satisfactory,
cost effective performance in the majority of surfacing applications, particularly when combined
with good construction practice. The Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology is being drafted
(at the time of this document’s release) and will replace these specifications and move closer to
integrating all bituminous binders under a common specification framework.
The report is in two parts:

Part 1 Specification Framework
Part 2 Polymer Modified Binder and Multigrade Bitumen Selection Criteria.
The first National Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders was released by
Austroads in December 1992 and was replaced by a completely revised version in May 1997 titled
Austroads Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders: APRG Report No. 19. A minor
revision was then published as AP-T04 in June 2000 (Austroads 2000b). A specification for
Multigrade Bitumens was first published in 2000 as Austroads Provisional Specification for
Multigrade Binders (Austroads 2000a).
This specification has resulted from the development and subsequent analysis of a national binder
database that reflects current modified binder manufacturing, testing and application experience.
The key recommendation in this specification revision is the use of Softening Point and Torsional
Recovery as ‘Point of Delivery’ quality indicators. A similar approach has been adopted for the
field manufactured crumb rubber classes where rubber concentration is recognised as the quality
controlling property.
1.1 Specification Structure

Within Part 1, the binders have been classified according to their intended application (Table 5.1
for Sprayed Sealing PMB classes, Table 5.2 for Asphalt PMB classes, Table 5.3 for Multigrade
Bitumen classes and Table 5.4 for Field Produced Crumb Rubber classes). The companion notes
in Part 2 refer to binders described in Part 1.
Austroads 2006
—1—
Within these tables, the PMB binder classification is based on the application, a numerical
designation and, where required, a code for the predominant polymer group represented by the
PMB. These classes refer to hot PMBs used for sprayed sealing and hot mix asphalt only. PMBs
may also be used in bituminous materials for other applications including bitumen emulsions for
slurry surfacing and specialised hot binder crack sealing materials. Such materials are not covered
by this Austroads Specification Framework. Refer to the Austroads Guide to the Selection and
Use of Bitumen Emulsion (Austroads 2002a) and the Austroads Guidelines and Specifications for
Bituminous Slurry Surfacing (Austroads 2003) for some further details.
Binder classes are coded as

S For Sealing applications of polymer modified binders, followed by a 2 digit identifier
A for Asphalt applications of polymer modified binders, followed by a 2 digit identifier
M for Multigrade Bitumens.
An additional feature of the Multigrade Bitumen classification system is the use of two numbers
(viscosity at 60°C) to indicate the presumed high service temperature and low service temperature
performance equivalents (e.g. penetration) from AS2008 bitumens.
For example, M1000/320 implies deformation characteristics better than a C600 bitumen with low
temperature properties similar to those of a C320 bitumen.
Three specific polymer groups are coded as

E For Elastomeric types
P for Plastomeric types
R for Crumb Rubber materials.
In addition, the code

RF is used where the crumb Rubber binder is produced in the Field.
e.g. A35P is an asphalt class based on a Plastomeric polymer.
S10E is a sealing class based on an Elastomeric polymer.
S18RF is a sealing class manufactured in the Field from crumb Rubber.
These are convenient labels, and it is acknowledged that the definitions may not be absolutely
correct in the literal meaning of the terms.
While Multigrade Bitumens do not contain added polymers, they can provide improved deformation
resistance and aggregate retention at higher service temperatures while retaining a desirable level
of flexibility at low temperatures. Hence they have been included in this document.
The Selection Criteria (Part 2) are arranged initially by the general functional uses where the
nominated binders provide clear benefits and are supplemented by more specialised practical
applications.
Austroads 2006
—2—
In sprayed sealing, identified general functional uses are:

HSS High Stress Seal
SAM Strain Alleviating Membrane
SAMI Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer.
In asphalt, identified general functional uses for PMBs and Multigrade Bitumens are:
to enhance resistance to rutting
to enhance resistance to fatigue
to simultaneously enhance resistance to rutting and fatigue
in open graded mixes
in stone mastic asphalt.
For each functional use, the selection criteria provides, in tabular form:
the primary field conditions which influence decisions in selecting a particular binder
the suggested binders believed to perform at the conditions under consideration.
Where necessary, support notes are provided for additional explanation. For a more detailed
treatment of this topic, please refer to the Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Polymer Modified
Binders and Multigrade Bitumens (Austroads 2005a).
Austroads 2006
—3—
PART 1 SPECIFICATION FRAMEWORK

2. SCOPE
This specification framework outlines the requirements for PMBs, crumb rubber modified binders
and Multigrade Bitumens free of polymer modifiers for use in both sprayed sealing and asphalt
applications.
This framework is subject to regular review as further information and experience with the
performance of different bituminous binders is obtained.
Classes specified for PMBs have been developed around the current manufactured properties of
products with demonstrated field performance. Other products for particular applications may be
developed from time to time which involve alternative materials with different properties. Protocols
for evaluation and acceptance of such materials are being developed, and will be incorporated in
the Austroads Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Polymer Modified Binders and Multigrade
Bitumens (Austroads 2005a).
Austroads 2006
—4—
3. SAMPLING AND TESTING BINDERS

Appropriate methods for sampling and testing PMBs are contained within the Austroads Catalogue
of Test Methods (Austroads 2005b) and for Multigrade Bitumens in Australian Standard
AS/NZS2341 Methods of testing bitumen and related roadmaking products (Standards Australia
1980+).
Representative samples of PMBs shall be obtained in accordance with AG:PT/T1 01: Method of
sampling polymer modified binders, polymers and crumb rubber. Samples of Multigrade Bitumens
shall be obtained in accordance with AS2008. The division of PMB samples into subsamples and
test portions prior to testing shall be conducted according to AG:PT/T1 02: Protocol for handling
polymer modified binders in the laboratory. The division of Multigrade Bitumen samples into
subsamples and test portions prior to testing shall be conducted according to AS/NZS 2341.21
Methods of testing bitumen and related roadmaking products - Sample preparation
Minimum testing frequencies specified for each test are listed in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2.
Austroads 2006
—5—
4. HANDLING AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Users of PMBs and Multigrade Bitumens shall familiarise themselves with the product suppliers’
recommendations to ensure the materials are handled correctly. In addition, users should
familiarise themselves with Section 2 of Austroads Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Polymer
Modified Binders and Multigrade Bitumens (Austroads 2005a), the AAPA publication: HS&E Guide
to SBS – Best Practice (AAPA 1998), and Section 12 of the Austroads publication: Austroads
Bitumen Sealing Safety Guide (Austroads 2002a).
The properties critical to the performance of binders in asphalt are those obtained after
pretreatment to simulate ageing of binder through an asphalt plant. In such cases, the binder
should be subjected to the appropriate Rolling Thin Film Oven Treatment (AG:PT/T1 03 or
AG:PT/T1 04). Appropriate limits for properties after pretreatment are still being developed and the
values provided for in this specification are based on testing without pretreatment.
Austroads 2006
—6—
5. PROPERTIES
5.1 Selection of Binder Class
The supplier must identify the appropriate class for each binder offered.
5.1.1 Sealing Class Binders

The properties required of sealing class binders are given in Table 5.1 (Polymer Modified Binders)
and Table 5.3 (Multigrade Bitumens).
5.1.2 Asphalt Class Binders

The properties required of asphalt class binders are given in Table 5.2 (Polymer Modified Binders)
and Table 5.3 (Multigrade Bitumens).
5.1.3 Field Produced Crumb Rubber Modified Binders

The properties required of field produced crumb rubber modified binders are given in Table 5.4.
5.2 Homogeneity
PMBs shall be sufficiently processed to furnish a homogeneous product. Homogeneous product
shall have a segregation value not exceeding 8% when determined by AG:PT/T1 08: Segregation
of Polymer Modified Binders. Where the segregation value is greater than 8%, the PMB must
exhibit an ease of remixing value not exceeding 2% when determined by AG:PT/T1 09: Ease of
Remixing of Polymer Modified Binders and the supplier shall implement such arrangements in the
handling logistics to assure the purchaser of homogeneity.
Austroads 2006
—7—
Table 5.1: Properties of Polymer Modified Binders for Sprayed Sealing Applications
Minimum Testing CLASS

Test Method S10E S20E S25E S35E S45R S55R
Frequency (1)
Binder Property
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly (2) Consistency at 60oC (Pa.s) min. 400 (5, 11) 2000 (4) 6000 350 (11) 1800 4000
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly (2) Stiffness at 15oC (kPa) max. (6) 140 130 95 160 180 140
AG:PT/T1 42 Weekly Rubber content by analysis (%) NA(3) NA NA NA TBR TBR
AG:PT/T1 32 3-monthly Compression limit at 70oC, 2 kg (mm) min. NA NA NA NA 0.2 0.2
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly Elastic recovery at 60 oC, 100 s (%) min. NA NA 85 NA 25 35
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly Elastic recovery at 15°C, 100 s (%) min. (6) NA NA 65 NA 30 50
AG:PT/T1 24 3-monthly (2) Toughness at 4°C, 100 mm (Nm) min. TBR (7) TBR TBR TBR TBR TBR
AG:PT/T1 11 Each batch Viscosity at 165°C (Pa.s) max. (8) 0.55 0.55 0.8 0.55 4.5 (10) 4.5 (10)
AG:PT/T1 12 Annually Flash point (°C) min. 250 250 250 250 250 250
AG:PT/T1 03 Annually Loss on heating (% mass) max. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
AG:PT/T1 22 Each batch (9) Torsional recovery at 25°C, 30 s (%) min. 22 50 52 16 25 30
AG:PT/T1 31 Each batch (9) Softening point (°C) min. 48 65 80 48 55 62
Other Each batch Other as proposed by supplier (e.g. penetration, ductility recovery) TBR TBR TBR TBR TBR TBR
Notes to Table 5.1

1. Testing frequencies provided are suggested minima. Different testing frequencies may be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
2. For classes S10E and S20E, this minimum testing frequency shall be 1-monthly.
3. ‘NA’ throughout indicates that the property is considered not applicable for that PMB class.
4. Manufacturers shall aim for a target consistency of 3200 Pa.s at 60°C for S20E within the range 2000 to 5000 Pa.s.
5. Manufacturers shall aim for a target consistency of 450 Pa.s at 60°C for S10E within the range 400 to 600 Pa.s.
6. AG:PT/T1 21 (for determining stiffness and elastic recovery at 15°C) is under trial, hence the specified values are experimental, and must be agreed between the purchaser and supplier.
7. ‘TBR’ throughout = to be recorded.
8. The shear rate involved in determining viscosity by AG:PT/T1 11 should be calculated and reported.
9. The specified ‘As Manufactured’ limits for Softening Point and Torsional Recovery are to be used as the ‘Point of Delivery’ control properties.
10. To assist the binder user determine the quantity of added cutter oil required for spraying, the manufacturer must report on the effective concentration and type of process oil used in the formulation.
11. Consistency at 60°C of S10E and S35E shall be determined using Mould B with a breakpoint of 5 mm and a test speed of 1.5 mm/s.
Austroads 2006
—8—
Table 5.2: Properties of Polymer Modified Binders for Asphalt Applications
Minimum CLASS
Test Method Testing A25E A35P A20E A15E A10E (7)
Frequency (1) Binder Property
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly Consistency at 60oC (Pa.s) min. 600 (6) 2400 2200 8000 12000
AG:PT/T1 21 3-monthly Stiffness at 25oC (kPa) max. (2) 45 120 35 30 30
AG:PT/T1 24 3-monthly Toughness at 4 C, 100 mm (Nm)
o TBR (3) TBR TBR TBR TBR
AG:PT/T1 11 Each batch Viscosity at 165oC (Pa.s) max. (4) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.1
AG:PT/T1 12 Annually Flash point (oC) min. 250 250 250 250 250
AG:PT/T1 03 Annually Loss on heating (% mass) max. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
AG:PT/T1 22 Each batch (5) Torsional recovery at 25oC, 30 s (%) min. 17 6 38 58 60
AG:PT/T1 31 Each batch (5) Softening point ( C) min.
o 52 62 65 82 88
Other Each batch Other as proposed by supplier (e.g. penetration, ductility recovery) TBR TBR TBR TBR TBR
Notes to Table 5.2

1. Testing frequencies provided are suggested minima. Different testing frequencies may be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
2. AG:PT/T1 21 (for determining stiffness at 25°C) is under trial, hence the specified values are experimental, and must be agreed between the purchaser and supplier.
3. ‘TBR’ throughout = to be recorded.
4. The shear rate involved in determining viscosity by AG:PT/T1 11 should be calculated and reported.
5. The specified ‘As Manufactured’ limits for Softening Point and Torsional Recovery are to be used as the ‘Point of Delivery’ control properties
6. Consistency at 60°C of A25E shall be determined using Mould B with a breakpoint of 5 mm and a test speed of 1.5 mm/s.
7. A10E is a specialty binder not recommended in standard applications. For applications using this high modification binder, discuss technical requirements with the manufacturer.
Austroads 2006
—9—
Table 5.3: Properties of Multigrade Bitumens
Property Method M1000/320 (1) M500/170 (1)

Viscosity at 60°C (Pa.s) (5) AS2341.2 report 400 – 600 (2)
Penetration at 25°C
AS2341.12 report 65 min (2)
100 g, 5 s, (pu)
Viscosity at 135°C (Pa.s) AS2341.2 1.5 max 1.0 max
Viscosity at 60°C AG:PT/T1 03
3,500 - 6,500 (3) report
after RTFOT (Pa.s) (4, 5) AS2341.2
Penetration at 25°C AG:PT/T1 03
26 min (3) report
after RTFOT 100 g, 5 s, (pu) (4) AS2341.12
Matter insoluble in toluene
AS2341.20 1.0 max 1.0 max
(% by mass)
Flashpoint (°C) AS2341.14 250 min 250 min
Density at 15°C (t/m3) AS2341.7 report report
Ductility at 15°C AG:PT/T1 03
report report
after RTFOT (mm) (4) AS2341.11
Loss on heating (% max) AG:PT/T1 03 0.6 0.6
Notes to Table 5.3

1. M1000/320 is a Multigrade Bitumen developed primarily for use in asphalt. M500/170 is a Multigrade Bitumen which may be used in both sealing
and asphalt applications.
2. For the (primarily) sealing class material (M500/170), pre-RTFO viscosity and penetration values are specified. The pre-RTFO condition
corresponds more closely to the condition of a sprayed binder. Post-RTFO viscosity and penetration values are also reported so that a
comprehensive database of properties can be developed to assist future specification developments.
3. In the case of the asphalt class material (M1000/320), post-RTFO viscosity and penetration values are specified since the post-RTFO binder is
believed to have similar properties to the binder in an asphalt at the time of placement. Pre-RTFO viscosity and penetration values are to be
reported to assist future specification developments.
4. The original Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) Treatment (Australian Standard 2341.10) has been modified and the new procedure including the
procedure for determining loss on heating is described in Austroads test method AG:PT/T1 03. The AG:PT/T1 03 procedure should be used since
improvements in between-laboratory reproducibility can be expected.
5. To improve testing precision, a schedule of Asphalt Institute vacuum capillary viscometer tubes has been provided in Austroads test method
AG:PT/T1 61.
Table 5.4: Properties of Field Produced Crumb Rubber Binders
Minimum
Property Method testing S15RF (1) S18RF (1) A27RF (2)
frequency
Nominal rubber concentration 15 18 25 – 30
Rubber concentration
AG:PT/T1 42 weekly (3) 13 16
(by analysis) % min.
Softening point (°C) min. AG:PT/T1 31 weekly 55 62
Consistency at 60°C AG:PT/T1 21 weekly TBR TBR
Torsional recovery (%) min. AG:PT/T1 22 weekly 25 30
Notes to Table 5.4

1. Specification for two grades of crumb rubber (see Table 5.5) available for either sealing class. Size 30 is normally used for the ‘Dry mix’ asphalt
system.
2. ‘Dry mix’ asphalt is normally based on an asphalt mix design with the crumb rubber added at 25 to 30% crumb rubber in the total binder. Refer to
Austroads Guide to the Selection and Use of Polymer Modified Binders and Multigrade Bitumens (Austroads 2005a) for more detail.
3. For sealing grades, the weekly sampling is from a sprayer load after digestion but prior to the addition of cutter oil. Samples must be free of
diluents for subsequent testing to be meaningful. The agreed digestion period (at temperature) must be completed before sampling.
Austroads 2006
— 10 —
Table 5.5: Properties of Crumb Rubber
Test Method Size 16 Size 30

Grading
passing 2.36 mm AG:PT/T1 43 100 100 (1)
passing 1.18 mm AG:PT/T1 43 80 (min) 100
passing 600 μm AG:PT/T1 43 10 (max) 40 (max)
passing 150 μm AG:PT/T1 43 - 5 (max)
Bulk density AG:PT/T1 44 350 kg/m3 max 350 kg/m3 max
Water content AG:PT/T1 43 < 1% < 1%
Steel content (2) AG:PT/T1 43 < 0.1% < 0.1%
Notes to Table 5.5

1. All crumb rubber particles shall be less than 3 mm in length.
2. The rubber shall not contain any foreign material such as sand, fibres or aggregate.
Austroads 2006
— 11 —
PART 2: POLYMER MODIFIED BINDER AND

MULTIGRADE BITUMEN SELECTION
CRITERIA
6. INTRODUCTION
The process of selection of PMB or Multigrade Bitumen class should only be applied after a
decision has been made to select a particular type of treatment involving a PMB or Multigrade
Bitumen. Selection of surfacing treatment type should be based on a range of factors including:
type and condition of the pavement
traffic volumes and service conditions
the finished surface characteristics required
life cycle costs.
Treatment options may include:

Conventional bitumen types
Multigrade Bitumen
PMB.
A guide to the selection of treatment type is provided in the Austroads Guide to Selection of Road
Surfacings (AP63-00) (Austroads 2000c). Guidance may also be obtained from various road
agency manuals and technical notes.
The selection tables may indicate more than one appropriate binder type for a particular
application. These alternatives may not be directly equivalent and may provide different levels of
performance in the same application. Final selection, therefore, should be made on the particular
level of performance required, cost effectiveness and availability.
Generally, the selection of both treatment type and binder class will be made by the specifying
authority/purchaser, however selection of treatment type and/or binder type may be made by the
contractor/supplier where performance criteria are specified.
Where the type of treatment and/or the specific grade of binder are not specified, the specification
documents or supply agreement should clearly define the basis on which those selections are to
be made and whether that selection is subject to approval by the purchaser.
Austroads 2006
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7. BINDER SELECTION CRITERIA FOR GENERAL SPRAYED

SEALING APPLICATIONS
7.1 High Stress Seals (HSS)
An HSS is a sprayed seal treatment comprising a binder with aggregate in single/single (typically
10 or 14 mm nominal size) or in double/double (typically 10/5 or 14/7) applications. A PMB is used
where improved aggregate retention under high traffic-induced stress is required, but may not
necessarily act as a SAM.
HSSs are used in situations where high traffic related stresses are applied to the sprayed seal
including tight curves, steep grades and heavy load intensities.
More recently, Multigrade Bitumens are finding application in sprayed seal work where their
improved aggregate retention over Class 170 bitumen at high service temperatures can be
expected without compromising low temperature properties.
Table 7.1: Binder Selection for High Stress Seal Applications
Site stress severity Severe (1, 2) Moderate (1)
Traffic loading All Heavy (4) Medium (4)
S20E S20E S35E

S35E S35E S45R (5)
Suggested binders (3)
S45R (5) S45R (5) S15RF (5)
S15RF (5) S15RF (5) M500/170
Notes to Table 7.1

1. Severely stressed sites are typified by grades > 5% and /or curves < 50 m radius, and/or intersections, T junctions and heavy traffic entrances involving
severe degrees of braking, acceleration or turning motions.
Moderately stressed sites are typified by grades ≤ 5% and/or curves ≥ 50 m radius and/or intersections, T junctions and heavy traffic entrances involving
moderate degrees of braking, acceleration or turning motions.
2. It will generally be necessary to use a double/double seal to treat the most severely stressed sites. In such circumstances, the suggested PMB materials
relate to the first binder application. Slightly modified or unmodified binders may be appropriate for the second binder application.
3. Different products even within the same polymer group are suggested due to the diversity across Australia in environmental and service conditions and in
local design and construction practices.
4. For HSS purposes, heavy traffic loading is defined by > 500 HV/lane/day whereas medium loadings are ≤ 500 HV/lane/day.
5. S45R is a plant produced crumb rubber modified binder. A field produced class S15RF can also be used in this application.
Austroads 2006
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7.2 Strain Alleviating Membrane (SAM)

A SAM is a sprayed seal wearing surface treatment used for minimising the risk of reflection
cracking on existing cracked surfaces, or where the potential for cracking exists.
Table 7.2: Binder Selection for Strain Alleviating Membrane Applications (1)
Slow rate of movement Rapid rate of movement

Type of cracking
(environmental) (3, 4) (traffic induced)
Cracking severity All High (5) Low (5)
Traffic loading All All All
S10E S20E S20E
S35E S25E (6) S45R (7)
Suggested binders (2) S45R (7) S55R (7) S15RF (7)
S15RF (7) S18RF (7)
M500/170
Notes to Table 7.2

1. Prior to using SAMs, a program of crack sealing treatment must be performed on existing cracks wider than 2 mm.
3. Slow rate of movement cracks are induced by volumetric changes due to diurnal temperature changes or seasonal changes (temperature or moisture) or
chemical changes (e.g. cement stabilisation). Where large cracks are present and where crack movement is > 0.5 mm, a PMB binder alone is unlikely to
provide a long term solution, and should be used in association with a geotextile. If fatigue (traffic induced) cracking is not evident in such circumstances, a
lightly modified or unmodified bitumen may be used with the geotextile.
4. Where geotextiles are used, care should be exercised in ensuring that the application temperature for the PMB does not exceed the melting point of the
geotextile material type. For this reason, crumb rubber binders are inappropriate for use with polypropylene geotextiles.
5. High cracking severity is defined by conditions where some crack widths are > 2 mm and/or the incidence of surfacing defects (patches etc) is frequent
whereas low cracking severity is applicable where almost all crack widths are ≤ 2 mm and the incidence of surface defects is isolated.
6. S25E is a highly modified binder generally recommended for SAMI applications and requires particular attention to detail during placement to ensure a
satisfactory seal.
7. S55R and S45R are plant produced crumb rubber modified binders. Field produced classes S18RF and S15RF respectively can also be used in these
applications.
Austroads 2006
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7.3 Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer (SAMI)

A SAMI is a sprayed seal membrane consisting of a PMB covered with an aggregate (typically 10
mm nominal size) which is applied prior to an asphalt overlay. It is designed to relieve tensile
strains developed in underlying layers, and so lessen the likelihood of cracking in the overlay.
Table 7.3: Binder Selection for Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer Applications (1)
Slow rate of movement (environmental) (2, 3) and rapid rate of movement

Type of cracking
(traffic induced)
Cracking severity All
Traffic loading All

S25E
Suggested binders S55R (4)
S18RF (4)
Notes to Table 7.3

1. Prior to using SAMIs, a program of crack sealing treatment must be performed on existing cracks.
2. Slow rate of movement cracks are induced by volumetric changes due to diurnal temperature changes or seasonal changes (temperature or moisture) or
chemical changes (e.g. cement stabilisation). Where large cracks are present and where crack movement is > 0.5 mm, a PMB alone is unlikely to provide a
long term solution and should be used in association with a geotextile. If fatigue (traffic induced) cracking is not evident in such circumstances, a lightly
modified or unmodified binder may be used with the geotextile.
3. Where geotextiles are used, care should be exercised in ensuring that the application temperature for the PMB does not exceed the melting point of the
geotextile material type. For this reason, crumb rubber binders are inappropriate for use with polypropylene geotextiles.
4. S55R is a plant produced crumb rubber modified binder. A field produced class S18RF can also be used in this application.
Austroads 2006
— 15 —
8. OTHER SEALING APPLICATIONS

The following binder treatments and their benefits have provided performance improvements over
the use of conventional bitumen. The list is based on practical field experience and includes
binders that may not be specified.
These treatments are listed separately in this section due to the relatively low levels of modification
often required and the lack of definitive performance data. The list is based on field experience,
generally anecdotal, indicating beneficial performance. Listing of binders is not hierarchical.
8.1 Aggregate Retention

Typical field conditions
lower stresses than HSS applications
high speed, low traffic applications
turning movements in residential streets and parking areas
high temperature regions.
Table 8.1: Binder Selection for Aggregate Retention Applications
S10E
S35E
Suggested binders 5-10% crumb rubber
1-2% SBS PMB
M500/170
8.2 Holding Treatment

low traffic roads only (<200 v/l/d) where rehabilitation/reconstruction is to be deferred
reduction in excessive maintenance
limited seal life.
Table 8.2: Binder Selection for Holding Treatments
S10E
S35E
Suggested binders S45R
S15RF
5-10% crumb rubber
8.3 Waterproofing
Over weak pavements
thin pavements with high deflections
moisture sensitive pavements and/or subgrade
low traffic with a high proportion of heavy vehicles.
Austroads 2006
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Table 8.3: Binder Selection for Waterproofing Applications Over Weak Pavements
S20E
Suggested binders S45R
S15RF
Under Open Graded Asphalt

less demanding than SAMI applications
improved waterproofing.
Table 8.4: Binder Selection for Waterproofing Applications Under Open Graded Asphalt
S35E
S45R
Suggested binders
S15RF
5-10% crumb rubber
8.4 Early Removal of Loose Aggregate

early sweeping of seals where early removal of aggregate required
minimise risk of damage to seal caused by sweeping.
Table 8.5: Binder Selection to Allow Early Removal of Loose Aggregate
5-10% crumb rubber

Suggested binders 1-2% SBS PMB
M500/170
8.5 Absorptive Pavements

reduced binder absorption into absorptive bases (sandstone, limestone, etc.)
highly absorptive pavements will benefit from higher levels of modification.
Table 8.6: Binder Selection to Reduce Binder Absorption into Absorptive Pavements
Moderately (1) absorptive Highly (2) absorptive

S35E
Suggested binders 5-10% crumb rubber S10E
1-2% SBS PMB S45R
S15RF
Notes to Table 8.6

1. Moderately absorptive pavements normally required an additional 0.1 to 0.2 L/m2 of C170 binder.
2. Highly absorptive pavements normally required an additional 0.2 to 0.3 L/m2 of C170 binder.
Austroads 2006
— 17 —
9. BINDER SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ASPHALT

APPLICATIONS
9.1 Rutting Resistance
Multigrade Bitumens and many PMBs provide enhanced resistance to rutting or permanent
deformation (plastic flow) largely due to increased binder stiffness at high service temperatures.
Where used on marginal pavements, and where required to be combined with fatigue resistance,
elastomeric binders are preferred. On adequate pavements, plastomeric modified binders can
equal or exceed the rutting resistance of elastomeric binders.
Table 9.1: Binder Selection to Improve Rutting Resistance in Asphalt (1)
Traffic loading (2) Very heavy Heavy

Pavement
All High or medium
temperature (3)
A15E A15E
A35P A35P
M1000/320 M1000/320
M500/170
Notes to Table 9.1

1. Marginal pavements are here defined as pavements which, after the asphalt surfacing treatment, are anticipated to produce a deflection bowl curvature
function at or above the tolerable design limit for an asphalt overlay containing unmodified binder.
Adequate pavements are here defined as pavements which, after the asphalt surfacing treatment, are anticipated to produce a deflection bowl curvature
function below the tolerable design limit for an asphalt overlay containing unmodified binder.
2. For asphalt purposes, the following definitions for traffic loading apply:
Very heavy traffic is defined as:
> 2 x 107 ESA or > 1000 HV/lane/day which is generally moving at a speed > 25 km/h, or
> 5 x 106 ESA or > 500 HV/lane/day which involves stop/start, in climbing lanes or generally moving at a speed ≤ 25 km/h.
Heavy traffic is defined as:
5 x 106 to 2 x 107 ESA or 500 to 1000 HV/lane/day which is generally moving at a speed > 25 km/h, or
5 x 105 to 5 x 106 ESA or 100 to 500 HV/lane/day which involves stop/start, in climbing lanes or generally moving at a speed ≤ 25 km/h.
3. For asphalt purposes, the following definitions for pavement temperature apply:
High temperature is defined as areas where the maximum pavement temperature is > 58ºC.
Medium temperature is defined as areas where the maximum pavement temperature is 52 to 58ºC.
Low temperature is defined as areas where the maximum pavement is < 52ºC.
The procedure for determining maximum pavement temperature is given in APPENDIX A.

Austroads 2006
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9.2 Fatigue Resistance

PMBs with enhanced fatigue resistance are used to minimise asphalt cracking under severe
service conditions where other binders are unlikely to ensure adequate performance.
Table 9.2: Binder Selection to Improve Fatigue Resistance in Asphalt
Traffic loading (1) Very heavy to heavy

Pavement condition (2) Marginal
A15E
Suggested binders
A27RF
Notes to Table 9.2

1. For asphalt purposes, the following definition for traffic loading applies.
Very Heavy traffic is defined as:
> 2 x 107 ESA or >1000 HV/lane/day which is generally moving at a speed >25 km/h, or
2. Marginal pavements are defined as pavements which, after the asphalt surfacing treatment, are anticipated to produce a deflection bowl curvature function
at or above the tolerable design limit for an asphalt overlay containing unmodified binder.
9.3 Rutting and Fatigue Resistance

PMBs and Multigrade Bitumens with enhanced rutting and fatigue resistance are used to
simultaneously minimise both permanent deformation and cracking in asphalt under severe service
conditions where unmodified bitumens are unlikely to ensure reasonable performance.
Table 9.3: Binder Selection to Improve Rutting and Fatigue Resistance in Asphalt
Pavement curvature (1) Marginal pavement Adequate pavement

Traffic loading (2) Very heavy to heavy Medium Very heavy to heavy
Pavement temperature (3) All All High or medium Low
A15E A15E A15E A15E
A20E A20E A20E
Suggested binders (4) M1000/320 M1000/320
M500/170
A27RF
Notes to Table 9.3

1. Marginal pavements are defined as pavements which, after the asphalt surfacing treatment, are anticipated to produce a deflection bowl curvature function
at or above the tolerable design limit for an asphalt overlay containing unmodified binder.
Adequate pavements are defined as pavements which, after the asphalt surfacing treatment, are anticipated to produce a deflection bowl curvature function
below the tolerable design limit for an asphalt overlay containing unmodified binder.
Very Heavy traffic is defined as:
Austroads 2006
— 19 —
Medium traffic is defined as:
≤ 500 HV/lane/day.
Low temperature is here defined as areas where the maximum pavement is < 52ºC.
The procedure for determining maximum pavement temperature is given in Appendix A.
9.4 Open Graded Asphalt (OGA)

The primary objective in using a PMB in open graded asphalt is to achieve a thicker binder film
without drainage during transport in order to improve resistance to abrasion loss and reduce binder
oxidation. Open graded asphalt is not recommended at approaches to and through intersections
as the shear strains from braking, accelerating and turning may cause failure. These areas are
also subject to binder softening from oil droppings. PMBs are affected by oil droppings in the same
manner as conventional bitumen binder. For the use of PMBs or Multigrade Bitumens in ultrathin
applications, refer to specialised advice.
Table 9.4: Binder Selection to Improve Abrasion Resistance in Open Grades Asphalt (1)
Traffic loading (2) Very heavy to heavy Less than heavy

Pavement temperature (3) High Medium or low All
A15E A15E A15E
A35P A20E A20E
Suggested modified binders (4)
A25E A25E
A35P
Notes to Table 9.4

1. Abrasion loss is measured on the mixture using the Asphalt Binder Drain-off Test (AG:PT/T235) and Asphalt Particle Loss Test (AG:PT/T236).
Very heavy traffic is here defined as:
Heavy traffic is here defined as:
Austroads 2006
— 20 —
Low temperature is defined as areas where the maximum pavement temperature is < 52ºC.
The procedure for determining maximum pavement temperature is given in Appendix A.
9.5 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)

The primary objective in using PMBs or Multigrade Bitumens in stone mastic asphalt is to assist in
reducing binder drain-off in conjunction with, or in place of, mineral or organic fibres (Note 1).
These binders may also be used in SMA to enhance flexibility or improve rutting resistance.
Selection criteria for improved flexibility and rutting resistance are similar to the criteria for dense
graded asphalt mixes.
Choice of binder to control binder drain-off is similar to the requirements for OGA.
Table 9.5: Binder Selection to Reduce Binder Drain-off in Stone Mastic Asphalt (1)
A25E
M1000/320
Notes to Table 9.5

1. There is no measured binder test property that directly relates to binder drain-off. This property may be measured on the mixture using the Asphalt Binder
Drain-off Test (AG:PT/T235).
Austroads 2006
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10. OTHER ASPHALT APPLICATIONS

The following binder treatments and their benefits have provided performance improvements over
the use of conventional bitumen. The list is based on practical field experience and includes
binders that may not be specified.
These treatments are listed separately in this section due to the relatively low levels of modification
often required and the lack of definitive performance data. The list is based on field experience,
generally anecdotal, indicating beneficial performance. Listing of binders is not hierarchical.
10.1 High Modulus Asphalt

Elastomers generally lower asphalt modulus whereas plastomers may be used to increase
modulus. Where increased modulus in an asphalt mix is required to enhance pavement stiffness,
then Class A35P may be used. An indicative property is stiffness at 25ºC.
Table 10.1: Binder Selection to Increase Modulus in Asphalt
A35P
M1000/320
Notes to Table 10.1

1. Different products are suggested due to the diversity across Australia in environmental and service conditions and in local design and construction practices.
10.2 High Shear Resistance Asphalt

Increased shear resistance may be desired where asphalt is subject to high surface shear forces
such as motor racing tracks and some industrial applications.
Table 10.2: Binder Selection to Improve Shear Resistance in Asphalt
Suggested binder A35P
10.3 Chemical Spill Resistant Asphalt

Bituminous binders are soluble in petroleum solvents and hence subject to damage from spilt fuels,
oils etc. For improved resistance in particular applications seek advice from the binder supplier.
Low surface permeability and prompt action to remove spilt materials are important.
10.4 Overlaying Concrete Pavements

Overlay of concrete pavements, or other pavements with significant environmental cracking, is a
special application where a significant increase in resistance to reflective cracking is required and
may be obtained with the use of asphalt containing a high binder content utilising a modified binder
manufactured with crumb rubber. Generally the ‘dry’ process, where crumb rubber is added
directly to the asphalt mixer, has been found to be more effective than a ‘wet’ process using a
manufactured crumb rubber PMB. There are no test criteria that can be applied to the binder in
such applications and mix criteria have been developed from experience and fundamental mix
performance tests that are generally applied on a recipe basis.
Austroads 2006
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REFERENCES
AAPA 1998, Guide to SBS best practice, Rev. edn, HS&E Guide no. 5, Australian Asphalt Pavement
Association, Kew, VIC.
Austroads 2005a, Austroads Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Polymer Modified Binders and
Multigrade Bitumens, AP-T42/05, Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2000a, Austroads provisional specification for multigrade binders, AP-T01/00, Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2000b, Austroads specification framework for polymer modified binders, AP-T04/00, Austroads,
Sydney.
Austroads 2000c, Guide to selection of road surfacings, 2nd edn, AP-G63/03.
Austroads 2002a, Bitumen sealing safety guide, 2nd edn, AP-G41/02, Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2002b, Guide to the selection and use of bitumen emulsions, AP-G73/02, Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2003, Guidelines and specification for bituminous slurry surfacing, AP-T26/03, Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2004, Pavement design a guide to the structural design of road pavements, AP-G17/04,
Austroads, Sydney.
Austroads 2005b, Test Methods, http://www.austroads.com.au

Viewed 14 October 2005. (List includes all current binder test methods.)
AG:PT/T1 01 Method of sampling polymer modified binders, polymers and crumb rubber
(formerly MBT-01).
AG:PT/T1 02 Protocol for handling polymer modified binders in the laboratory (formerly
MBT-02).
AG:PT/T1 03 Pre-treatment and loss on heating of bitumen and modified binders (rolling thin
film oven (RTFO) test) (formerly MBT-03).
AG:PT/T1 08 Segregation of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-08).
AG:PT/T1 09 Ease of remixing of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-09).
AG:PT/T1 11 Handling Viscosity of polymer modified binders

(Brookfield Thermosel) (formerly MBT-11).
AG:PT/T1 12 Flash Point of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-12).
AG:PT/T1 21 Elastic Recovery, Consistency and Stiffness of polymer modified binders (ARRB
Elastometer) (formerly MBT-21).
AG:PT/T1 22 Torsional Recovery of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-22).
AG:PT/T1 24 Toughness of polymer modified binders

(ARRB Extensiometer) (formerly MBT-24).
AG:PT/T1 31 Softening Point of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-31).
Austroads 2006
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AG:PT/T1 32 Compressive Limit of polymer modified binders (formerly MBT-32).
AG:PT/T1 40 Sampling of crumb rubber modified binders prepared in the field
AG:PT/T1 41 Laboratory protocol for the preparation of crumb rubber modified binders
(formerly MBT-41).
AG:PT/T1 42 Determination of rubber content in crumb rubber binders (formerly MBT-42).
AG:PT/T1 43 Determination of particle size, shape and contaminants of crumb rubber
AG:PT/T1 44 Morphology of crumb rubber – Bulk Density Test (formerly MBT-44).
AG:PT/T1 61 Determination of dynamic viscosity by flow through a capillary tube – test tube
schedule (formerly MBT-61).
Standards Australia 1980 +, Methods of testing bitumen and related roadmaking products, AS/NZS 2341,
Standards Australia, Sydney.
Austroads 2006
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APPENDIX A: DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM PAVEMENT

TEMPERATURE (Tmax)
1. Consult ‘Climatic Averages of Australia’ published by Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (also
available on the Internet at http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/tempmaps.cgi
2. Determine T86 (the 86th percentile of maximum air temperature) for December, January and
February for 1 to 3 weather stations in near proximity to the site.
3. Select the maximum T86 from step 2 above.
4. Determine the latitude of the site.
5. Use the appropriate relationship from the table below for the site latitude to determine Tmax
for the site.
For convenience, Tmax values for several sites in each state and territory have been determined.
Relationship between
Latitude
Tmax and T86
> 41o S Tmax = T86 + 21ºC
35o S to 41o S Tmax = T86 + 22ºC
< 24o S Tmax = T86 + 25ºC
CAPITAL CITIES
Site Latitude T86 Tmax
ADELAIDE AIRPORT 35.0 35.3 58

BRISBANE 27.5 32.2 55
CANBERRA 35.3 33.5 56
DARWIN AIRPORT 12.4 34 59
HOBART 42.9 26.7 48
MELBOURNE 37.8 34.1 56
PERTH AIRPORT 31.9 37.4 60
SYDNEY (CBD) 33.9 28.9 52
Austroads 2006
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NEW SOUTH WALES NARRANDERA 34.7 38 61

Site Latitude T86 Tmax NEWCASTLE 32.9 28.1 51
ADELONG 35.3 35.9 58 NYNGAN 31.6 38.9 62
ARMIDALE 30.5 31.1 54 ORANGE 33.3 32.8 56

PARKES 33.2 36.7 60
BALRANALD 34.6 38.9 62
PARRAMATTA 33.8 33.5 57
BANKSTOWN 33.9 32.9 56
PORT MACQUARIE 31.5 27.3 50
BATHURST 33.4 33.3 56
PROSPECT DAM 33.8 33 56
BEGA 36.7 32.3 54 PT PERPENDICULAR 35.1 27.5 50
BOMBALA 36.9 31.7 54 RICHMOND 33.6 35.6 59
BOURKE 30.1 40 63 SYDNEY 33.9 28.9 52
BROKEN HILL 32.0 38.1 61 TABULAM 28.8 31 54
TAMWORTH 31.1 35.4 58
CAMDEN AIRPORT 34.1 34.4 57
TENTERFIELD 29.1 31.1 54
CANBERRA 35.3 33.5 56
THREDBO 36.5 25.7 48
CANBERRA CITY 35.3 34.2 56
TIBOOBURRA 29.4 41 64
CANBERRA FORESTRY 35.3 32.8 55 WAGGA 35.2 36.7 59
CASINO 28.9 35.3 58 WILCANNIA 31.6 41.1 64
COBAR 31.5 38.9 62 WILLIAMTOWN 32.8 32.9 56
COFFS HARBOUR 30.3 29.1 52 WOLLONGONG 34.4 29.1 52
COOMA NORTH 36.2 31.1 53 WYALONG 33.9 37.8 61

YASS 34.8 35.2 58
COONAMBLE 31.0 38.4 61
COOTAMUNDRA 34.6 36.4 59
COWRA 33.9 36.8 60
DENILIQUIN 35.6 37.3 59
DUBBO 32.2 36.7 60
FROGMORE 34.3 35.4 58
GLEN INNES 29.7 30 53
GRIFFITH 34.3 36.4 59
GUNNEDAH 31.0 36.7 60
HUME RESERVOIR 36.1 35.7 58
IVANHOE 32.9 40 63
KATOOMBA 33.7 28.9 52
KIANDRA 35.9 25.6 48
LAKE CARGELLIGO 33.3 39 62
LISMORE 28.8 33.3 56
LITHGOW 33.5 31 54
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY 33.8 33.5 57
MOREE 29.5 37.2 60
MUDGEE 32.6 35.5 59
MURWILLUMBAH 28.4 32.9 56
NARRABRI 30.3 37.6 61
Austroads 2006
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VICTORIA TASMANIA
Site Latitude T86 Tmax Site Latitude T86 Tmax

BRONTE PARK 42.1 26.1 47
ARARAT 37.3 33.4 55
ASPENDALE 38.0 33.2 55 BURNIE 41.1 24 45
BAIRNSDALE 37.8 31.1 53 BUSHY PARK 42.7 29.5 51
BALLARAT 37.5 32.4 54 CAMBRIDGE 42.8 26.2 47
BEECHWORTH 36.4 32.2 54 CAPE BRUNY 43.5 22.8 44
BENDIGO 36.8 35 57
CAPE SORELL 42.2 21.8 43
BEULAH 36.0 37.2 59
CRADLE VALLEY 41.6 22.5 44
BRIGHT 36.7 34.4 56
EDDYSTONE POINT 41.0 23.3 45
CAPE NELSON 38.4 25.7 48
CAPE OTWAY 38.9 27.2 49 FLINDERS ISLAND 40.1 26.2 48
CAPE SCHANCK 38.5 29 51 GEEVESTON 43.2 27 48

COLAC 38.3 34.4 56 HOBART 42.9 26.7 48
EAST SALE 38.1 31.6 54 HOBART AIRPORT 42.8 27.5 49
ECHUCA 36.2 36.7 59 KING I. 39.9 24.5 47
ESSENDON 37.7 34.4 56
KINGSTON 43.0 26.6 48
GABO ISLAND 37.6 23.6 46
LAUNCESTON 41.5 27 48
GEELONG 38.1 33.2 55
HAMILTON 37.7 33.9 56 LOW HEAD 41.1 25 46
LAVERTON 37.9 33.9 56 MAATSUYKER ISLAND 43.7 21.7 43

LONGERENONG 36.7 36.6 59 MOUNT WELLINGTON 42.9 19.5 41
MARYBOROUGH 37.1 35.5 58 NEW NORFOLK 42.8 29.7 51
MELBOURNE 37.8 34.1 56 QUEENSTOWN 42.1 28.2 49
MELBOURNE AIRPORT 37.7 34.4 56 SHANNON 42.1 23.5 45
MILDURA 34.2 38.1 61 ST HELENS 41.3 26.5 48

MORNINGTON 38.2 32.4 54 STANLEY 40.8 23.8 46
MOUNT BEAUTY 36.8 33.9 56 STRAHAN 42.2 27 48
MOUNT DANDENONG 37.8 29.4 51 STRATHGORDON 42.8 26 47
NHILL 36.3 36.7 59 SWANSEA 42.1 26.1 47
OMEO 37.1 32 54 WARATAH 41.5 23.9 45

ORBOST 37.7 32.4 54
OUYEN 35.1 38.4 60
POINT HICKS 37.8 28.8 51
POINT LONSDALE 38.3 29 51
POWELLTOWN 37.9 32.3 54
SWAN HILL 35.3 37.2 59
WARRAGUL 38.2 33.3 55
WARRNAMBOOL 38.4 30.1 52
WILSONS PROMONTORY 39.1 25.6 48
YALLOURN 38.2 31.8 54
Austroads 2006
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QUEENSLAND MOUNT SURPRISE 18.2 37.8 63

Site Latitude T86 Tmax MOUNT TAMBORINE 28.0 29.4 52
ADAVALE 25.9 40 64 NORMANTON 17.7 38.9 64
AMBERLEY 27.7 34.6 58 ORMISTON 27.5 30.3 53
ARCHERFIELD 27.6 33.1 56 PALMERVILLE 16.0 37.8 63
BIRDSVILLE 25.9 43.3 67 PINE ISLET 21.7 32.8 58
BOULIA 22.9 42.4 67 QUILPIE 26.6 40.7 65
BOWEN 20.0 33.5 59 ROCKHAMPTON 23.4 35.3 60
BRISBANE 27.5 32.2 55 SAMFORD 27.4 32.7 56
BUNDABERG 24.9 32.2 56 STANTHORPE 28.7 31 54
BURKETOWN 17.8 38.9 64 SURAT 27.2 38 61
CAIRNS 16.9 33.2 58 TAMBO 24.9 38.4 62
CARDWELL 18.3 34 59 TEWANTIN 26.4 31.1 55
CHARLEVILLE 26.4 39.1 63 THEODORE 24.8 36.1 60
CHARTERS TOWERS 20.1 37.4 62 THURSDAY ISLAND 10.6 32.5 58
CLERMONT 22.8 37.8 63 TOOWOOMBA 27.6 31.5 55
COEN 13.8 35.8 61 TOWNSVILLE 19.2 33.2 58
COOKTOWN 15.5 33.2 58 TWIN HILLS 22.0 38.8 64
COOLANGATTA 28.2 29.4 52 WARWICK 28.2 33.4 56
CROYDON 18.2 40 65 WEIPA 12.6 35 60
CUNNAMULLA 28.1 40.2 63 WINDORAH 25.4 42.4 66
DALBY 27.2 35.2 58 WINTON 22.4 41.5 67
DOUBLE ISLAND POINT 25.9 29 53

GOONDIWINDI 28.6 37.2 60
GYMPIE 26.2 35 59
HERBERTON 17.4 32.1 57
HUGHENDEN 20.9 39.6 65
INJUNE 25.9 37.4 61
INNISFAIL 17.5 32.6 58
IPSWICH 27.6 35.7 59
JULIA CREEK 20.7 41.7 67
KINGAROY 26.6 33 57
LADY ELLIOT ISLAND 24.1 30.6 55
LOCKHART RIVER 12.8 34 59
LONGREACH 23.4 41.3 66
MACKAY 21.1 32 57
MILES 26.7 36.2 60
MONTO 24.9 35.4 59
MORNINGTON ISLAND 16.7 34.5 60
MOUNT ISA 20.7 40.6 66
Austroads 2006
— 28 —
WESTERN AUSTRALIA MEEKATHARRA 26.6 41.6 66
Site Latitude T86 Tmax MENZIES 29.7 41 64

MERREDIN 31.5 38.9 62
ALBANY 35.0 29.6 53
MURGOO 27.4 42.3 65
BALLADONIA 32.5 38.5 62
NORSEMAN 32.2 38 61
BENCUBBIN 30.8 40 63
NORTHAM 31.7 40 63
BRIDGETOWN 34.0 35.5 59
PEARCE 31.7 39.3 62
BROOME 18.0 36.2 61
PEMBERTON 34.5 32.6 56
BUSSELTON 33.7 33.3 56
PERTH AIRPORT 31.9 37.4 60
CAPE LEEUWIN 34.4 25.6 49
PORT HEDLAND 20.4 40.8 66
CAPE LEVEQUE 16.4 34.2 59
RAVENSTHORPE 33.6 36.2 59
CAPE NATURALISTE 33.5 30.4 53
RAWLINNA 31.0 40.2 63
CARNARVON 24.9 38.6 63
ROTTNEST ISLAND 32.0 32.3 55
CORRIGIN 32.3 38 61
SANDSTONE 29.0 40.4 63
DALWALLINU 30.3 40.4 63
SOUTHERN CROSS 31.2 39.9 63
DERBY 17.3 39.1 64
UPPER SWAN 31.8 39.9 63
DONNYBROOK 33.6 36.2 59
WILUNA 26.6 42.2 66
DWELLINGUP 32.7 35.4 58
WITTENOOM 22.3 43.2 68
ESPERANCE 33.8 33 56
WYNDHAM 15.5 41.5 67
EUCLA 31.7 35 58
YORK 31.9 39.6 63
FITZROY CROSSING 18.2 42.8 68
FORREST 30.8 39.6 63
FREMANTLE 32.1 35 58
GASCOYNE JUNCTION 25.1 44.4 68
GERALDTON 28.8 39.4 62
GILES 25.0 40.9 65
HALLS CREEK 18.2 41.1 66
HALLS CREEK (WARMUN) 17.0 41.7 67
HYDEN 32.5 39 62
JURIEN 30.3 36.8 60
KALGOORLIE 30.8 39.3 62
KALUMBURU 14.3 38.6 64
KARNET 32.4 36 59
KATANNING 33.7 35.9 59
KELLERBERRIN 31.6 39.5 63
LANCELIN 31.0 36.2 59
LAVERTON 28.6 41.6 65
LEONORA 28.9 42.2 65
MANDURAH 32.5 35.5 59
MARBLE BAR 21.2 44.4 69
MARDIE 21.2 42.3 67
Austroads 2006
— 29 —
SOUTH AUSTRALIA STIRLING 35.0 32.6 56

Site Latitude T86 Tmax TAILEM BEND 35.3 38.3 60
ADELAIDE AIRPORT 35.0 35.3 58 TARCOOLA 30.7 41.2 64
ALTHORPE ISLAND 35.4 28.7 51 VICTOR HARBOUR 35.6 31 53
BELAIR 35.0 34.5 58 WAIKERIE 34.2 39.4 62
CAPE BORDA 35.8 29 51 WHYALLA 33.0 37.1 60
CAPE 38.1 27.1 49 WOOMERA 31.2 40 63

NORTHUMBERLAND YUNTA 32.6 39 62
CAPE WILLOUGHBY 35.9 27.1 49
CEDUNA 32.1 38.6 62 NORTHERN TERRITORY
CLARE 33.8 36.6 60 Site Latitude T86 Tmax
CLEVE 33.7 37 60 ALICE SPRINGS 23.8 40.4 65

COOBER PEDY 29.0 42 65 ANGURUGU 14.0 36.3 61
COOK 30.6 41.1 64 AYERS ROCK 25.3 42.1 66
EDINBURGH 34.7 36.7 60 BARROW CREEK 21.5 40.8 66
ELLISTON 33.7 33.4 56 BRUNETTE DOWNS 18.6 41.6 67
KEITH 36.1 37.1 59 CAPE DON 11.3 33.7 59
KINGSCOTE 35.7 29.4 51 DARWIN AIRPORT 12.4 34 59
KYANCUTTA 33.1 40 63 ELCHO ISLAND 12.0 34.5 60
KYBYBOLITE 36.9 35.2 57 ELLIOTT 17.6 42 67
LAMEROO 35.3 37.7 60 JABIRU 12.7 37.2 62
LOXTON 34.8 38.3 61 KATHERINE 14.5 38.9 64
MARREE 29.7 43.2 66 LARRIMAH 15.6 39.6 65
MENINGIE 35.7 34.2 56 MANINGRIDA 12.1 34.5 60
MOOMBA 28.1 42.2 65 MCARTHUR RIVER 16.4 40.4 65
MOUNT BARKER 35.1 34.5 57 MIDDLE POINT 12.6 35.7 61
MOUNT GAMBIER 37.8 33.5 56 MILINGIMBI 12.1 34.9 60
MURRAY BRIDGE 35.1 36.6 59 NHULUNBUY 12.2 34 59
NARACOORTE 37.0 35.8 58 OENPELLI 12.3 37.2 62
NORTHFIELD 34.9 36.4 59 RABBIT FLAT 20.2 42.5 68
NURIOOTPA 34.5 35.6 59 RINGWOOD 23.8 41.7 67
OODNADATTA 27.6 42.5 66 ROPER BAR 14.7 40.9 66
PARAFIELD 34.8 36.2 59 TEMPE DOWNS 24.4 42.6 67
PORT AUGUSTA 32.5 39.2 62 TENNANT CREEK 19.6 40.7 66
PORT LINCOLN 34.7 30.6 54 VICTORIA RIVER 16.4 41 66
PORT PIRIE 33.2 38.3 61 DOWNS
RENMARK 34.2 38.6 62 WARRUWI 11.7 34.7 60
ROBE 37.2 28 50 WAVE HILL 17.4 41.4 66
ROSEWORTHY 34.5 37.3 60 WOOLIANNA 13.7 37 62
SNOWTOWN 33.8 38.9 62 YUENDUMU 22.3 39.9 65
Austroads 2006
— 30 —
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Austroads (2006), Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders

and Multigrade Bitumen, Austroads, Sydney, A4, 40pp, AP-T41/06
Keywords:
asphalt, bitumen, bituminous, binder, polymer, modified, modification,

specification, performance, sprayed seal, properties, guide, selection criteria,
test, test method
Abstract:
This Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders (PMBs) and

Multigrade Bitumens has been produced by an Austroads Project Group. The
specification is based on a set of test procedures that have been in use
throughout Australia for several years.
The intention of the specification is to achieve performance in the field for both
sprayed seal surfacing and asphalt pavement applications. Specification limits
are currently framed around the results of nationally coordinated field trials and
laboratory studies, supplemented by Austroads Member Authority experience
gained over the last few years.
Austroads 2006
— 31 —

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AP-T41/06

AUSTROADS TECHNICAL REPORT

Specification Framework for

© Austroads Inc. 2006

National Library of Australia

Specification Framework for Polymer Modified Binders and Multigrade Bitumens

Austroads Project No. TT1133

Austroads Publication No. AP–T41/06

Published by Austroads Incorporated

 undertaking nationally strategic research on behalf of Australasian road agencies and

 Roads and Traffic Authority New South Wales

The document covers:

Azeem Remtulla SAMI Australia

The document covers:

The report is in two parts:

1.1 Specification Structure

Binder classes are coded as

Three specific polymer groups are coded as

In addition, the code

In sprayed sealing, identified general functional uses are:

PART 1 SPECIFICATION FRAMEWORK

3. SAMPLING AND TESTING BINDERS

4. HANDLING AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

5.1.1 Sealing Class Binders

5.1.2 Asphalt Class Binders

5.1.3 Field Produced Crumb Rubber Modified Binders

Minimum Testing CLASS

Notes to Table 5.1

Table 5.2: Properties of Polymer Modified Binders for Asphalt Applications

Notes to Table 5.2

Table 5.3: Properties of Multigrade Bitumens

Property Method M1000/320 (1) M500/170 (1)

Notes to Table 5.3

Table 5.4: Properties of Field Produced Crumb Rubber Binders

Notes to Table 5.4

Table 5.5: Properties of Crumb Rubber

Test Method Size 16 Size 30

Notes to Table 5.5

PART 2: POLYMER MODIFIED BINDER AND

Treatment options may include:

7. BINDER SELECTION CRITERIA FOR GENERAL SPRAYED

Table 7.1: Binder Selection for High Stress Seal Applications

Site stress severity Severe (1, 2) Moderate (1)

Traffic loading All Heavy (4) Medium (4)

S20E S20E S35E

Notes to Table 7.1

7.2 Strain Alleviating Membrane (SAM)

Slow rate of movement Rapid rate of movement

Notes to Table 7.2

7.3 Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayer (SAMI)

Slow rate of movement (environmental) (2, 3) and rapid rate of movement

Traffic loading All

Notes to Table 7.3

8. OTHER SEALING APPLICATIONS

8.1 Aggregate Retention

Table 8.1: Binder Selection for Aggregate Retention Applications

8.2 Holding Treatment

Table 8.2: Binder Selection for Holding Treatments

Under Open Graded Asphalt

8.4 Early Removal of Loose Aggregate

Table 8.5: Binder Selection to Allow Early Removal of Loose Aggregate

5-10% crumb rubber

8.5 Absorptive Pavements

undertaking nationally strategic research on behalf of Australasian road agencies and

Roads and Traffic Authority New South Wales