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    Muhammad Hamid
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    Here are the steps to solve this problem: (a) Numerical aperture = sin(acceptance angle) = sin(8.5°) = 0.1486 (b) From the definition of numerical aperture, NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2. Plugging in the given values of n1 and NA, we get n2 = 1.408 (c) If the fiber is in water (n = 1.33), then the new core-cladding interface has n1 = 1.425, n2 = 1.33. New NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2 = 0

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    Here are the steps to solve this problem: (a) Numerical aperture = sin(acceptance angle) = sin(8.5°) = 0.1486 (b) From the definition of numerical aperture, NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2. Plugging in the given values of n1 and NA, we get n2 = 1.408 (c) If the fiber is in water (n = 1.33), then the new core-cladding interface has n1 = 1.425, n2 = 1.33. New NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2 = 0

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views32 pages

    Optical Communication Systems

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Hamid
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: (a) Numerical aperture = sin(acceptance angle) = sin(8.5°) = 0.1486 (b) From the definition of numerical aperture, NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2. Plugging in the given values of n1 and NA, we get n2 = 1.408 (c) If the fiber is in water (n = 1.33), then the new core-cladding interface has n1 = 1.425, n2 = 1.33. New NA = (n1^2 - n2^2)^1/2 = 0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 32

    OPTICAL

    COMMUNICATION
    SYSTEMS
    Main Topics to be Covered
    Introduction to optical communication systems

    Types of Optical communications systems

    Components of optical communications systems

    Optical fiber – Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity

    Optical receiver and Optical Amplifiers

    Optical filters and passive optical components


    Books

    Text Book:  Fiber Optic Communication Systems by Govind P


    Agrawal

    Reference  Optical Networks by Rajiv Ramaswami


    Books:  Nonlinear Fiber Optics by Govind P Agrawal
    Historical Perspective
    Historical Perspective
    Historical Perspective
    Motivation and Objectives
    Motivation and Objectives
    Motivation and Objectives
    Motivation and Objectives
    Motivation and Objectives
    Global Fibre Deployment
    Fibre Optics
    EM Spectrum
    EM Wave Propagation
    Windows of EM Spectrum
    Light
    Light – Particles or Waves
    Light Waves
    Ray Theory
    Ray Theory
    Ray Theory
    Ray Theory
    Ray Theory
    Ray Theory
    Critical Angle

    • Angle at which Total Internal Reflection is achieved


    Numerical Aperture
    Numerical Aperture
    Numerical Aperture
    Numerical Aperture
    Problem-1
    Find the maximum angle that a ray should make with the fiber’s
    axis, to remain confined inside the fiber core, if the critical angle
    for the core cladding interface is π/3 radians and the RI of the
    core is 1.5. Also draw the ray diagram.
    Problem-2
    A step-index fiber has a core index of refraction of n1 =
    1.425. The acceptance angle for light entering the fiber from air
    is found to be 8.50o.

    (a) What is the numerical aperture of the fiber?

    (b) What is the index of refraction of the cladding of this fiber?

    (c) If the fiber were submersed in water, what would be the


    new numerical aperture and acceptance angle?

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