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JET Manual 16: Introduction To Coiled Tubing
JET Manual 16: Introduction To Coiled Tubing
Introduction to
Coiled Tubing
Version 1.0
JET Manual 16 Introduction to Coiled Tubing
InTouch Content ID#: 4221749
Version: 1.0
Release Date: February 22, 2007
Owner: Well Services Training and Development, IPC
Schlumberger private
Document Control
Revision History
Rev Effective Date Description Prepared by
Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Learning objectives 1
2.0 What Is Coiled Tubing? 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Why was coiled tubing developed? 4
2.3 Why use CT? 6
2.3.1 Live well intervention 6
2.3.2 Continuous circulation 6
2.3.3 Rapid mobilization and rig-up 6
2.3.4 Environmental impact 6
2.3.5 Tripping time 7
2.3.6 Pipe handling 7
2.3.7 Crew levels 7
2.3.8 Cost 7
2.4 History of CT manufacturing 7
2.5 Wall thickness configuration 7
2.6 CT applications overview 8
3.0 CT Fluid Conveyance 9
3.1 Nitrogen kickoff 9
3.2 Fill removal (cleanout) 10
3.2.1 Cleanout fluids—selection criteria 10
3.2.2 Cleanout fluids 11
3.2.3 BHA selection 13
3.2.4 Cleanout best practices 14
3.3 Cement placement 16
3.3.1 Best practices for cementing through CT 17
3.3.2 Squeeze cementing 19
3.3.3 Cement plugs 22
3.4 Stimulation 25
3.4.1 Matrix acidizing 26
3.4.2 Hydraulic fracturing 27
4.0 CT Tool Conveyance 29
4.1 Coiled tubing fishing 29
| Introduction
2.0 What Is Coiled Tubing?
Guide arch
(Gooseneck)
CT string
Stripper
BOP
Well head
50 ft 3 1/2 in PLUTO
Typical CT string
1 in Material type
60,000 psi
1 1/4 in
90,000 psi
120,000 psi
28,000 ft x 2 3/8 in Chrome alloy
(Largest string 2003)
• fluid conveyance
• tools conveyance
• CT completions.
The next three sections of this JET manual will
cover each one individually.
CT is used to convey fluids into the well to The main CT fluid conveyance operations are
either circulate the fluids (Fig. 3-1) or inject the
fluids into the reservoir (Fig. 3-2). • nitrogen kickoff
• fill removal (cleanout)
• cement placement
• stimulation: matrix acidizing
• stimulation: hydraulic fracturing and
CoilFRAC* stimulation through coiled
tubing.
These applications are described in the
following pages.
Completion size Small ID, such as 3 1/2-in tubing Large ID, such as 7-in tubing
Reservoir pressure Medium to high pressure, can hold Low pressure, cannot hold column of fluid
column of water
Reservoir temperature < 93 degC [200 degF] > 149 degC [300 degF]
Figure 3-5. Viscous Gelled Fluid The fluid is called a foamed fluid or just foam
when a chemical foaming agent is added to
There is a wide range of gelling agents with the base fluid and a relatively high proportion
different properties available. It is important of nitrogen is pumped simultaneously. An ideal
to check the temperature range of the gelling foam has a consistency like shaving foam.
agent, as most gels lose their viscosity
at high temperatures. The Schlumberger Foam has excellent solids-carrying capacity
PowerCLEAN* J571 or J572 gels are designed because it suspends the particles in its foam
for high temperature applications. structure. A good foam will hold particles even if
you stop circulation.
Some gels used in CT cleanout operations are
Foamed fluids are used
• xanthan
• as a low hydrostatic cleanout fluid in low
• guar pressure wells
• HEC • to improve solid removal in horizontal wells.
• ClearFRAC Foam cleanouts can be very effective but
• PowerCLEAN* engineered fill removal are complex and need good prejob design to
service J571/J572. control the quality of the foam and the handling
of the returned fluid.
3.2.2.4 Slugs Some clients request that the BHA also include
a hydraulic disconnect and circulation sub. The
Another common fill removal technique involves circulation sub is sometimes opened at the
pumping liquid and nitrogen in alternating stages. end of the cleanout operation to allow higher
These are called slugs and are generally used pump rates during the bottoms-up circulation.
in wells that do not support a full column of fluid, JET 36, CT Downhole Tools, InTouch Content
as well as in horizontal wells. Normally, a slug of ID# 2208502.
water is followed by a slug of gel and a slug of
nitrogen. The slug size is generally calculated so
that one cycle equals one reel volume. 3.2.3.1 Nozzle selection
In the past, nozzle selection was not very
The CT should be reciprocated (moved up and
scientific. Some locations liked to use a simple
down) while cleaning out. The job program
one-hole design, while others added angled
should be designed so that the CT only enters
orifices to help jet the fill, and others added
the fill when fluid is exiting the nozzle. The CT
some backward-facing jets to assist in removing
should be slowly pulled upwards when nitrogen
the solids.
is exiting the nozzle to chase the fluid and solids
up the well. A Schlumberger research project was conducted
to study fill removal. Various nozzle designs
Slugs reduce the overall hydrostatic pressure
were tested to find the best design for the most
in the wellbore and can be used to increase
efficient fill removal.
the velocity of the loaded fluid in the annulus.
When using slugs, the returns are choked The result of the research was the PowerCLEAN
(back pressure held at surface) to control gas nozzle. Specially angled holes in the body of the
expansion and thus annular velocities. nozzle create a fluid vortex to carry particles to
the surface.
Slugs have several advantages:
The jetting energy of the nozzle
• Low hydrostatic pressure can be achieved.
• The well may be flowed to assist in returning • agitates and entrains fill into the cleanout
solids to surface. fluid
• Return fluids to the surface are easily • prevents particles from falling down past the
handled because there are definite liquid nozzle
and gas phases. • effectively moves the sand up the wellbore.
• The job is simple to design and execute.
• stuck CT pipe
• unsuccessful cleanout operation
• increased use of chemicals
• an unhappy client!
Some of the most important considerations for
the good design and execution of a successful
cleanout operation are discussed below.
Figure 3-9. Screen Display from Sand Detection Monitor • Pumping cement slurry through a CT string
reduces slurry contamination.
• Lower treatment volumes are required.
Software used with the sand detection monitor
detects sand returns to surface. • Accurate placement is possible.
• It is inexpensive to combine with cleanout,
Note: stimulation, or a N2 lift.
For more information on coiled • The cost is less.
tubing cleanouts, refer to the CT
Cleanout Reference Page, InTouch
Content ID# 3275189.
3.3.1.1 Selecting CT
Figure 3-11. CT Cement Darts with Burst Disk
To minimize friction pressures and allow high
pump rates, the CT string should ideally have It is very important to flush and clean the string
the maximum ID possible, depending on very well after the cementing job, and pumping
location availability. an acid pickle is recommended to remove any
excess slurry left behind.
A shorter CT string will also result in reduced
pump pressures.
3.3.1.3 Controlling depth
3.3.1.2 Minimizing slurry contamination Since cement placement is permanent, it is
extremely important to ensure it is placed in
One of the main advantages of pumping the correct position. For example, if cement is
cement through CT is the ability to achieve low squeezed into the wrong set of perforations,
contamination of the slurry. millions of dollars of damage can result. Thus, it
is very important to ensure that the CT depth is
To achieve this, you need to begin with a clean as accurate as possible.
CT string, which is a string that has had a pig
pumped through it to verify it is clear, or ideally Use the universal tubing length meter (UTLM)
a weak acid pickle. for cementing jobs (Fig. 3-12). The UTLM is
the most accurate depth counter available and
When pumping the slurry through the CT string, should always be used on critical jobs.
there will be some contamination of the slurry
at interfaces with the fluids immediately before
and after the slurry. The contamination can
Note:
Ensure that all BHA components
have the largest ID bores possible.
For further depth control accuracy, achieve a Figure 3-13 shows how a cement platform
positive depth indication downhole by tagging a supports the cement slurry. A cement platform
known depth in the wellbore and comparing this placed underneath the cement slurry provides
with the measured depth. the required support. The platform can be a
sand plug, a mechanical through-tubing bridge
Running a tubing end locator (TEL) as part plug, or simply a high viscosity/high-density
of the BHA enables you to tag the end of the fluid (high-density mud or viscous gel).
tubing, which should be at a known depth.
You can also use a tubing nipple locator
(TNL), which enables you to tag a nipple in the
completion.
Figure 3-15. Squeeze Cementing: Step 01 Figure 3-17. Squeeze Cementing: Step 03
STEP 02 Stop the CT and perform an STEP 04 Circulate in the cement slurry
injection test to confirm that injection can be (Fig. 3-18) while slowly picking up the CT to
achieved (Fig. 3-16). follow the increasing level of slurry in the casing.
The end of the CT string should remain inside
the slurry at all times.
Figure 3-16. Squeeze Cementing: Step 02 Figure 3-18. Squeeze Cementing: Step 04
Contaminated
slurry
Cement slurry
forced into
perforations
• Cementing Through CT
Reference Page, InTouch
Content ID# 3365407
• Water/Gas Cement Squeeze
Shut-Off Reference Page,
InTouch Content ID# 3335663
3.4 Stimulation
Well stimulation is a treatment performed to
Figure 3-29. Plug Cementing: Step 06 improve the well production by restoring or
improving the permeability of the reservoir.
STEP 07 Wait until the cement has Stimulation treatments fall into two types.
hardened before continuing operations
(Fig. 3‑30). • Matrix treatments are pumped into the
reservoir at a pressure below the formation
fracture pressure. This means it is pushed
through the open pore spaces in the
formations.
• The formation fracture pressure is the
Hardened pressure at which the formation rock
cement plug will fracture or crack. If the pressure is
released, the rock will return to its original
position. Hydraulic fracturing treatments are
pumped into the formation at a pressure
above the formation fracture pressure.
This means that the formation will fracture
slightly and the fluid or slurry pumped will
move along this open fracture.
Stimulation is one of the most common CT
applications. The alternative to stimulating
Figure 3-30. Plug Cementing: Step 07 through CT is bullheading, which means
pumping the stimulation treating fluid through
the production tubing from surface. While this
method is generally quicker and cheaper than
CT, there are distinct advantages to using CT
The spherical shape of ceramic proppant gives The vast majority of fracturing operations
very good permeability for oil and gas to flow. are carried out by bullheading, because the
It is available in different strengths and sizes to high pump rates required cannot be achieved
suit different reservoir properties through a CT string. However, fracturing
through CT, CoilFRAC, was developed by
The sand or proppant fills the crack created in Schlumberger in the 1990s. It has become
the reservoir. When the treatment is finished and a popular form of fracturing for certain
the pressure reduces below reservoir fracture applications. Figure 3-34 shows a CoilFRAC
pressure, the reservoir rock tries to return to its setup and Fig. 3-35 shows a CoilFRAC tool.
Figure 3-34. CoilFRAC Setup When the straddle seal assembly is located
across the perforation interval to be fractured,
High pressure it seals on the casing wall and isolates the
perforations. When the treatment is pumped, it
only enters and treats this set of perforations.
Upper bypass ports
When the first zone has been treated, the
straddle seal assembly is moved to the next
Fracture sub (out) zone and set across the next set of perforations
High pressure to be treated. The second treatment can then
be pumped.
In sub
In most cases, CoilFRAC operations are carried
out with larger sizes of CT, typically 2 3/8 in or
2 7/8 in. Because of the high pressures involved,
Lower bypass ports a special high-pressure reel swivel with a
working pressure of 102,000 kPa [15,000 psi] is
required. Where possible, low friction pressure
Dump valve fracturing fluids, such as ClearFRACv, are used
to allow higher pump rates.
Various tools can be attached to the CT string • rigidity and strength: CT enables fishing
and conveyed downhole to perform different operations in highly deviated and horizontal
operations. wells where slickline cannot reach
• pulling capacity: CT is often used when
CT is manufactured for rigidity and strength.
slickline or electric line does not have
The CT string is strong enough to push and
enough pulling capacity
pull tools and devices through restrictions,
obstructions, and highly deviated and horizontal • fluid circulation: Fluid can be pumped
wellbores. through the CT to help clean sand or debris
that may be covering the top of the fish.
The following examples of CT tool conveyance
applications are discussed in this chapter 4.1.1 Fishing tools: spears and overshots
• CT fishing and milling Many methods and tools are used in CT fishing
operations. Each fishing job is unique and may
• downhole valve, sleeve operation require tools and techniques be modified to
• BLASTER services suit the application. For complex operations, a
specialized fishing company is often contracted
• zonal isolation to provide special tools and supervise the
• CT logging operation, as experience is an important
factor in fishing operations. Details of the fish,
• CT perforation wellbore tubulars, well condition, and surface
• CT drilling. equipment need to be considered.
4.1.3.1.1 Motor
Downhole motors convert the hydraulic power
of the pumped fluid into rotation.
• removing a downhole valve that will not • step mill: Step mills (Fig. 4-6) are widely
open used in removal of nipple profiles and scale
• milling out a composite temporary bridge removal (such as barium sulfate), using low
plug after a fracture job torque output motors. The stepped profile
of the mill allows it to gradually open up a
• washing over an external fish neck that restriction.
cannot be latched with a fishing tool
• milling out cement plug.
4.3.1 Characteristics
The Blaster tool has the following characteristics.
Single-set inflatables are most commonly used Figure 4-19. Bridge Plug
as bridge plugs or isolation tools. Multiple-set
inflatables can be set several times in one Permanent bridge plugs are used to plug
run and are ideal for remedial and stimulation depleted zones or for abandonment. Cast iron
operations or testing. or composite bridge plugs are sometimes used
because they are easily drillable.
When pressure is applied to an inflatable
through the CT string, hydraulic valves trap When a well is fractured multiple times using
the setting pressure in the inflatable element, a drilling rig, previous fractured zones are
holding the packer in place even when the often isolated with drillable bridge plugs before
tubing pressure is reduced. fracturing the next zone. When all zones have
been fractured, the bridge plugs can be drilled
A straight pull allows the pressure to release out with CT.
and the packer element to relax for retrieval.
4.5.1 Logging on CT
Figure 4-20. Typical Wireline Log Data
When running the logging tools on CT, there
Logging applications can be divided into two are two methods to retrieve the log data; in
main groups: real-time or memory mode.
Logging tools
• production logging (profile of the production
across the reservoir). Figure 4-21. CTL Principal Equipment Components
Generally, logging tools are run into an oil or
gas well on wireline. Wireline is a conductive
Conductor
Note:
Before carrying out any logging
Figure 4-23. Monocable Configuration operations, be sure to measure
the insulation and continuity of
Outer jacket - EPC orange the cable. These checks will
reveal problems, such as a short
Serve insulation - tefzel
circuit or damaged insulation. The
Inner armor (10) measurements are typically done
by the wireline team and should
Seating wires (2)
be carried out with the reel under
Outer armor (9) pressure.
High-pressure fluid
drain with choke to
control CT reel pressure
Flow-tube with
cable inject pipe
Reel collector
Check valves
Mono connection
Figure 4-32. Reel Collector in CT Logging Surface Equipment (multiple conductor
options available)
Standard wireline
logging tool
4.5.5 Downhole equipment connection
There are two main items of CT downhole Figure 4-33. CT Modular Head (CTMH)
equipment: the logging head and the CT
deployment bar. • double check valve assembly: Double
flapper check valves are required in CT
logging as in all standard CT operations. A
4.5.5.1 CT logging head special model must be used for CT logging
since it requires a sealed bypass for the
The logging head is the upper assembly of the
electrical cable.
logging BHA run on CT. Several models are in
use worldwide, but the following are common • allow fluid circulation: Fluid circulation
functions: ports are needed to allow fluid or nitrogen
circulation or N2 lifting as part of the
program.
However, Schlumberger has also developed the The main advantage of this method is the
DepthLOG* CT depth correlation log, a more accurate depth correlation.
advanced depth correlation method that is used
in some locations. This electronic tool is based
on the wireline casing
It is important to note that balls cannot be CTD is used in the following applications:
circulated through the CT string when there
is an electrical cable inside. This means that • underbalanced drilling
specially designed disconnects and circulation
• short radius wells
subs are required for wired CT applications. A
standard mechanical disconnect used for CT • multilateral applications
logging cannot be used for CT perforation as • through-tubing reentry
the shock of the perforation will often cause
an unwanted disconnect. A tool such as the Typically, the larger CT strings (2 in, 2-3/8 in
nonwired multicycle disconnect (MCD) is and 2-7/8 in) are used in CTD. These sizes
approved for CT perforation. This requires allow the higher pump rates needed to lift
a combination of overpull and CT cycling to the drilling cuttings to surface. They can also
release. achieve good WOB downhole, which is a key
factor in drilling efficiently.
The equipment used on surface is the same as
those used on CT logging operations.
4.7.1 Conventional and CTD comparison
There are some important differences between
4.7 CT Drilling CTD techniques and conventional drilling
CT drilling (CTD) is a special application techniques.
of CT (Fig. 4-39). It does not compete with
conventional rig rotary drilling for the majority of • string rotation: Conventional drilling is
applications, but there are certain types of wells based on rotary drilling, which means the
for which CTD makes technical and economical drill string is rotated. A CT string cannot be
sense. rotated, therefore CTD must use downhole
motors, orienting tools, and other special
equipment to replace the ability to rotate
the pipe.
• circulation: With normal drilling operations
with drill pipe, circulation of the well needs
to be stopped to make up the connections.
Many problems like lost circulation and
stuck pipe can occur during this period. In
CTD, there are no connections to make up,
so continuous circulation is achieved.
• WOB: In conventional drilling, the WOB
comes from the weight of the drillstring in
the hole. In CTD, the injector head applies
Figure 4-39. Schlumberger CTD Unit in Alaska additional snubbing forces to the CT string
in addition to the weight of the CT string
Because of the specialized nature of CTD, it itself.
is carried out by experienced teams in only
• whipstock
• cement plug Window mailing Watermelon mill
assembly run to assembly (or
• combination of the two. cut window and 5 similar) used to
to 10-ft formation dress window
Typically, mills are used to mill steel (such as
windows in casing, junk, scale,), but are poor
for drilling most formations. Mills can be used to
mill cement plug kickoffs.
Figure 4-48. Windows Mailing and Watermelon Mill
Figure 4-47 shows a typical whipstock. The
whipstock is a hard metal device set in the This illustration shows both the side-cutting mill
casing that guides the mill into the side of the (or speed mill) used to cut the casing and the
casing. The mill produces a cut or window in watermelon mill used to expand and dress the
the casing. window.
62 | CT Completions
CT velocity strings are the simplest and most This tailpipe system is simple and quick to
widely used of all CT completions. install.
Upper packer
Lower packer
Tubing
Pressure
Annulus
Pressure
The tailpipe can be hung in an existing nipple or Figure 5-5. Tubing Patch
by a simple packer.
Packers are set at the top and bottom of the CT
tubing patch to hold it in position and provide
The most common application for CT tailpipe
the seal between the existing completion and
extensions is in old gas wells, where the
the CT string.
well is producing water with the gas. The
tailpipe extension allows the well to flow more
consistently and reduces any slugging effect.
64 | CT Completions
5.6 Through-tubing gravelpack
Spoolable safety valve
(internal control line) Wells drilled in unconsolidated sands often
require a screen to prevent sand production in
Existing safety valve the wellbore.
66 | CT Completions
CT connector
double flapper
check valves
Disconnect mechanism
Hydraulic-set
double-grip packer
Blank pipe
Screen with
washpipe inside
Sand-free production
68 | CT Completions
6.0 Glossary
70 | Glossary
7.0 Check Your Understanding
1. CT was developed to perform remedial 6. Which two of the following fluids are most
work on dead wells. suitable for cleanouts in wells that cannot
a. true hold a column of fluid?
b. false A. brine
B. nitrified fluid
2. Schlumberger is the world’s largest C. xanthan gel
supplier of CT services. D. foamed fluid
a. true
b. false 7. Which two of the following conditions
make a fill cleanout more technically
difficult?
3. What are the three major groups of CT
applications? A. large completion size
A. CT completions B. large CT size
B. CT fishing C. reservoir pressure sufficient to support
column of fluid
C. fluid conveyance
D. reservoir temperature > 163 degC
D. tool conveyance
[325 degF]
E. vertical well
4. In a nitrogen kickoff, nitrogen gas is
pumped through the CT string to _______
the hydrostatic pressure of the column of 8. Which characteristic of a gelled fluid gives
fluid in the wellbore. it better solids-carrying capacity than
water?
a. increase
A. viscosity
b. decrease
B. density
11. Which two of the following are reasons for B. enables an electrical connection
setting cement plugs in wells? between the cable in the rotating reel
core and the surface monitoring and
A. as a base to mill a window in well
recording equipment
tubulars
C. establishes an electrical connection
B. to seal off a casing leak
between the downhole end of the cable
C. to seal off an entire wellbore at the end and the logging tool
of its useful life
D. to seal off perforations producing water
15. In CT logging or perforating, what is the
function of the collector?
12. Which one of the following is NOT TRUE
A. enables a pressure-sealed electrical
about matrix acidizing through CT?
connection with the uphole end of the
A. Pumping the acid through CT protects cable
the production tubing.
B. enables an electrical connection
B. It ensures accurate placement of the between the cable in the rotating reel
treatment. core and the surface monitoring and
C. It reduces contamination of the fluid. recording equipment
D. It increases the amount of acid C. establishes an electrical connection
required. between the downhole end of the cable
and the logging tool